水文响应单元划分对SWAT模型总氮模拟效果的影响
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摘要
为分析水文响应单元(HRU)划定要素的阈值选取对SWAT模型模拟的影响,以东苕溪上游区域为研究对象,对土地利用、土壤类型和坡度三要素设置5%～30%阈值范围,以5%为梯度形成18种方案,以纳什系数(NSE)和均方根差与标准偏差的比值(RSR)为主要评判指标,探究三要素划分阈值对SWAT模型总氮负荷模拟效果的影响。研究结果显示:较为粗放的坡度分级有利于缩小总氮模拟值与实测值的偏差,而土地利用和土壤类型在阈值较小的情况下,总氮模拟的效果较好;各种方案对总氮模拟的结果表明土地利用阈值变化对其影响最大,而耕地面积占比是主要的影响因素,土壤类型阈值的影响相对较小。综合18种方案的总氮模拟结果,土地利用阈值5%、土壤类型阈值5%、坡度分级阈值20%是相对最合适的HRU划分方案。
In the Soil & Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model, hydrologic response unit(HRU)delineation largely depends on the parameters selected, such as slope, land use, and soil type. Different HRU delineation schemes directly impact the results of the SWAT model simulation. In this study, to achieve a suitable HRU delineation scheme for simulating total nitrogen(TN)export from the East Tiaoxi watershed, 18 HRU schemes in 3 groups with different thresholds of parameters were investigated. Each group included one particular parameter of slope, land use, or soil type that ranged in the threshold from 5% to 30% with the 5% gradient, with the other two parameters remaining at determined thresholds. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)and the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation(RSR)were used to assess the effect of 18 HRU schemes on SWAT model simulation. Results showed that extensive slope classification was beneficial for reducing the deviation between simulated TN values and observed TN values, whereas the lower thresholds of land use and soil type helped obtain better TN simulation results. The land use threshold had the greatest impact on TN simulation. The optimal HRU scheme was found in the group with 5% land use, 5% soil type, and 20% slope.
In the Soil & Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model, hydrologic response unit(HRU)delineation largely depends on the parameters selected, such as slope, land use, and soil type. Different HRU delineation schemes directly impact the results of the SWAT model simulation. In this study, to achieve a suitable HRU delineation scheme for simulating total nitrogen(TN)export from the East Tiaoxi watershed, 18 HRU schemes in 3 groups with different thresholds of parameters were investigated. Each group included one particular parameter of slope, land use, or soil type that ranged in the threshold from 5% to 30% with the 5% gradient, with the other two parameters remaining at determined thresholds. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)and the ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation(RSR)were used to assess the effect of 18 HRU schemes on SWAT model simulation. Results showed that extensive slope classification was beneficial for reducing the deviation between simulated TN values and observed TN values, whereas the lower thresholds of land use and soil type helped obtain better TN simulation results. The land use threshold had the greatest impact on TN simulation. The optimal HRU scheme was found in the group with 5% land use, 5% soil type, and 20% slope.
引文
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[13]胡连伍,王学军,罗定贵,等.不同子流域划分对流域径流、泥沙、营养物模拟的影响:丰乐河流域个例研究[J].水科学进展,2007,18(2):235-240.HU Lian-wu,WANG Xue-jun,LUO Ding-gui,et al.Effect of subwatershed partitioning on flow,sediment and nutrient predictions:Case study in Fengle River watershed[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(2):235-240.
[14]王琳,朱良君,朱阿兴,等.SWAT模型非点源污染模拟对空间单元划分的响应[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2016,47(4):460-466.WANG Lin,ZHU Liang-jun,ZHU A-xing,et al.Effect of spatial unit delineation on simulating non-point source pollution by SWAT model[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2016,47(4):460-466.
[15]Her Y,Frankenberger J,Chaubey I,et al.Threshold effects in HRUdefinition of the soil and water assessment tool[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2015,58(2):367-378.
[16]Chen E,Mackey D S.Effects of distribution-based parameter aggregation on a spatially distributed agricultural nonpoint source pollution model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,295(1):211-224.
[17]Savvidou E,Tzoraki O,Skarlatos D.Delineating hydrological response units in a mountainous catchment and its evaluation on water mass balance and model performance[C]//Diofantos G H,Kyriacos T,Silas M.Second international conference on remote sensing and geoinformation of the environment.USA:Proceedings of SPIE,2014:1-10.
[18]常舰.基于SWAT模型的最佳管理措施(BMPs)应用研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2017.CHANG Jian.Evaluation for the effectiveness of best management practices(BMPs)based on SWAT model:A case study of west Tiaoxi watershed[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University,2017.
[19]朱瑶.苕溪流域非点源污染SWAT与WASP耦合模拟及水环境容量核算研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2014.ZHU Yao.The research on water environmental capacity and nonpoint source pollution simulation of Tiaoxi watershed using SWATand WASP model[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University,2014.
[20]吴一鸣.基于SWAT模型的浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域非点源污染研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2013.WU Yi-ming.Study on non-point source pollution of Xitiaoxi watershed in Anji County,Zhejiang Province based on SWAT modeling[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University,2013.
[21]Winchell M,Srinivasan R,Di L M,et al.ArcSWAT 2009用户指南[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2012:72-73.Winchell M,Srinivasan R,Di L M,et al.ArcSWAT interface for SWAT 2009 user′guide[M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2012:72-73.
[22]Moriasi D N,Arnold J G,Van L M W,et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
[2]王强,许有鹏,高斌,等.西苕溪流域径流对土地利用变化的空间响应分析[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(4):632-641.WANG Qiang,XU You-peng,GAO Bin,et al.Runoff spatial responses to land use change in Xitiaoxi River basin[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(4):632-641.
[3]Liu R M,Xu F,Zhang P P,et al.Identifying non-point source critical source areas based on multi-factors at a basin scale with SWAT[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,533:379-388.
[4]Kalcic M M,Frankenberger J,Chaubey I.Spatial optimization of six conservation practices using SWAT in Tile-Drained agricultural watersheds[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2015,51(4):956-972.
[5]金婧靓,王飞儿.SWAT模型及其应用与改进的研究进展[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(12):111-114.JIN Jing-liang,WANG Fei-er.Research progress on SWAT model and its application and improvement[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2010,38(12):111-114.
[6]廖谦,沈珍瑶.农业非点源污染模拟不确定性研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(7):1542-1550.LIAO Qian,SHEN Zhen-yao.Uncertainties in agricultural non-point source pollution simulation:Research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(7):1542-1550.
[7]陈祥义,肖文发,黄志霖,等.空间数据对分布式水文模型SWAT流域水文模拟精度的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(1):138-143.CHEN Xiang-yi,XIAO Wen-fa,HUANG Zhi-lin,et al.Impact of spatial data on the accuracy of watershed hydrological simulation of SWATmodel[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(1):138-143.
[8]张召喜,罗春燕,张敬锁,等.子流域划分对农业面源污染模拟结果的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(10):1986-1993.ZHANG Zhao-xi,LUO Chun-yan,ZHANG Jing-suo,et al.Influence of subdivision of watershed on simulation results of agricultural nonpoint-source pollution[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(10):1986-1993.
[9]Kim J G,Park Y,Yoo D,et al.Development of a SWAT patch for better estimation of sediment yield in steep sloping watersheds[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2009,45(4):963-972.
[10]李志强,朱超霞,刘贵花.SWAT模型下基于DEM的水文响应单元划分:以濂水流域为例[J].江西水利科技,2017,43(6):438-442.LI Zhi-qiang,ZHU Chao-xia,LIU Gui-hua.Hydrological response unit division based on DEM in SWAT model:A case study of Lian River basin[J].Jiangxi Hydraulic Science&Technology,2017,43(6):438-442.
[11]陈肖敏,郭平,彭虹,等.子流域划分对SWAT模型模拟结果的影响研究[J].人民长江,2016,47(23):44-49.CHEN Xiao-min,GUO Ping,PENG Hong,et al.Influence of different sub-watershed division schemes on simulation results of SWATmodel[J].Yangtze River,2016,47(23):44-49.
[12]卢文喜,伊燕平,张蕾,等.不同亚流域划分数量对SWAT模型模拟结果的影响[J].水电能源科学,2010,28(10):23-25.LU Wen-xi,YI Yan-ping,ZHANG Lei,et al.Influence of different watershed subdivision numbers on simulation results of SWAT model[J].Water Resources and Power,2010,28(10):23-25.
[13]胡连伍,王学军,罗定贵,等.不同子流域划分对流域径流、泥沙、营养物模拟的影响:丰乐河流域个例研究[J].水科学进展,2007,18(2):235-240.HU Lian-wu,WANG Xue-jun,LUO Ding-gui,et al.Effect of subwatershed partitioning on flow,sediment and nutrient predictions:Case study in Fengle River watershed[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(2):235-240.
[14]王琳,朱良君,朱阿兴,等.SWAT模型非点源污染模拟对空间单元划分的响应[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2016,47(4):460-466.WANG Lin,ZHU Liang-jun,ZHU A-xing,et al.Effect of spatial unit delineation on simulating non-point source pollution by SWAT model[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2016,47(4):460-466.
[15]Her Y,Frankenberger J,Chaubey I,et al.Threshold effects in HRUdefinition of the soil and water assessment tool[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2015,58(2):367-378.
[16]Chen E,Mackey D S.Effects of distribution-based parameter aggregation on a spatially distributed agricultural nonpoint source pollution model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,295(1):211-224.
[17]Savvidou E,Tzoraki O,Skarlatos D.Delineating hydrological response units in a mountainous catchment and its evaluation on water mass balance and model performance[C]//Diofantos G H,Kyriacos T,Silas M.Second international conference on remote sensing and geoinformation of the environment.USA:Proceedings of SPIE,2014:1-10.
[18]常舰.基于SWAT模型的最佳管理措施(BMPs)应用研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2017.CHANG Jian.Evaluation for the effectiveness of best management practices(BMPs)based on SWAT model:A case study of west Tiaoxi watershed[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University,2017.
[19]朱瑶.苕溪流域非点源污染SWAT与WASP耦合模拟及水环境容量核算研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2014.ZHU Yao.The research on water environmental capacity and nonpoint source pollution simulation of Tiaoxi watershed using SWATand WASP model[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University,2014.
[20]吴一鸣.基于SWAT模型的浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域非点源污染研究[D].浙江:浙江大学,2013.WU Yi-ming.Study on non-point source pollution of Xitiaoxi watershed in Anji County,Zhejiang Province based on SWAT modeling[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University,2013.
[21]Winchell M,Srinivasan R,Di L M,et al.ArcSWAT 2009用户指南[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2012:72-73.Winchell M,Srinivasan R,Di L M,et al.ArcSWAT interface for SWAT 2009 user′guide[M].Zhengzhou:Yellow River Conservancy Press,2012:72-73.
[22]Moriasi D N,Arnold J G,Van L M W,et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2007,50(3):885-900.
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