岩溶区煤矿工程堆积体边坡细沟发育及其水沙关系研究
|
摘要
重力作用对坡面径流泥沙和细沟发育具有重要影响。以煤矿工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷法研究不同坡度条件下,重力作用对工程堆积体边坡产流产沙细沟发育形态的影响。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体坡面侵蚀过程分为面蚀(产流3 min内)和细沟侵蚀阶段,其中细沟侵蚀存在扩张(产流3～24 min)、过渡(产流24～30 min)和稳定(产流30 min后)3个发展过程,细沟最快出现为4s、最慢为97s,二者出现时间约相差24倍。(2)重力作用是影响工程堆积体边坡产流产沙及其波动性变化的重要原因,对工程堆积体边坡总产沙量贡献在17.41%以上,最高可达99.60%;初步判定,重力作用对边坡细沟发育影响作用明显的临界径流条件为20 L·min~(-1),临界坡度条件为35°。(3)重力作用造成工程堆积体边坡细沟由短向长、由浅向深、由窄向宽发展,坡面细沟沟宽在7.89～19.73 cm之间,沟深在2.17～6.73 cm之间,宽深比在2.12～4.36之间,细沟密度在1.35～3.00m·m~(-2)之间;径流作用主导细沟深度发育,而重力作用主导细沟宽度发育;边坡细沟密度随放水流量及坡度增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。研究结果对于正确认识煤矿工程堆积体边坡产流产沙特征、影响因素及土壤侵蚀量测算具有重要参考意义。
【Objective】Gravity is an important factor affecting development of runoff sediment and rills on slopes. Large piles of soil, rock and slag generated as waste and formed during the processes of coal mine construction are liable to have inductive geological disasters such as collapse, landslides and debris flow, occur under the action of water and gravity, causing serious impact or even damage to surrounding water resources, land resources, vegetation resources, hydrological cycle and ecological environment quality.【Method】A few of such piles in a coal mining site of a karst zone were selected as object of the study. Field scouring experiments were conducted on slopes different in condition with varying flow to explore how erosion occurs and proceeds, and how gravity affects development of runoff and sediment and morphology of the rills formed. Field investigations found that the piles in the coal-mining areas of Chongqing varied in slope in the range between 25.5°and 38°. To objectively reflect characteristics of erosions on such piles different in stacking condition, the experiments were carried out on slopes different in gradient, i.e. 25°、30°、35°and 40°, and had five flow rates, i.e. 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 L·min~(-1) designed according to the characteristics of the per-unit width discharge caused by local rainstorms relative to duration and frequency and each round of the scouring experiment lasted 60 min. 【Result】Results show:(1) The erosion on the slopes of the piles could be divided into two phases, sheet erosion(within the initial 3 min after runoff started) and rill erosion which could be further divided into three stages, i.e.rill expansion(3～24 min after runoff started), rill transition(24～30 min after runoff started) and rill stabilization(30 min after runoff started); the time of rill appearance on the slope was negatively related to the discharge flow rate and the slope; rills appeared the fastest in 4 s and the slowest in 97 s, and the latter appeared about 24 times later than the former.(2) Gravity was an important factor affecting runoff-sediment yield and its fluctuations on the slopes of the piles. During slope erosion, runoff rate varied in the range between 7.77% and 374.25% in variation coefficient, while sediment yield did in the range of 1.75% ～1021%. Gravity could explain more than 17.41% or even up to 99.60% of the total sediment yield during slope erosion. It was tentatively concluded that gravity started to act on development of rills, when runoff and slope reached their respective critical value of 20 L·min-1 and 35°. And(3) Runoff mainly caused rills to develop in depth, while gravity mainly did in width. The two leading functions were quite similar in degree of their effects on development of rills. Gravity turned short, shallow and narrow rills on slopes of loose deposit into long, deep and wide ones, which ranged between 7.89 and 19.73 cm in width between2.17 and 7.73 cm in depth, between 2.12 and 4.36, in width/depth ratio and between 1.35～3.00 m·m~(-2) in groove density. Mean depth and width of the rills increased with increasing flow rate and with increasing slope gradient, too. Under the same runoff conditions, the sediment yield increased with increasing density of the rills. However, density of the rills first increased and then decreased with increasing flow and slope gradient.【Conclusion】All the findings in this experiment are of important scientific significance to understanding correctly how runoff and sediment occurs and their influencing factors, to establishing models to predict soil erosion on slopes of the mine-engineering waste piles, and to elucidating. scientifically the roles of gravity in inducing collapse and landslide and maintaining slope stability of mine-engineering waste piles.
【Objective】Gravity is an important factor affecting development of runoff sediment and rills on slopes. Large piles of soil, rock and slag generated as waste and formed during the processes of coal mine construction are liable to have inductive geological disasters such as collapse, landslides and debris flow, occur under the action of water and gravity, causing serious impact or even damage to surrounding water resources, land resources, vegetation resources, hydrological cycle and ecological environment quality.【Method】A few of such piles in a coal mining site of a karst zone were selected as object of the study. Field scouring experiments were conducted on slopes different in condition with varying flow to explore how erosion occurs and proceeds, and how gravity affects development of runoff and sediment and morphology of the rills formed. Field investigations found that the piles in the coal-mining areas of Chongqing varied in slope in the range between 25.5°and 38°. To objectively reflect characteristics of erosions on such piles different in stacking condition, the experiments were carried out on slopes different in gradient, i.e. 25°、30°、35°and 40°, and had five flow rates, i.e. 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 L·min~(-1) designed according to the characteristics of the per-unit width discharge caused by local rainstorms relative to duration and frequency and each round of the scouring experiment lasted 60 min. 【Result】Results show:(1) The erosion on the slopes of the piles could be divided into two phases, sheet erosion(within the initial 3 min after runoff started) and rill erosion which could be further divided into three stages, i.e.rill expansion(3～24 min after runoff started), rill transition(24～30 min after runoff started) and rill stabilization(30 min after runoff started); the time of rill appearance on the slope was negatively related to the discharge flow rate and the slope; rills appeared the fastest in 4 s and the slowest in 97 s, and the latter appeared about 24 times later than the former.(2) Gravity was an important factor affecting runoff-sediment yield and its fluctuations on the slopes of the piles. During slope erosion, runoff rate varied in the range between 7.77% and 374.25% in variation coefficient, while sediment yield did in the range of 1.75% ～1021%. Gravity could explain more than 17.41% or even up to 99.60% of the total sediment yield during slope erosion. It was tentatively concluded that gravity started to act on development of rills, when runoff and slope reached their respective critical value of 20 L·min-1 and 35°. And(3) Runoff mainly caused rills to develop in depth, while gravity mainly did in width. The two leading functions were quite similar in degree of their effects on development of rills. Gravity turned short, shallow and narrow rills on slopes of loose deposit into long, deep and wide ones, which ranged between 7.89 and 19.73 cm in width between2.17 and 7.73 cm in depth, between 2.12 and 4.36, in width/depth ratio and between 1.35～3.00 m·m~(-2) in groove density. Mean depth and width of the rills increased with increasing flow rate and with increasing slope gradient, too. Under the same runoff conditions, the sediment yield increased with increasing density of the rills. However, density of the rills first increased and then decreased with increasing flow and slope gradient.【Conclusion】All the findings in this experiment are of important scientific significance to understanding correctly how runoff and sediment occurs and their influencing factors, to establishing models to predict soil erosion on slopes of the mine-engineering waste piles, and to elucidating. scientifically the roles of gravity in inducing collapse and landslide and maintaining slope stability of mine-engineering waste piles.
引文
[1]李文银,王治国,蔡继清.工矿区水土保持.北京:科学出版社,1996Li W Y,Wang Z G,Cai J Q.Soil and water conservation in industrial and mining areas(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1996
[2]史东梅.高速公路建设中侵蚀环境及水土流失特征的研究.水土保持学报,2006,20(2):5-9Shi D M.Study on eroded environment and its soil and water loss(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(2):5-9
[3]Gong J G,Jia Y W,Zhou Z H,et al.An experimental study on dynamic processes of ephemeral gully erosion in loess landscapes.Geomorphology,2011,125(1):203-213
[4]Dunkerley D.Rain event properties in nature and in rainfall simulation experiments:a comparative review with recommendations for increasingly systematic study and reporting.Hydrological Processes,2008,22(22):4415-4435
[5]Auerswald K,Fiener P,Dikau R.Rates of sheet and rill erosion in Germany-A meta-analysis.Geomorphology,2009,111(3):182-193
[6]Kimaro D N,Poesen J,Msanya B M,et al.Magnitude of soil erosion on the northern slope of the Uluguru Mountains,Tanzania:Interrill and rill erosion.Catena,2008,75(1):38-44
[7]张乐涛,高照良,李永红,等.模拟径流条件下工程堆积体陡坡土壤侵蚀过程.农业工程学报,2013,29(8):145-153Zhang L T,Gao Z L,Li Y H,et al.Soil erosion process of engineering accumulation in steep slope under simulated runoff conditions(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(8):145-153
[8]丁文斌,李叶鑫,史东梅,等.两种工程堆积体边坡模拟径流侵蚀对比研.土壤学报,2017,54(3):558-569Ding W B,Li Y X,Shi D M,et al.Contrast study on simulated runoff erosion of two engineering accumulation slopes(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(3):558-569
[9]孙虎,甘枝茂.城市化建设人为弃土引发的侵蚀产沙过程研究.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,26(3):95-98Sun H,Gan Z M.Erosion and sediment yielding process of soil dumped by people in urbanizing construction area(In Chinese).Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),1998,26(3):95-98
[10]何元庆,魏建兵,郭彦娟,等.3D激光扫描测量开发建设项目堆弃土边坡侵蚀强度的试验研究.中国水土保持,2012(11):31-33He Y Q,Wei J B,Guo Y J,et al.Experimental study on erosion intensity monitoring of spoil slopes of development project by 3-D laser scanner(In Chinese).Soil and Water Conservation in China,2012(11):31-33
[11]Pan X Z,Zhao Q G.Measurement of urbanization process and the paddy soil loss in Yixing City,China between 1949and 2000.Catena,2007,69(1):65-73
[12]王文龙,李占斌,张平仓.神府东胜煤田开发中人为泥石流发育现状及其分布特征.山地学报,2003,21(3):354-359Wang W L,Li Z B,Zhang P C.The current situation of development about debris flows caused by human activities and its distribution characteristics in the exploitation in Shenfu-Dongsheng Coal Field(In Chinese).Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(3):354-359
[13]黄晓峰.煤矿地质灾害特征及防治措施的探讨.河南科技,2013(12):185Huang X F.Discussion on characteristics of coal mine geological disasters and prevention measures(In Chinese).Journal of Henan Science and Technology,2013(12):185
[14]Hancock G R,Loch R J,Willgoose G R,et al.The design of post-mining landscapes using geomorphic principles.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28:1097-1110
[15]Nicolau J M.Trends in relief design and construction in opencast mining reclamation.Land Degradation&Development,2003,14:215-226
[16]郝好鑫,郭忠录,王先舟,等.降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程.农业工程学报,2017,33(8):134-140Hao H X,Guo Z L,Wang X Z,et al.Rill erosion process on red soil slope under interaction of rainfall and scouring flow(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(8):134-140
[17]张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理.北京:中国林业出版社,2000Zhang H J.Principle of soil erosion(In Chinese).Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2000
[18]丁文斌,史东梅,何文健,等.放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性.农业工程学报,2016,32(18):153-161Ding W B,Shi D M,He W J,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering accumulation erosion under side slope runoff erosion process in field scouring experiment(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(18):153-161
[19]彭旭东,江东,史东梅,等.紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙试验研究.水土保持学报,2013,27(3):9-13Peng X D,Jiang D,Shi D M,et al.Experimental study on water runoff and sediment yield of different underlying surfaces of waste soil and residue in purple hilly area(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(3):9-13
[20]韩鹏,倪晋仁,王兴奎.黄土坡面细沟发育过程中的重力侵蚀实验研究.水利学报,2003,34(1):51-56Han P,Ni J R,Wang X K.Experimental study on gravitational erosion during development of rills on loess slope(In Chinese).Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2003,34(1):51-56
[21]和继军,孙莉英,李君兰,等.缓坡面细沟发育过程及水沙关系的室内试验研究.农业工程学报,2012,28(10):138-144He J J,Sun L Y,Li J L,et al.Experimental study on rill evolution process and runoff-sediment relationship for gentle slope(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(10):138-144
[22]张攀,姚文艺,唐洪武,等.黄土坡面细沟形态变化及对侵蚀产沙过程的影响.农业工程学报,2018,34(5):114-119Zhang P,Yao W Y,Tang H W,et al.Rill morphology change and its effect on erosion and sediment yield on loess slope(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(5):114-119
[23]Fox G A,Wilson G V.The role of subsurface flow in hillslope and stream bank erosion:A review.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(3):717-733
[24]Thomas J T,Iverson N R,Burkart M R.Bank-collapse processes in a valley-bottom gully,western Iowa.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34(1):109-122
[25]陈晓安,蔡强国,张利超,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面土壤侵蚀的临界坡度.山地学报,2010,28(4):415-421Chen X A,Cai Q G,Zhang L C,et al.Research on critical slope of soil erosion in a hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(4):415-421
[26]史东梅,蒋光毅,彭旭东,等.不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程.农业工程学报,2015,31(17):152-161Shi D M,Jiang G Y,Peng X D,et al.Runoff erosion process on slope of engineering accumulation with different soil-rock ratio(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(17):152-161
[27]白玉洁,张风宝,杨明义,等.急陡黄土坡面薄层水流水力学参数变化特征.土壤学报,2018,55(3):641-649Bai Y J,Zhang F B,Yang M Y,et al.Variation of hydraulic parameters of shallow flow on steep loess slope(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(3):641-649
[28]王文龙,莫翼翔,雷阿林,等.坡面侵蚀水沙流时间变化特征的模拟实验.山地学报,2003,21(5):610-614Wang W L,Mo Y X,Lei A L,et al.Simulating experiments of temporal change characteristics of runoff and sediment on slope(in Chinese).Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(5):610-614
[29]Johnson K A,Sitar N.Hydrologic conditions leading to debris-flow initiation.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1990,27(6):789-801
[30]Yamada S.The role of soil creep and slope failure in the landscape evolution of a head water basin:Field measurements in a zero order basin of northern Japan.Geomorphology,1999,28(3):329-344
[31]倪九派,袁天泽,高明,等.土壤干密度和含水率对2种紫色土抗剪强度的影响.水土保持学报,2012,26(3):72-77Ni J P,Yuan T Z,Gao M,et al.Effect of soil water content and dry density on soil shearing strength for calcareous purple soil and neutral purple soil(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(3):72-77
[32]李建兴,何丙辉,谌芸,等.不同护坡草本植物的根系分布特征及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响.农业工程学报,2013,29(10):144-152Li J X,He B H,Chen Y,et al.Root distribution features of typical herb plants for slope protection and their effects on soil shear strength(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):144-152
[2]史东梅.高速公路建设中侵蚀环境及水土流失特征的研究.水土保持学报,2006,20(2):5-9Shi D M.Study on eroded environment and its soil and water loss(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(2):5-9
[3]Gong J G,Jia Y W,Zhou Z H,et al.An experimental study on dynamic processes of ephemeral gully erosion in loess landscapes.Geomorphology,2011,125(1):203-213
[4]Dunkerley D.Rain event properties in nature and in rainfall simulation experiments:a comparative review with recommendations for increasingly systematic study and reporting.Hydrological Processes,2008,22(22):4415-4435
[5]Auerswald K,Fiener P,Dikau R.Rates of sheet and rill erosion in Germany-A meta-analysis.Geomorphology,2009,111(3):182-193
[6]Kimaro D N,Poesen J,Msanya B M,et al.Magnitude of soil erosion on the northern slope of the Uluguru Mountains,Tanzania:Interrill and rill erosion.Catena,2008,75(1):38-44
[7]张乐涛,高照良,李永红,等.模拟径流条件下工程堆积体陡坡土壤侵蚀过程.农业工程学报,2013,29(8):145-153Zhang L T,Gao Z L,Li Y H,et al.Soil erosion process of engineering accumulation in steep slope under simulated runoff conditions(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(8):145-153
[8]丁文斌,李叶鑫,史东梅,等.两种工程堆积体边坡模拟径流侵蚀对比研.土壤学报,2017,54(3):558-569Ding W B,Li Y X,Shi D M,et al.Contrast study on simulated runoff erosion of two engineering accumulation slopes(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(3):558-569
[9]孙虎,甘枝茂.城市化建设人为弃土引发的侵蚀产沙过程研究.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),1998,26(3):95-98Sun H,Gan Z M.Erosion and sediment yielding process of soil dumped by people in urbanizing construction area(In Chinese).Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),1998,26(3):95-98
[10]何元庆,魏建兵,郭彦娟,等.3D激光扫描测量开发建设项目堆弃土边坡侵蚀强度的试验研究.中国水土保持,2012(11):31-33He Y Q,Wei J B,Guo Y J,et al.Experimental study on erosion intensity monitoring of spoil slopes of development project by 3-D laser scanner(In Chinese).Soil and Water Conservation in China,2012(11):31-33
[11]Pan X Z,Zhao Q G.Measurement of urbanization process and the paddy soil loss in Yixing City,China between 1949and 2000.Catena,2007,69(1):65-73
[12]王文龙,李占斌,张平仓.神府东胜煤田开发中人为泥石流发育现状及其分布特征.山地学报,2003,21(3):354-359Wang W L,Li Z B,Zhang P C.The current situation of development about debris flows caused by human activities and its distribution characteristics in the exploitation in Shenfu-Dongsheng Coal Field(In Chinese).Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(3):354-359
[13]黄晓峰.煤矿地质灾害特征及防治措施的探讨.河南科技,2013(12):185Huang X F.Discussion on characteristics of coal mine geological disasters and prevention measures(In Chinese).Journal of Henan Science and Technology,2013(12):185
[14]Hancock G R,Loch R J,Willgoose G R,et al.The design of post-mining landscapes using geomorphic principles.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2003,28:1097-1110
[15]Nicolau J M.Trends in relief design and construction in opencast mining reclamation.Land Degradation&Development,2003,14:215-226
[16]郝好鑫,郭忠录,王先舟,等.降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程.农业工程学报,2017,33(8):134-140Hao H X,Guo Z L,Wang X Z,et al.Rill erosion process on red soil slope under interaction of rainfall and scouring flow(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(8):134-140
[17]张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理.北京:中国林业出版社,2000Zhang H J.Principle of soil erosion(In Chinese).Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2000
[18]丁文斌,史东梅,何文健,等.放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性.农业工程学报,2016,32(18):153-161Ding W B,Shi D M,He W J,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering accumulation erosion under side slope runoff erosion process in field scouring experiment(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(18):153-161
[19]彭旭东,江东,史东梅,等.紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙试验研究.水土保持学报,2013,27(3):9-13Peng X D,Jiang D,Shi D M,et al.Experimental study on water runoff and sediment yield of different underlying surfaces of waste soil and residue in purple hilly area(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(3):9-13
[20]韩鹏,倪晋仁,王兴奎.黄土坡面细沟发育过程中的重力侵蚀实验研究.水利学报,2003,34(1):51-56Han P,Ni J R,Wang X K.Experimental study on gravitational erosion during development of rills on loess slope(In Chinese).Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2003,34(1):51-56
[21]和继军,孙莉英,李君兰,等.缓坡面细沟发育过程及水沙关系的室内试验研究.农业工程学报,2012,28(10):138-144He J J,Sun L Y,Li J L,et al.Experimental study on rill evolution process and runoff-sediment relationship for gentle slope(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(10):138-144
[22]张攀,姚文艺,唐洪武,等.黄土坡面细沟形态变化及对侵蚀产沙过程的影响.农业工程学报,2018,34(5):114-119Zhang P,Yao W Y,Tang H W,et al.Rill morphology change and its effect on erosion and sediment yield on loess slope(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(5):114-119
[23]Fox G A,Wilson G V.The role of subsurface flow in hillslope and stream bank erosion:A review.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(3):717-733
[24]Thomas J T,Iverson N R,Burkart M R.Bank-collapse processes in a valley-bottom gully,western Iowa.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2009,34(1):109-122
[25]陈晓安,蔡强国,张利超,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面土壤侵蚀的临界坡度.山地学报,2010,28(4):415-421Chen X A,Cai Q G,Zhang L C,et al.Research on critical slope of soil erosion in a hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(4):415-421
[26]史东梅,蒋光毅,彭旭东,等.不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程.农业工程学报,2015,31(17):152-161Shi D M,Jiang G Y,Peng X D,et al.Runoff erosion process on slope of engineering accumulation with different soil-rock ratio(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(17):152-161
[27]白玉洁,张风宝,杨明义,等.急陡黄土坡面薄层水流水力学参数变化特征.土壤学报,2018,55(3):641-649Bai Y J,Zhang F B,Yang M Y,et al.Variation of hydraulic parameters of shallow flow on steep loess slope(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(3):641-649
[28]王文龙,莫翼翔,雷阿林,等.坡面侵蚀水沙流时间变化特征的模拟实验.山地学报,2003,21(5):610-614Wang W L,Mo Y X,Lei A L,et al.Simulating experiments of temporal change characteristics of runoff and sediment on slope(in Chinese).Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(5):610-614
[29]Johnson K A,Sitar N.Hydrologic conditions leading to debris-flow initiation.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1990,27(6):789-801
[30]Yamada S.The role of soil creep and slope failure in the landscape evolution of a head water basin:Field measurements in a zero order basin of northern Japan.Geomorphology,1999,28(3):329-344
[31]倪九派,袁天泽,高明,等.土壤干密度和含水率对2种紫色土抗剪强度的影响.水土保持学报,2012,26(3):72-77Ni J P,Yuan T Z,Gao M,et al.Effect of soil water content and dry density on soil shearing strength for calcareous purple soil and neutral purple soil(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(3):72-77
[32]李建兴,何丙辉,谌芸,等.不同护坡草本植物的根系分布特征及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响.农业工程学报,2013,29(10):144-152Li J X,He B H,Chen Y,et al.Root distribution features of typical herb plants for slope protection and their effects on soil shear strength(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(10):144-152
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |