典型岩溶小流域水体中硝酸盐分布特征及成因:以普定后寨河流域为例
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摘要
岩溶流域水环境极易受到人为活动的影响,而硝酸盐污染是岩溶流域面临的最突出最普遍的问题之一,把握岩溶流域中硝酸盐的来源及其在不同水体中的分布特征与成因,可为岩溶流域硝酸盐污染的防治提供依据.以贵州普定后寨河流域为研究对象,于2017年5月采集地下水和地表水样品共53件,测定主要水化学参数,分析NO_3~–来源,并结合区域土地利用类型,沿流动路径阐明其影响.结果表明,研究区主要阴、阳离子浓度从大到小依次为HCO_3~–>SO_4~(2–)>NO_3~–>Cl~–、Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)>Na~+>K~+,水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型为主.水体NO_3~–的主要来源为化肥,有6个采样点水体明显受到硝酸盐污染,NO_3~–浓度变化主要受混合过程控制,硝化作用和反硝化作用影响不明显.流域水体NO_3~–浓度受土地利用方式影响明显,流经以农田或村寨为主的区域时NO_3~–浓度升高,流经以林地灌木等自然植被繁茂的区域时NO_3~–浓度降低.
The water environment of karst catchment is very susceptible to human activities. Nitrate pollution is a prominent and common problem in karst catchment. It is important to clarify the source, distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of nitrate in waters of karst catchment, which can facilitate the nitrate pollution prevention in karst catchment. The Houzhai River catchment of Puding of Guizhou was selected as the study area. 53 samples of groundwater and surface water were collected for measuring water chemical parameters in May 2017. Water chemical parameters were determined for analyzing the NO_3~– source.Combined with the land use type, the influence of the nitrate spatial distribution was discussed along the flow path. The results show that the order of ion concentration in waters was Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)>Na~+>K~+, HCO_3~–>SO_4~(2–)>NO_3~–>Cl~–in the study area,respectively. The type of water chemistry was HCO_3~–Ca. The main source of NO_3~– was the chemical fertilizer. Variations of NO_3~– concentration along the flow path were mainly controlled by the mixing process, and the impact of nitrification and denitrification was not obvious. Waters of 6 sampling sites were obviously polluted by nitrate. The concentration of NO_3~– in waters of the catchment was obviously affected by the land use pattern. NO_3~– concentration increased when waters flowed through farmland or villages, and decreased when they flowed through forest land.
The water environment of karst catchment is very susceptible to human activities. Nitrate pollution is a prominent and common problem in karst catchment. It is important to clarify the source, distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of nitrate in waters of karst catchment, which can facilitate the nitrate pollution prevention in karst catchment. The Houzhai River catchment of Puding of Guizhou was selected as the study area. 53 samples of groundwater and surface water were collected for measuring water chemical parameters in May 2017. Water chemical parameters were determined for analyzing the NO_3~– source.Combined with the land use type, the influence of the nitrate spatial distribution was discussed along the flow path. The results show that the order of ion concentration in waters was Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)>Na~+>K~+, HCO_3~–>SO_4~(2–)>NO_3~–>Cl~–in the study area,respectively. The type of water chemistry was HCO_3~–Ca. The main source of NO_3~– was the chemical fertilizer. Variations of NO_3~– concentration along the flow path were mainly controlled by the mixing process, and the impact of nitrification and denitrification was not obvious. Waters of 6 sampling sites were obviously polluted by nitrate. The concentration of NO_3~– in waters of the catchment was obviously affected by the land use pattern. NO_3~– concentration increased when waters flowed through farmland or villages, and decreased when they flowed through forest land.
引文
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Shen,S.,Ma,T.,Du,X.,et al.,2017.Dynamic Variations of Nitrogen in Groundwater under Influence of Seasonal Hydrological Condition in Typical Area of Jianghan Plain.Earth Science,42(5):674-684(in Chinese with English abstract).
Su,W.C.,1997.Appraisal Study on the Sensitivity of Eco Environment in Karst Region.Carsologica Sinina,16(1):57-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Trudell,M.R.,Gillham,R.W.,Cherry,J.A.,1986.An InSitu Study of the Occurrence and Rate of Denitrification in a Shallow Unconfined Sand Aquifer.Journal of Hydrology,83(3-4):251-268.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90155-1
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Xu,Z.F.,Liu,C.Q.,2010.Water Geochemistry of the Xijiang Basin Rivers,South China:Chemical Weathering and CO2Consumption.Applied Geochemistry,25(10):1603-1614.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.08.012
Yan,Y.N.,Ma,T.,Zhang,J.W.,et al.,2017.Experiment on Migration and Transformation of Nitrate under Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water.Earth Science,42(5):783-792(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,H.T.,Ma,T.,Deng,Y.M.,et al.,2017.Hydrochemical Characteristics of Shallow Groundwater in Eastern Jianghan Plain.Earth Science,42(5):685-692(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,J.B.,Zhang,H.S.,1988.Karst Geomorphology in Puding,Guizhou Province.Carsologica Sinica,7(2):163-172(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,D.X.,1996.On the Environmental and Geologic Problems of Karst Mountains and Rocks in the South-West China.World Sci-Tech R&D,15(4):21-23(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yue,F.J.,Li,S.L.,Liu,C.Q.,et al.,2015.Sources and Transport of Nitrate Constrained by the Isotopic Technique in a Karst Catchment:An Example from Southwest China.Hydrological Processes,29(8):1883-1893.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10302
Yue,F.J.,Liu,C.Q.,Li,S.L.,et al.,2014.Analysis ofδ15N andδ18O to Identify Nitrate Sources and Transformations in Songhua River,Northeast China.Journal of Hydrology,519:329-339.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.026
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Chen,F.J.,Li,X.H.,Jia,G.D.,2007.The Application of Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in the Study of Nitrate in Rivers.Advances in Earth Science,22(12):1251-1257(in Chinese with English abstract).
Duan,S.H.,Jang,Y.J.,Zhang,Y.Z.,et al.,2019.Sources of Nitrate in Groundwater and Its Environmental Effects in Karst Trough Valleys:A Case Study of an Underground River System in the Longfeng Trough Valley, Chongqing.Environmental Science,40(4):1715-1725(in Chinese with English abstract).
Galloway,J.N.,Townsend,A.R.,Erisman,J.W.,et al.,2008.Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle:Recent Trends,Questions,and Potential Solutions.Science,320(5878):889-892.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136674
Gillham,R.W.,Cherry,J.A.,1978.Field Evidence of Denitrification in Shallow Groundwater Flow Systems.Water Quality Research Journal,13(1):53-72.https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1978.006
Gulis,G.,Czompolyova,M.,Cerhan,J.R.,2002.An Ecologic Study of Nitrate in Municipal Drinking Water and Cancer Incidence in Trnava District,Slovakia.Environmental Research,88(3):182-187.https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2002.4331
Guo,Y.M.,Ni,J.,Liu,L.B.,et al.,2018.Estimating Aboveground Biomass Using Pléiades Satellite Image in a Karst Watershed of Guizhou Province,Southwestern China.Journal of Mountain Science,15(5):1020-1034.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4760-x
Han,Z.W.,Tang,C.Y.,Wu,P.,et al.,2014.Using Stable Isotopes and Major Ions to Identify Hydrological Processes and Geochemical Characteristics in a Typical Karstic Basin,Guizhou,Southwest China.Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies,50(1):62-73.https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2013.837904
Hu,X.J.,Chen,B.,Hu,X.H.,et al.,2001.Study on the Model of Rational Land Use in the Karst Areas of the Houzhai River Basin.Carsologica Sinica,20(4):305-309(in Chinese with English abstract).
Itoh,M.,Takemon,Y.,Makabe,A.,et al.,2011.Evaluation of Wastewater Nitrogen Transformation in a Natural Wetland(Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia)Using Dual-Isotope Analysis of Nitrate.Science of the Total Environment,409(8):1530-1538.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.019
Ju,X.T.,Xing,G.X.,Chen,X.P.,et al.,2009.Reducing Environmental Risk by Improving N Management in Intensive Chinese Agricultural Systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(9):3041-3046.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813417106
Li,H.,Wen,Z.,Xie,X.J.,et al.,2017.Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Sanqiao District of Guiyang City.Earth Science,42(5):804-812(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,L.,Ren,F.P.,Wang,Z.G.,et al.,2014.A Review on Identifying Agricultural NPS Pollution Sources by Using Stable N Isotope.Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,31(7):21-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,S.L.,Liu,C.Q.,2006.The Character and Application ofδ18O-NO-3in the Groundwater of Guiyang.Carsologica Sinica,25(2):108-111(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,C.Q.,Li,S.L.,Lang,Y.C.,et al.,2006.Usingδ15N andδ18O Values to Identify Nitrate Sources in Karst Ground Water,Guiyang,Southwest China.Environmental Science&Technology,40(22):6928-6933.https://doi.org/10.1021/es0610129
Lu,L.,Cheng,H.,Pu,X.,et al.,2015.Nitrate Behaviors and Source Apportionment in an Aquatic System from a Watershed with Intensive Agricultural Activities.Environmental Science:Processes&Impacts,17(1):131-144.https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00502c
Shen,S.,Ma,T.,Du,X.,et al.,2017.Dynamic Variations of Nitrogen in Groundwater under Influence of Seasonal Hydrological Condition in Typical Area of Jianghan Plain.Earth Science,42(5):674-684(in Chinese with English abstract).
Su,W.C.,1997.Appraisal Study on the Sensitivity of Eco Environment in Karst Region.Carsologica Sinina,16(1):57-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Trudell,M.R.,Gillham,R.W.,Cherry,J.A.,1986.An InSitu Study of the Occurrence and Rate of Denitrification in a Shallow Unconfined Sand Aquifer.Journal of Hydrology,83(3-4):251-268.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90155-1
Vitousek,P.M.,Naylor,R.,Crews,T.,et al.,2009.Nutrient Imbalances in Agricultural Development.Science,324(5934):1519-1520.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170261
Wan,H.T.,Xie,C.J.,Yang,Y.,et al.,1999.The Hydrochemical Characteristics of Houzhai Small Karst Basin,Guizhou.Carsologica Sinica,18(4):329-336(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,J.Y.,Wang,J.L.,Jin,M.G.,2017.Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation Causes of Karst Water in Jinan Spring Catchment.Earth Science,42(5):821-831(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,K.R.,Guo,F.,Jiang,G.H.,et al.,2014.Application of15N and18O to Nitrogen Pollution Source in Karst Water in Eastern Guilin.China Environmental Science,34(9):2223-2230(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,L.C,Xu,Y.P.,Zhang,L.F.,et al.,2000.The Characteristic Study of Karst Water at Houzhai Underground Basin in Puding County,Guizhou Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,20(6):557-562(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,Z.F.,Liu,C.Q.,2010.Water Geochemistry of the Xijiang Basin Rivers,South China:Chemical Weathering and CO2Consumption.Applied Geochemistry,25(10):1603-1614.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.08.012
Yan,Y.N.,Ma,T.,Zhang,J.W.,et al.,2017.Experiment on Migration and Transformation of Nitrate under Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water.Earth Science,42(5):783-792(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,H.T.,Ma,T.,Deng,Y.M.,et al.,2017.Hydrochemical Characteristics of Shallow Groundwater in Eastern Jianghan Plain.Earth Science,42(5):685-692(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,J.B.,Zhang,H.S.,1988.Karst Geomorphology in Puding,Guizhou Province.Carsologica Sinica,7(2):163-172(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,D.X.,1996.On the Environmental and Geologic Problems of Karst Mountains and Rocks in the South-West China.World Sci-Tech R&D,15(4):21-23(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yue,F.J.,Li,S.L.,Liu,C.Q.,et al.,2015.Sources and Transport of Nitrate Constrained by the Isotopic Technique in a Karst Catchment:An Example from Southwest China.Hydrological Processes,29(8):1883-1893.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10302
Yue,F.J.,Liu,C.Q.,Li,S.L.,et al.,2014.Analysis ofδ15N andδ18O to Identify Nitrate Sources and Transformations in Songhua River,Northeast China.Journal of Hydrology,519:329-339.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.07.026
Zhang,C.,Yuan,D.X.,2004.Hydrochemical Variation of Typical Karst Subterranean Stream Basin and Its Relationship with Landuse Change--A Case Study of Houzhai Subterranean Stream Basin,Puding County,Guizhou Province.Journal of Soil Water Conservation,18(5):134-137,183(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,H.S.,Shi,Y.L.,Yu,J.B.,1987.A Simulation of Karst Runoff Process round Plateau Divide--ACase History of Southern Area of Puding,Guizhou.Carsologica Sinica,6(4):263-274(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,W.L.,Wu,S.X.,Ji,H.J.,et al.,2004.Estimation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China and the Alleviating Strategies I.Estimation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China in Early 21 Century.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,37(7):1008-1017(in Chinese with English abstract).
陈法锦,李学辉,贾国东,2007.氮氧同位素在河流硝酸盐研究中的应用.地球科学进展,22(12):1251-1257.
段世辉,蒋勇军,张远瞩,等,2019.岩溶槽谷区地下河硝酸盐来源及其环境效应:以重庆龙凤槽谷地下河系统为例.环境科学,40(4):1715-1725.
胡绪江,陈波,胡兴华,等,2001.后寨河喀斯特流域土地资源合理利用模式研究.中国岩溶,20(4):305-309.
李华,文章,谢先军,等,2017.贵阳市三桥地区岩溶地下水水化学特征及其演化规律.地球科学,42(5):804-812.
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