基于GIS的福建省将乐县土壤侵蚀及保持定量分析
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摘要
【目的】对福建省将乐县土壤侵蚀及保持量现状进行定量分析,为该地区制定森林经营方案及水土保持工作提供依据。【方法】以福建省将乐县为研究区,首先建立降雨侵蚀力因子(R)图层、土壤可蚀性因子(K)图层、坡长坡度因子(LS)图层,然后依据实际土地覆盖类型和植被覆盖度构建植被覆盖或作物管理因子(C)图层和水土保持措施因子(P)图层。基于地理信息系统(GIS)和修正的土壤通用侵蚀方程(RUSLE)估算土壤侵蚀量和保持量,定量分析坡度(0°,90°)、土地覆盖类型与土壤侵蚀强度之间的相关关系。【结果】2015年研究区的现实侵蚀量为42.64×10~4t/年,平均土壤侵蚀模数为189.07t/(km~2·年)。从6种土壤侵蚀类型来看,微度侵蚀面积占研究区总面积的88.31%,轻度侵蚀面积占10.36%,中度侵蚀面积占1.13%,这3种侵蚀类型的侵蚀量占侵蚀总量的比例分别为12.43%,60.44%和19.79%;强度、极强度、剧烈侵蚀面积及侵蚀量所占比例均较小。各侵蚀等级在研究区内的空间分布较为均匀,总体来说中部、北部地区侵蚀量较大。7个坡度带中,土壤侵蚀量所占比例较大的是[15°,25°)、[8°,15°)和[25°,35°)坡度带,其面积所占比例分别为35.63%,23.95%和17.53%,侵蚀量所占比例分别为44.68%,24.63%和20.90%。研究区年均土壤保持量为6.98×10~6 t,每km~2土壤保持量为3 099.36t/年;有林地和稀疏植被的每km~2土壤保持量均较高,分别为3 773.58和22 254.39t/年,明显高于其他土地覆盖类型。【结论】将乐县微度侵蚀面积所占比例最大,轻度侵蚀的侵蚀量所占比例最大;森林和稀疏植被对将乐县的土壤保持量贡献最大,进行皆伐作业设计时应该尽量减小皆伐面积。
【Objective】This study quantitatively analyzed soil erosion and conservation in Jiangle,Fujian to provide basis for making forest management plan and soil and water conservation work in the region.【Method】The soil erosion and conservation condition in Jiangle,Fujian were evaluated by geographical information system(GIS)and the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).The rainfall erosivity factor(R)layer,soil erodibility factor(K)layer and slope length factor(LS)layer were set up,and the vegetation cover or crop management factor(C)layer and soil and water conservation factor(P)layer were constructed according to actual land cover type and vegetation coverage.The relationship between land cover types,slope gradient and soil erosion was also quantitatively analyzed.【Result】The total of real soil losses in Jiangle was 42.64×10~4 t/a and average soil erosion was 189.07 t/(km~2·a).Among the 6 erosion types,micro erosion area occupied 88.31% of the total area,light erosion area occupied 10.36%,medium erosion area only occupied 1.13%,and the ratios of the three types to total erosion area were 12.43%,60.44% and 19.79%,respectively.The ratios of intensive,extremely intensive,and severe erosion as well as total erosion amount were relatively small.The spatial distribution of erosion grades was relatively uniform,and the erosion amounts were larger in central and northern regions.Among the seven slope belts,the [15°,25°),[8°,15°)and [25°,35°)belts accounted for large erosion ratios of 35.63%,23.95%and 17.53% of the total study area and 44.68%,24.63% and 20.90% of total soil erosion amounts.The annual average of soil conservation of the total study area was 6.98×10~6 t,and the soil conservation amount per km~2 was 3 099.36 t/a.The soil conservation amount per km~2 of forest land and sparse vegetation were 3 773.58 and 22 254.39 t/a,which were significantly higher than other land cover types.【Conclusion】The micro erosion area had the largest ratio in Jiangle,and the percentage of light erosion was the largest.Forest and sparse vegetation contributed most to soil conservation in Jiangle,and the clear-cutting area should be minimized.
【Objective】This study quantitatively analyzed soil erosion and conservation in Jiangle,Fujian to provide basis for making forest management plan and soil and water conservation work in the region.【Method】The soil erosion and conservation condition in Jiangle,Fujian were evaluated by geographical information system(GIS)and the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).The rainfall erosivity factor(R)layer,soil erodibility factor(K)layer and slope length factor(LS)layer were set up,and the vegetation cover or crop management factor(C)layer and soil and water conservation factor(P)layer were constructed according to actual land cover type and vegetation coverage.The relationship between land cover types,slope gradient and soil erosion was also quantitatively analyzed.【Result】The total of real soil losses in Jiangle was 42.64×10~4 t/a and average soil erosion was 189.07 t/(km~2·a).Among the 6 erosion types,micro erosion area occupied 88.31% of the total area,light erosion area occupied 10.36%,medium erosion area only occupied 1.13%,and the ratios of the three types to total erosion area were 12.43%,60.44% and 19.79%,respectively.The ratios of intensive,extremely intensive,and severe erosion as well as total erosion amount were relatively small.The spatial distribution of erosion grades was relatively uniform,and the erosion amounts were larger in central and northern regions.Among the seven slope belts,the [15°,25°),[8°,15°)and [25°,35°)belts accounted for large erosion ratios of 35.63%,23.95%and 17.53% of the total study area and 44.68%,24.63% and 20.90% of total soil erosion amounts.The annual average of soil conservation of the total study area was 6.98×10~6 t,and the soil conservation amount per km~2 was 3 099.36 t/a.The soil conservation amount per km~2 of forest land and sparse vegetation were 3 773.58 and 22 254.39 t/a,which were significantly higher than other land cover types.【Conclusion】The micro erosion area had the largest ratio in Jiangle,and the percentage of light erosion was the largest.Forest and sparse vegetation contributed most to soil conservation in Jiangle,and the clear-cutting area should be minimized.
引文
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[27]Jain M K,Das D.Estimation of sediment yield and areas of soil erosion and deposition for watershed prioritization using GIS and remote sensing[J].Water Resources Management,2010,24(10):2091-2112.
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[2]倪九派,魏朝富,谢德体.土壤侵蚀定量评价的空间尺度效应[J].生态学报,2005,25(8):2061-2067.Ni J P,Wei C F,Xie D T.Effects of spatial scale on the quantitative estimation of soil erosion[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(8):2061-2067.
[3]张一澜,文安邦,严冬春,等.赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究[J].地球与环境,2014,42(2):187-192.Zhang Y L,Wen A B,Yan D C,et al.Using 137Cs technique to study soil erosion in Chishui River region[J].Earth and Environment,2014,42(2):187-192.
[4]刘震.谈谈全国水土保持情况普查及成果运用[J].中国水土保持,2013(10):4-7.Liu Z.Discussion on national soil and water conservation survey and application of results[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(10):4-7.
[5]Toy T J,Scott G R,Renard K G.土壤侵蚀[M].张洪江,译.北京:科学出版社,2012.Toy T J,Scott G R,Renard K G.Soil erosion[M].Zhang HJ,translated.Beijing:Science Press,2012.
[6]Zhu M.Soil erosion assessment using USLE in the GIS environment:a case study in the Danjiangkou Reservoir region,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(12):7899-7908.
[7]Wang L,Qian J,Qi W Y,et al.Changes in soil erosion and sediment transport based on the RUSLE model in Zhifanggou watershed,China[J].Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences,2018,377:9-18.
[8]任坤,梅琨,朱慧敏,等.基于RUSLE模型的珊溪水库流域土壤侵蚀定量估算[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1950-1958.Ren K,Mei K,Zhu H M,et al.Quantitative estimation of soil erosion in Shanxi Reservior basin based on RUSLE[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(7):1950-1958.
[9]Tang Q,Xu Y,Bennett S J,et al.Assessment of soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS:a case study of the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(4):1715-1724.
[10]Njoku J D,Amangabara G T,Nkogho U D.Temporal assessment of soil loss using the revised universal soil loss equation(Rusle)model and geospatial techniques[J].Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research,2017,4(6):1-14.
[11]Kourgialas N N,Koubouris G C,Karatzas G P,et al.Assessing water erosion in Mediterranean tree crops using GIS techniques and field measurements:the effect of climate change[J].Natural Hazards,2016,83(1):1-17.
[12]Al-Abadi A M A,Ghalib H B,Al-Qurnawi W S.Estimation of soil erosion in northern Kirkuk governorate,Iraq using rusle,remote sensing and gis[J].Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences,2016,11(1):153-166.
[13]肖洋,欧阳志云,徐卫华,等.基于GIS重庆土壤侵蚀及土壤保持分析[J].生态学报,2015,35(21):7130-7138.Xiao Y,Ouyang Z Y,Xu W H,et al.GIS-based spatial analysis of soil erosion and soil conservation in Chongqing,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(21):7130-7138.
[14]Terranova O,Antronico L,Coscarelli R,et al.Soil erosion risk scenarios in the Mediterranean environment using RUSLE and GIS:an application model for Calabria(Southern Italy)[J].Geomorphology,2009,112(3/4):228-245.
[15]陈龙,谢高地,裴厦,等.澜沧江流域生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2249-2256.Chen L,Xie G D,Pei X,et al.Ecosystem’s soil conservation function and its spatial distribution in Lancang River basin,Southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2249-2256.
[16]Pan J,Wen Y.Estimation of soil erosion using RUSLE in Caijiamiao watershed,China[J].Natural Hazards,2014,71(3):2187-2205.
[17]方广玲,香宝,赵卫,等.基于GIS和RUSLE的拉萨河流域土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):6-12.Fang G L,Xiang B,Zhao W,et al.Study on soil erosion in LaSa River basin based on GIS and RUSLE[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conversation,2015,29(3):6-12.
[18]Jiang C,Zhang L.Ecosystem change assessment in the Threeriver Headwater region,China:patterns,causes,and implications[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,93(8):24-36.
[19]Jiang C,Zhang L.Climate change and its impact on the ecoenvironment of the Three-Rivers Headwater region on the Tibetan Plateau,China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2015,12(10):12057-12081.
[20]Ashiagbor G,Forkuo E K,Laari P,et al.Modeling soil erosion using RUSLE and GIS tools[J].Researchgate Net,2012,2(4):7-17.
[21]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.A universal soil-loss equation to guide conservation farm planning[J].Transactions 7th Int Congr Soil Sci,1960(1):418-425.
[22]卜兆宏,宫世俊,阮伏水,等.降雨侵蚀力因子的算法及其在土壤流失量监测中的选用[J].遥感技术与应用,1992,7(3):1-10.Bu Z H,Gong S J,Ruan F S,et al.Preliminary study on the algorithms of erosivity factor of rainfall and their application in monitoring soil loss[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,1992,7(3):1-10.
[23]张旭群,陈耀强,陈浩昆,等.基于GIS和RUSLE的粤东黄冈河流域土壤侵蚀评估[J].中国水土保持,2013(2):34-37.Zhang X Q,Chen Y Q,Chen H K,et al.Evaluation on soil erosion of Huanggang River basin in eastern Guangdong based on GIS and RUSLE[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(2):34-37.
[24]吕喜玺,沈荣明.土壤可蚀性因子K值的初步研究[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(1):63-70.LüX X,Shen R M.A preliminary study on the value Kof soil erosibiliy factor[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conversation,1992,6(1):63-70.
[25]方纲清,阮伏水,吴雄海,等.福建省主要土壤可蚀性特征初探[J].福建水土保持,1997(2):19-23.Fang G Q,Ruan F S,Wu X H,et al.A preliminary study on characteristics of soil erodibility in Fujian[J].Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation,1997(2):19-23.
[26]李晓松,姬翠翠,曾源,等.基于遥感和GIS的水土流失动态监测:以河北省赤城县为例[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1723-1729.Li X S,Ji C C,Zeng Y,et al.Dynamics of water and soil loss based on remote sensing and GIS:a case study in Chicheng County of Hebei Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(9):1723-1729.
[27]Jain M K,Das D.Estimation of sediment yield and areas of soil erosion and deposition for watershed prioritization using GIS and remote sensing[J].Water Resources Management,2010,24(10):2091-2112.
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