“5·12”汶川地震堰塞湖应急处置措施的讨论——以唐家山堰塞湖为例
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摘要
堰塞湖是地震诱发的次生灾害类型之一。唐家山堰塞湖是"5.12"汶川地震造成的规模最大、潜在威胁最严重的堰塞湖,水利部组织了唐家山堰塞湖应急处置,成功降低了该堰塞湖风险,未造成新的人员伤亡。从该堰塞湖溢流的流量过程曲线和对北川县城的影响来看,还有值得改进的地方。经初步分析,提出改进措施:1.变梯形过流断面为复式断面;2.增大设计纵比降;3.保护泄流槽的进、出口,控制沟道下切速度;4.抛掷人工结构体控制沟床下切速度。为了避免自然排泄的不利影响,提出"人工可控排泄"处理堰塞湖。希望这些措施在以后类似堰塞湖应急处置中能够被参考,最大限度减少灾害损失,减少防灾减灾的社会、经济成本。
Dammed lake is frequent in the secondary disasters triggered by earthquake. The Tangjiashan lake is the largest and of the highest risk in those induced by the "5. 12 "Wenchuan earthquake. Although the danger has been greatly reduced by emergency treatments,it is worth further studies. According to the flood processes,the following improvements can be proposed:1. using combinative section instead of the trapezes; 2. increasing the vertical gradient of drainage groove; 3. protecting the inlet and outlet to control the incision rate; 4. Control incision rate by artificial structures. In order to avoid the disadvantage of natural drainage,the concept of the artificial control drainage is presented. These opinions are expected to be helpful for further treatment of dammed lakes.
Dammed lake is frequent in the secondary disasters triggered by earthquake. The Tangjiashan lake is the largest and of the highest risk in those induced by the "5. 12 "Wenchuan earthquake. Although the danger has been greatly reduced by emergency treatments,it is worth further studies. According to the flood processes,the following improvements can be proposed:1. using combinative section instead of the trapezes; 2. increasing the vertical gradient of drainage groove; 3. protecting the inlet and outlet to control the incision rate; 4. Control incision rate by artificial structures. In order to avoid the disadvantage of natural drainage,the concept of the artificial control drainage is presented. These opinions are expected to be helpful for further treatment of dammed lakes.
引文
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[11]Cheng Cangju.The first study to the burst of the piled lake on upper reaches of Minjiang river[J].Journal ofSoil and Water Conserva-tion,1988,2(2):58～62[程昌矩.岷江上游叠溪海子溃决初析[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(2):58～62]
[12]Completion of emergency dredging engineering of Tangjiashan dammed lake[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-31/235115657669.shtml[唐家山堰塞湖应急疏通工程建设任务完成[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-31/235115657669.shtml]
[13]Wu Chigong.Hydrology(No.3edition)[M].Beijing:Higher Ed-ucation Press,2003.[吴持恭.水力学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003]
[14]Zheng Shouyi.Key technical issues in the design of StageⅢcoffer-dam and river closure of TGP[J].Yangtze River,2002,33(1):7～9[郑守仁.三峡工程三期围堰及截流设计关键技术问题[J].人民长江,2002,33(1):7～9]
[15]Guo Hongmin,Ning J ing,Jiang Wenxiu,et al.Experimental re-search and engineering practice on river closure by filling up gap's bottom[J].J.ofChina Three Gorges Univ.(Natural Sciences),2007,29(6):481～485[郭红民,宁晶,蒋文秀,等.大型水利工程截流龙口护(垫)底的试验研究及工程实践[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2007,29(6):481～485]
[16]National Standard of China,Standard for flood control[S],GB50201-94,1994[中华人民共和国国家标准,防洪标准[S],GB50201-94,1994]
[2]Dai,F.C.,Lee,C.F.,Deng,J.H.and Tham L.G.The1786earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65:205～221
[3]Cui Peng,Zhu Yingyan,Han Yongshun,et al.The12May Wen-chuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:distribution and prelimi-nary risk evaluation[J].Landslides,2009,6:209～223
[4]Chen Xiaoqing,Cui Peng,Cheng Zunlan,et al.Emergency risk as-sessment of dammed lakes caused by the Wenchuan earthquake on May12,2008[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(4):244～249[陈晓清,崔鹏,程尊兰,等.5.12汶川地震堰塞湖危险性应急评估[J].地学前缘,2008,15(4):244～249]
[5]Ma Guisheng,Luo Xiaojie.Forming mechanism of Tangjiashan land-slide and geologic characteristics of barrier lake dam[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):46～48[马贵生,罗小杰.唐家山滑坡形成机制与堰塞坝工程地质特征[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):46～48]
[6]Xie Zuotao,Chen Suli.Preliminary analysis of probability of Tangjiashan barrier dam break and scoring formation[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):71～73[谢作涛,陈肃利.唐家山堰塞坝溃坝可能性及冲刷形式初步分析[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):71～73]
[7]Liu Ning,Zhang Jianxin,Lin Wei,et al.Draining Tangjiashan Bar-rier Lake after Wenchuan Earthquake and the flood propagation after the dam break[J].Science in China Series E:Technological Sci-ences,2009,52(4):801～809
[8]Chen Wuyi,Zheng Jiaxiang,Tna Jian,et al.The Proposals of E-mergency and Comprehensive Treatment for Tangjiashan Barrier Lake[J].Water Power,34(11):10～14[陈五一,郑家祥,谭建,等.唐家山堰塞湖应急排险设计及综合整治的设想[J].水力发电,34(11):10～14]
[9]Yang Qigui,Li Qinjun.Technological characteristics and experience of Emergency handling for Tangjiashan barrier lake[J].Yangtze River,2008,39(22):1～3[杨启贵,李勤军.唐家山堰塞湖应急处置技术特点与体会[J].人民长江,2008,39(22):1～3]
[10]Liu Shugen,Luo Zhili,Dai Sulan,et al.The uplift of the Long-menshan thrust belt and subsidence of the western Sichuan foreland basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1995,69(3):205～214[刘树根,罗志立,戴苏兰,等.龙门山冲断带的隆升和川西前陆盆地的沉降[J].地质学报,1995,69(3):205～214]
[11]Cheng Cangju.The first study to the burst of the piled lake on upper reaches of Minjiang river[J].Journal ofSoil and Water Conserva-tion,1988,2(2):58～62[程昌矩.岷江上游叠溪海子溃决初析[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(2):58～62]
[12]Completion of emergency dredging engineering of Tangjiashan dammed lake[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-31/235115657669.shtml[唐家山堰塞湖应急疏通工程建设任务完成[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-05-31/235115657669.shtml]
[13]Wu Chigong.Hydrology(No.3edition)[M].Beijing:Higher Ed-ucation Press,2003.[吴持恭.水力学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003]
[14]Zheng Shouyi.Key technical issues in the design of StageⅢcoffer-dam and river closure of TGP[J].Yangtze River,2002,33(1):7～9[郑守仁.三峡工程三期围堰及截流设计关键技术问题[J].人民长江,2002,33(1):7～9]
[15]Guo Hongmin,Ning J ing,Jiang Wenxiu,et al.Experimental re-search and engineering practice on river closure by filling up gap's bottom[J].J.ofChina Three Gorges Univ.(Natural Sciences),2007,29(6):481～485[郭红民,宁晶,蒋文秀,等.大型水利工程截流龙口护(垫)底的试验研究及工程实践[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2007,29(6):481～485]
[16]National Standard of China,Standard for flood control[S],GB50201-94,1994[中华人民共和国国家标准,防洪标准[S],GB50201-94,1994]
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