无人机涡动相关通量观测技术研究综述
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摘要
机载涡动相关方法是进行区域尺度地表通量观测最有效的方式之一,其观测的空间尺度与陆面过程模式的网格尺度以及遥感影像的像元尺度一致,对区域及全球尺度地表通量模拟等研究具有重要意义。基于无人机的涡动相关方法能够实现对地表通量的多时段和多架次观测,成本低廉且观测结果可靠,是机载通量观测技术的一个重要发展方向。在介绍机载涡动相关方法主要技术特点的基础上,综述了现有无人机通量观测系统的研究进展,包括无人机特征及搭载的主要观测仪器类型,典型无人机通量观测系统的集成方式及其观测案例的讨论和分析。然后介绍了影响无人机通量观测的主要不确定性来源,最后对目前无人机通量观测系统的不足进行了总结,并对其发展前景进行了展望。
Airborne Eddy Covariance(EC) method is one of the most effective ways to measure the turbulent fluxes over regional scale directly. The turbulent fluxes from airborne EC method have the same spatial scale with the pixel scale of remote sensing image and the grid scale of land-surface models,which is very important for the simulation of regional or global land-surface fluxes. UAV-based eddy covariance method could achieve the observation of turbulent fluxes in a multi-period and multi-sorties way,and the observation result is reliable and the application is inexpensive. It is an important development direction for airborne flux observation technique. After the introduction of the main technical characteristics of the airborne EC method,this paper reviewed the worldwide progress in UAV-based fluxes measurements system from these aspects of the specifications of the UAVs,the integrated instruments,and the analysis of the application cases. Then,the main sources of uncertainty affecting the UAV-based fluxes measurements were discussed. At last,the shortcomings of the current UAV-based flux observation system were summarized. A brief outlook about UAV-based fluxes measurements technique was also given.
Airborne Eddy Covariance(EC) method is one of the most effective ways to measure the turbulent fluxes over regional scale directly. The turbulent fluxes from airborne EC method have the same spatial scale with the pixel scale of remote sensing image and the grid scale of land-surface models,which is very important for the simulation of regional or global land-surface fluxes. UAV-based eddy covariance method could achieve the observation of turbulent fluxes in a multi-period and multi-sorties way,and the observation result is reliable and the application is inexpensive. It is an important development direction for airborne flux observation technique. After the introduction of the main technical characteristics of the airborne EC method,this paper reviewed the worldwide progress in UAV-based fluxes measurements system from these aspects of the specifications of the UAVs,the integrated instruments,and the analysis of the application cases. Then,the main sources of uncertainty affecting the UAV-based fluxes measurements were discussed. At last,the shortcomings of the current UAV-based flux observation system were summarized. A brief outlook about UAV-based fluxes measurements technique was also given.
引文
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[7] Zhou Yanzhao,Li Xin. Progress in the energy closure of eddy covariance systems[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences,2018,33(9):898-913.[周彦昭,李新.涡动相关能量闭合问题的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2018,33(9):898-913.]
[8] Li Xin,Jin Rui,Liu Shaomin,et al. Upscaling research in HiWATER:Progress and prospects[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,20(5):921-932.[李新,晋锐,刘绍民,等.黑河遥感试验中尺度上推研究的进展与前瞻[J].遥感学报,2016,20(5):921-932.]
[9] Li Huaixiang,Liu Shaomin,Shi Shengjin,et al. Assessing the performance of domestic optical large aperture scintillometer under different environment conditions[J]. Plateau Meteorology,2017,36(2):575-585.[李怀香,刘绍民,施生锦,等.国产光学型大孔径闪烁仪的技术性能分析[J].高原气象,2017,36(2):575-585.]
[10] Zhang Gong,Zheng Ning,Zhang Jinsong,et al. Advances in the study of regional-averaged evapotranspiration using the scintillation method[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(8):2 625-2 635.[张功,郑宁,张劲松,等.光闪烁方法测算区域蒸散研究进展[J].生态学报,2018,38(8):2 625-2 635.]
[11] Zhang Gong,Zhang Jinsong,Meng Ping,et al. Application of two-wavelength bichromatic correlation method to calculate the average surface energy and water vapor fluxes in plantation North China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2018,39(6):380-389.[张功,张劲松,孟平,等.双波长交互法测算华北人工林平均水热通量的应用分析[J].中国农业气象,2018,39(6):380-389.]
[12] Liu S,Xu Z,Song L,et al. Upscaling evapotranspiration measurements from multi-site to the satellite pixel scale over heterogeneous land surfaces[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2016,230/231:97-113.
[13] Gioli B,Miglietta F,Martino B D,et al. Comparison between tower and aircraft-based eddy covariance fluxes in five European regions[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,127(1/2):1-16.
[14] Vellinga O S,Gioli B,Elbers J A,et al. Regional carbon dioxide and energy fluxes from airborne observations using flightpath segmentation based on landscape characteristics[J]. Biogeosciences,2010,7(4):1 307-1 321.
[15] Kral T S,Reuder J,Vihma T,et al. Innovative strategies for observations in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer(ISOBAR)—The Hailuoto 2017 campaign[J]. Atmosphere,2018,9(7):268.
[16] Jacob D J,Chilson B P,Houston L A,et al. Considerations for Atmospheric Measurements with Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems[J]. Atmosphere,2018,9(7):268.
[17] Witte B M,Mullen J,Thamann M A,et al. Fundamental turbulence measurement with unmanned aerial vehicles(invited)[C]//8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference. Washington DC,2016.
[18] Elston J,Argrow B,Stachura M,et al. Overview of Small Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft for Meteorological Sampling[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2015,32(1):97-115.
[19] Bean B R,Gilmer R,Grossman R L,et al. An analysis of airborne measurements of vertical water vapor flux during BOMEX[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1972,29(5):860-869.
[20] Bean B R,Reinking R F. Marine turbulent boundary layer fluxes of water vapor,sensible heat and momentum during gate[M]//Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface,Wave Dynamics,and Prediction. Boston,MA:Springer US,1978:21-33.
[21] Desjardins R L,Brach E J,Alvo P,et al. Aircraft monitoring of surface carbon dioxide exchange[J]. Science,1982,216(4 547):733-735.
[22] Gioli B,Miglietta F,Vaccari F P,et al. The Sky Arrow ERA,an innovative airborne platform to monitor mass,momentum and energy exchange of ecosystems[J]. Annals of Geophysics,2006,49:109-116.
[23] Desjardins R L,Worth D E,MacPherson J I,et al. Flux measurements by the NRC Twin Otter atmospheric research aircraft:1987-2011[J]. Advances in Science and Research,2016(13):43-49.
[24] Daida J M,Russell P B,Crawford T L,et al. An unmanned aircraft vehicle system for boundary-layer flux measurements over forest canopies[C]//Proceedings of IGARSS'9-1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Pasadena,CA,USA,1994.
[25] van den Kroonenberg A,Martin T,Buschmann M,et al. Measuring the wind vector using the autonomous mini aerial vehicle M2AV[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2008,25(11):1 969-1 982.
[26] Thomas R M,Lehmann K,Nguyen H,et al. Measurement of turbulent water vapor fluxes using a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle system[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2012,(5):243-257.
[27] Reineman B D,Lenain L,Statom N M,et al. Development and testing of instrumentation for UAV-Based flux measurements within terrestrial and marine atmospheric boundary layers[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2013,30(7):1 295-1 319.
[28] Anderson K,Gaston K J. Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2013,11(3):138-146.
[29] Reuder J,B?serud L,Jonassen M O,et al. Exploring the potential of the RPA system SUMO for multipurpose boundarylayer missions during the BLLAST campaign[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2016,9(6):2 675-2 688.
[30] Thomas R M,Lehmann K,Nguyen H,et al. Measurement of turbulent water vapor fluxes using a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle system[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2012,5:243-257.
[31] Lothon M,Lohou F,Pino D,et al. The BLLAST field experiment:Boundary-Layer late afternoon and sunset turbulence[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(20):10 931-10 960.
[32] Ramanathan V,Ramana M V,Roberts G,et al. Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption[J].Nature,2007,448:575-578.
[33] Sun Yibo. Study of Airborne Eddy Covariance Regional Turbulent Water and Heat Fluxes Measurements Methods[D]. Beijing:Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018.[孙义博.机载涡动相关区域湍流水热通量观测方法研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2018.]
[34] Vellinga O S,Dobosy R J,Dumas E J,et al. Calibration and quality assurance of flux observations from a small research aircraft[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2013,30(2):161-181.
[35] Alaoui-Sosse S,Durand P,Medina P,et al. OVLI-TA:An Unmanned Aerial System for measuring profiles and Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer[J]. Sensors,2019,19(3):581.
[36] Rautenberg A,Graf S M,Wildmann N,et al. Reviewing wind measurement approaches for fixed-wing unmanned aircraft[J].Atmosphere,2018,9(11):422.
[37] Rautenberg A,Allgeier J,Jung S,et al. Calibration procedure and accuracy of wind and turbulence measurements with fivehole probes on fixed-wing unmanned aircraft in the atmospheric boundary layer and wind turbine wakes[J]. Atmosphere,2019,10(3):124.
[38] Calmer R,Roberts G C,Preissler J,et al. Vertical wind velocity measurements using a five-hole probe with remotely piloted aircraft to study aerosol-cloud interactions[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2018,11(5):2 583-2 599.
[39] Drüe C,Heinemann G. A review and practical guide to in-flight calibration for aircraft turbulence sensors[J]. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,2013,30(12):2 820-2 837.
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