基于氮平衡的盐城市畜禽养殖环境承载力分析
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摘要
滨海地区为海陆交互地带,具有明显的过渡性与环境的脆弱性。江苏省滨海是江苏省畜禽养殖最为集中的区域,其巨大的环境风险给区域生态环境造成巨大压力。种养平衡是约束区域养殖规模,缓解其环境风险的主要策略之一。现以盐城市为例,借助Truog的养分平衡法,以种养平衡为前提,结合政府统计资料和实地调研踏勘与采样数据分析盐城市种植业生产农作物氮养分年消耗总量和耕地土壤氮养分供给量,对盐城市亭湖区和盐都区各镇的畜禽养殖环境承载力进行分析,结果表明:(1)研究区土壤氮养分含量较为紧缺,农作物氮需求总量为1.44×10~4 t,土壤氮养分供给量仅为0.97×10~4 t;(2)研究区合理承载规模为7.20×10~4头猪当量,基于氮的畜禽环境承载力均值为氮5.77头猪当量·hm~(-2),在区域内处于较低水平,承载潜力较大,并未对环境造成威胁,各乡镇畜禽养殖发展存在显著差异;(3)畜禽养殖空间分布错位,局部地区污染严重。当前研究区畜禽养殖规模总体较为合理,研究结果可为滨海地区畜禽养殖的种养结合、畜禽产业结构调整、实现畜禽养殖业现代化提供支持。
Coastal areas are the special areas characterized by land-sea interaction and fragile environment. Jiangsu's coastal areas are the most concentrated regions for livestock and poultry breeding in Jiangsu Province, which generally causes higher environmental risks and big pressure on regional ecological environment. The balance of planting and breeding is one of the main strategies for restricting the scale of regional breeding and further relieving environmental risks. In this study, Yancheng City is chosen as an case study to estimate the environmental carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding using Truog's nutrient balance framework. Data from local government statistics, field survey and sampling are all collected to analyze the N stock in soil, N demands of crops production and N-supplying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding. The results show that:(1) Soil N content in the study area is relatively low, and total N demands for crops growth is up to 14400 tons. However, the scale of N-supplying capacity of soil is merely 0.97 million tons.(2) The reasonable scale of breeding in the study area is about 72000 pigs equivalent, and the average environmental carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding is about 5.77 pigs equivalent per hm~2, which is in a low level through country. Nevertheless, the potential of carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding is large, and is produced a threat to the environment. Additionally, there are significant differences among towns in livestock and poultry breeding development.(3) The livestock and poultry breeding in the study area is not co-located with planting and consequently resulting in pollution in some zones. The results can provide support for combinating planting and breeding in coastal areas, adjusting the structure of breeding, and modernizing of animal husbandry.
Coastal areas are the special areas characterized by land-sea interaction and fragile environment. Jiangsu's coastal areas are the most concentrated regions for livestock and poultry breeding in Jiangsu Province, which generally causes higher environmental risks and big pressure on regional ecological environment. The balance of planting and breeding is one of the main strategies for restricting the scale of regional breeding and further relieving environmental risks. In this study, Yancheng City is chosen as an case study to estimate the environmental carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding using Truog's nutrient balance framework. Data from local government statistics, field survey and sampling are all collected to analyze the N stock in soil, N demands of crops production and N-supplying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding. The results show that:(1) Soil N content in the study area is relatively low, and total N demands for crops growth is up to 14400 tons. However, the scale of N-supplying capacity of soil is merely 0.97 million tons.(2) The reasonable scale of breeding in the study area is about 72000 pigs equivalent, and the average environmental carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding is about 5.77 pigs equivalent per hm~2, which is in a low level through country. Nevertheless, the potential of carrying capacity of livestock and poultry breeding is large, and is produced a threat to the environment. Additionally, there are significant differences among towns in livestock and poultry breeding development.(3) The livestock and poultry breeding in the study area is not co-located with planting and consequently resulting in pollution in some zones. The results can provide support for combinating planting and breeding in coastal areas, adjusting the structure of breeding, and modernizing of animal husbandry.
引文
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[22]李建国,袁冯伟,赵冬萍,等.滨海滩涂土壤有机碳演变驱动因子框架[J].地理科学, 2018, 38(4):580–589
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[25]孙永光.长江口不同年限围垦区景观结构与功能分异[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2011
[26]何磊,俞龙生,江东鹏,等.广州市畜禽养殖业污染空间分布研究[J].生态科学, 2012, 31(1):56–61
[2]朱海生,陈志宇,栾冬梅.畜禽粪便的综合利用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2004,(4):59–60
[3]刘亚学.美国畜牧业概况、特点与启示[J].吉林畜牧兽医, 2005,(2):1–3
[4]孙平风.宁波市镇海区畜禽养殖污染及其生态防治研究[D].上海:上海交通大学, 2010
[5]单正军.加拿大畜牧业环境保护管理考察报告[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2000, 16(4):61–62
[6]师容.“数农”生物有机肥惠民富农见成效[J].中国农资,2012,(14):15–15
[7]张田,卜美东,耿维.中国畜禽粪便污染现状及产沼气潜力[J].生态学杂志, 2012, 31(5):1241–1249
[8]徐斌,李丕学,黄志华,等.雷州半岛规模化畜禽养殖污染现状与对策[J].生态科学, 2004, 23(3):253–255
[9] SCHR?DER J J, SCHOLEFIELD D, CABRAL F, et al.The effects of nutrient losses from agriculture on ground and surface water quality:The position of science in developing indicators for regulation[J]. Environmental Science&Policy, 2004, 7(1):15–23
[10]许翼,孙莹,张华,等.沈阳市畜禽养殖环境承载力分析及预测[J].环境保护科学, 2017, 43(5):62–68
[11]李帷,李艳霞,杨明,等.北京市畜禽养殖的空间分布特征及其粪便耕地施用的可达性[J].自然资源学报, 2010,25(5):746–755
[12]陈天宝,万昭军,付茂忠,等.基于氮素循环的耕地畜禽承载能力评估模型建立与应用[J].农业工程学报, 2012,28(2):191–195
[13]武兰芳,欧阳竹,谢小立.我国典型农区耕地承载畜禽容量对比分析[J].自然资源学报, 2013, 28(1):104–113
[14]缪炎.江阴市分散养殖畜禽粪便集中资源化利用推广应用研究[D].南京:南京农业大学, 2014
[15]高祥照,申朓,郑义.肥料实用手册[M].中国农业出版社, 2002.
[16]曹连福,段曰亮.水稻土有效养分与其校正系数的数学模型[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2012(5):73–76
[17]陈新平,张福锁.通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系[J].中国农技推广, 2006, 22(4):36–39.
[18]徐彩瑶,濮励杰,朱明.沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(3):1148–1162
[19]赵其国.土壤圈物质循环研究与土壤学的发展[J].土壤,1991, 23(1):1–3
[20] LI J, PU L, MING Z, et al. Monitoring soil salt content using hj-1a hyperspectral data:A case study of coastal areas in Rudong County, eastern China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2015, 25(2):213–223
[21]李建国,王文超,濮励杰,等.滩涂围垦对盐沼湿地碳收支的影响研究进展[J].地球科学进展, 2017, 32(6):599–614
[22]李建国,袁冯伟,赵冬萍,等.滨海滩涂土壤有机碳演变驱动因子框架[J].地理科学, 2018, 38(4):580–589
[23] LI J, PU L, ZHU M, et al. Evolution of soil properties following reclamation in coastal areas:A review[J].Geoderma, 2014, s 226–227(1):130–139
[24] LI J, YANG W, LI Q, et al. Effect of reclamation on soil organic carbon pools in coastal areas of eastern China[J].Frontiers of Earth Science, 2018, 12(2):339–348
[25]孙永光.长江口不同年限围垦区景观结构与功能分异[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2011
[26]何磊,俞龙生,江东鹏,等.广州市畜禽养殖业污染空间分布研究[J].生态科学, 2012, 31(1):56–61
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