郴州市大气PM_(2.5)中无机元素污染特征及来源分析
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摘要
利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了郴州市PM_(2.5)中无机元素的质量浓度,并通过元素的富集特征和主成分解析了它们的来源.结果表明,研究区域在春、夏、秋、冬四个季节PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为28.7、30.7、41.4和58.1μg·m~(-3),无机元素的平均占比为15.63%,其中Al、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn、As、Si和Ti占无机元素总量的90.6%.富集因子分析结果表明,Cd、Ag、Bi、Sb、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni和V主要来自于人为污染,特别是有色金属元素的富集程度较高,这与郴州市是著名的有色金属之乡,有色金属开采及冶炼发达是相关的.主成分分析结果说明郴州市PM_(2.5)中无机元素主要来源于煤和石油的燃烧、汽车尾气排放、有色金属的冶炼以及土壤扬尘.
In this study, the mass concentrations of inorganic elements in PM_(2.5) of Chenzhou city were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),and their sources were analyzed by the enrichment factor and principal component analysis. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_(2.5) in the study area were 28.7 μg·m~(-3),30.7 μg·m~(-3),41.4 μg·m~(-3) and 58.1 μg·m~(-3) in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The average proportion of inorganic elements was 15.63% of PM_(2.5),of which Al,Fe,Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn,As,Si and Ti accounted for 90.6% of the total amount of inorganic elements. The enrichment factor analysis showed that Cd,Ag,Bi,Sb,As,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni and V were mainly originated from anthropogenic factor. Particularly,the enrichment degree of non-ferrous metals was higher, which was related to the fact that Chenzhou is a famous town of non-ferrous metals, and the exploitation and smelting of non-ferrous metals are well developed. Principal component analysis showed that the inorganic elements in PM_(2.5) of Chenzhou city were mainly derived from the combustion of coal and petroleum, automobile exhaust emissions, smelting of non-ferrous metals and soil dust.
In this study, the mass concentrations of inorganic elements in PM_(2.5) of Chenzhou city were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),and their sources were analyzed by the enrichment factor and principal component analysis. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_(2.5) in the study area were 28.7 μg·m~(-3),30.7 μg·m~(-3),41.4 μg·m~(-3) and 58.1 μg·m~(-3) in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The average proportion of inorganic elements was 15.63% of PM_(2.5),of which Al,Fe,Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn,As,Si and Ti accounted for 90.6% of the total amount of inorganic elements. The enrichment factor analysis showed that Cd,Ag,Bi,Sb,As,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni and V were mainly originated from anthropogenic factor. Particularly,the enrichment degree of non-ferrous metals was higher, which was related to the fact that Chenzhou is a famous town of non-ferrous metals, and the exploitation and smelting of non-ferrous metals are well developed. Principal component analysis showed that the inorganic elements in PM_(2.5) of Chenzhou city were mainly derived from the combustion of coal and petroleum, automobile exhaust emissions, smelting of non-ferrous metals and soil dust.
引文
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[19]王素芳,贺铭.我国土壤中钛、锆、铪和钽的环境背景值及分布规律[J].干旱环境监测,1991(3):135-139.WANG S F,HE M.Environmental background values and distribution of titanium,zirconium,hafnium and thorium in soils of China[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,1991(3):135-139.(In Chinese)
[20]洪也,周德平,马雁军,等.沈阳市夏秋季节大气细颗粒物元素浓度及分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(7):972-979.HONG Y,ZHOU D P,MA Y J,et al.Trace element concentrations and distribution of atmospheric fine particles in the summer-fall in Shenyang[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(7):972-979.(In Chinese)
[21]古金霞,董海燕,吴丽萍,等.天津市PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J].公路交通科技(应用技术版),2010,6(10):495-500.GU J X,DONG H Y,WU L P,et al.Pollution characteristics and source analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5in Tianjin[J].Highway Transportation Technology(Applied Technology Edition),2010,6(10):495-500.(In Chinese)
[22]纪元,康宏,李刚.乌鲁木齐市冬季重污染天气下PM2.5中重金属污染特征及来源解析[J].干旱环境监测,2016,30(3):127-131.JI Y,KANG H,LI G.The heavy metal pollution characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5under the heavy pollution of Urumqi winter weather[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,2016,30(3):127-131.(In Chinese)
[23]HUEGLIN C,GEHRIG R,BALTENSPERGER U,et al.Chemical characterisation of PM2.5,PM10and coarse particles at urban,nearcity and rural sites in Switzerland[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(4):637-651.
[24]KIM K H,LEE J H,JANG M S.Metals in airborne particulate matter from the first and second industrial complex area of Taejon city,Korea[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,118(1):41-51.
[25]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:87-90.Environmental Monitoring of China.Background values of soil elements in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990:87-90.(In Chinese)
[26]TIAN H Z,LU L,CHENG K,et al.Anthropogenic atmospheric nickel emissions and its distribution characteristics in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,417/418:148-157.
[27]ZHANG R,JING J,TAO J,et al.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in Beijing seaso nal perspective[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(14):7053-7074.
[2]郭新彪,魏红英.大气PM2.5对健康影响的研究进展[J].科学通报,2013,58(13):1171-1177.GUO X B,WEI H Y.Progress on the health effects of ambient PM2.5pollution[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(13):1171-1177.(In Chinese)
[3]杨复沫,段凤魁,贺克斌.PM2.5的化学物种采样与分析方法[J].中国环境监测,2004,20(5):14-20.YANG F M,DUAN F K,HE K B.PM2.5speciation sampling and analysis methods[J].Environmental Monitoring of China,2004,20(5):14-20.(In Chinese)
[4]郑元铸,葛琳琳,郑旭军,等.温州市区PM2.5无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):84-91.ZHENG Y Z,GE L L,ZHENG X J,et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of inorganic elements in PM2.5in Wenzhou,Zhejiang[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):84-91.(In Chinese)
[5]丁俊男,王帅,王瑞斌,等.河南省典型城市PM2.5无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(6):25-32.DING J N,WANG S,WANG R B,et al.Characteristics and sources analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5in typical cities of Henan Province[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(6):25-32.(In Chinese)
[6]杨复沫,贺克斌,马永亮,等.北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):33-37.YANG F M,HE K B,MA Y L,et al.Characteristics and sources of trace elements in ambient PM2.5in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2003,24(6):33-37.(In Chinese)
[7]刘忠马,徐义邦,樊孝俊,等.南昌市秋季大气PM2.5浓度及化学组分特征分析[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(9):55-59.LIU Z M,XU Y B,FAN X J,et al.Content and chemical composition characteristics of PM2.5in autumn in Nanchang[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2015,37(9):55-59.(In Chinese)
[8]俞梁敏,金哲维,邱亮,等.昆山市大气PM2.5中无机元素污染特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(6):22-25.YU L M,JIN Z W,QIU L,et al.Research on pollution characteristics of inorganic elements in PM2.5in Kunshan[J].Environmental Science and Management,2015,40(6):22-25.(In Chinese)
[9]漆燕,刘湛,尤翔宇,等.长沙市城南地区PM2.5中微量元素的污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(S2):26-31.QI Y,LIU Z,YOU X Y,et al.The pollution characteristics of the trace elements in PM2.5in south area of Changsha[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(S2):26-31.(In Chinese)
[10]唐璨.郴州年鉴[M].郴州:中州古籍出版社,2016:79-80.TANG C.The yearbook of Chenzhou[M].Chenzhou:Zhongzhou Ancient Books Press,2016:79-80.(In Chinese)
[11]尹振东.气象条件对可吸入颗粒物浓度的影响[J].环境科学与管理,2005,30(3):46-47.YI Z D.The influence of the meteorological condition on the inhalable particles[J].Environmental Science and Management,2005,30(3):46-47.(In Chinese)
[12]李伟芳,白志鹏,史建武,等.天津市环境空气中细粒子的污染特征与来源[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(4):394-400.LI W F,BAI Z P,SHI J W,et al.Pollution characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter in ambient air in Tianjin City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(4):394-400.(In Chinese)
[13]汤莉莉,汤蕾,花艳,等.苏南三市秋冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子和元素特征及源解析[J].大气科学学报,2015,38(5):686-693.TANG L L,TANG L,HUA Y,et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble ions and elements in PM2.5in three cities of South Jiangsu in autumn and winter[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Science,2015,38(5):686-693.(In Chinese)
[14]王丹璐,张有贤,牛武江.兰州市冬季细颗粒中微量金属元素及无机可溶性离子来源分析[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(8):3944-3954.WANG D L,ZHANG Y X,NIU W J.Source analysis of trace metal elements and inorganic water-soluble ions in atmospheric fine particles in Lanzhou during winter[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(8):3944-3954.(In Chinese)
[15]SRIMURUGANANDAM B,SHIVA NAGENDRA S M.Chemical characterization of PM10,and PM2.5,mass concentrations emitted by heterogeneous traffic[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(17):3144-3157.
[16]郑永杰,吕键.PM2.5中无机元素的污染特征和来源分析[J].科学技术与工程,2015,15(30):58-62.ZHENG Y J,LV J.Pollution characteristics and source analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2015,15(30):58-62.(In Chinese)
[17]HUANG S,TU J,LIU H,et al.Multivariate analysis of trace element concentrations in atmospheric deposition in the Yangtze River Delta,East China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(36):5781-5790.
[18]LI X,ZHANG Y,TAN M,et al.Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(8):1118-1124.
[19]王素芳,贺铭.我国土壤中钛、锆、铪和钽的环境背景值及分布规律[J].干旱环境监测,1991(3):135-139.WANG S F,HE M.Environmental background values and distribution of titanium,zirconium,hafnium and thorium in soils of China[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,1991(3):135-139.(In Chinese)
[20]洪也,周德平,马雁军,等.沈阳市夏秋季节大气细颗粒物元素浓度及分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(7):972-979.HONG Y,ZHOU D P,MA Y J,et al.Trace element concentrations and distribution of atmospheric fine particles in the summer-fall in Shenyang[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(7):972-979.(In Chinese)
[21]古金霞,董海燕,吴丽萍,等.天津市PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J].公路交通科技(应用技术版),2010,6(10):495-500.GU J X,DONG H Y,WU L P,et al.Pollution characteristics and source analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5in Tianjin[J].Highway Transportation Technology(Applied Technology Edition),2010,6(10):495-500.(In Chinese)
[22]纪元,康宏,李刚.乌鲁木齐市冬季重污染天气下PM2.5中重金属污染特征及来源解析[J].干旱环境监测,2016,30(3):127-131.JI Y,KANG H,LI G.The heavy metal pollution characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5under the heavy pollution of Urumqi winter weather[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,2016,30(3):127-131.(In Chinese)
[23]HUEGLIN C,GEHRIG R,BALTENSPERGER U,et al.Chemical characterisation of PM2.5,PM10and coarse particles at urban,nearcity and rural sites in Switzerland[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(4):637-651.
[24]KIM K H,LEE J H,JANG M S.Metals in airborne particulate matter from the first and second industrial complex area of Taejon city,Korea[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,118(1):41-51.
[25]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:87-90.Environmental Monitoring of China.Background values of soil elements in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990:87-90.(In Chinese)
[26]TIAN H Z,LU L,CHENG K,et al.Anthropogenic atmospheric nickel emissions and its distribution characteristics in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,417/418:148-157.
[27]ZHANG R,JING J,TAO J,et al.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5in Beijing seaso nal perspective[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(14):7053-7074.
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