黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的地表粗糙度特征及其影响因素
|
摘要
增加地表粗糙度是生物结皮影响干旱和半干旱地区地表水文与土壤侵蚀过程的重要途径。本文针对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型小流域,使用链条法测定了裸沙、物理结皮以及不同发育阶段生物结皮(藻、藻-藓混生、藓)的地表粗糙度,比较了不同地形(坡度和坡向)和土壤条件(土壤类型和含水量)下生物结皮地表粗糙度的差异,分析了生物结皮对地表粗糙度特征的影响及其与地形因素和土壤属性的相关关系。结果表明:与裸沙相比,随着物理结皮、藻结皮以及藻-藓混生结皮的相继发育,地表粗糙度由0.67持续增加至16.76(F=194.31,P<0.01);各发育阶段中,藻-藓混生结皮的地表粗糙度最高,为无结皮土壤的25倍,但由藻-藓混生结皮发育至藓结皮后地表粗糙度骤减了52.7%(仍大于裸沙和物理结皮);生物结皮的地表粗糙度在10°～30°坡度范围内差异不显著,但在30°～40°坡度下其地表粗糙度显著增加(F=10.05,P<0.01),增加幅度达25.5%;且阳坡藓结皮的地表粗糙度显著高于阴坡(t=-5.70,P<0.01),为阴坡的1.3倍;生物结皮的地表粗糙度随含水量变化波动较为剧烈,任意含水量下黄绵土上发育的藓结皮的地表粗糙度均高于风沙土上发育的藓结皮(F=187.16,P<0.01),前者平均为后者的2.1倍;黄绵土上藓结皮的地表粗糙度与有机质含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.998,P=0.04),而与其他土壤属性的相关性不显著。综上,黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的发育显著增加了地表粗糙度,其关键影响因素是生物结皮的发育阶段以及坡度和坡向。
Surface hydrology and soil erosion processes in arid and semi-arid regions are affected by biological soil crusts( hereafter biocrusts) mainly through increasing soil surface roughness,which is of great importance but has not yet been fully investigated. In this study,we measured the surface roughness of bare sand,physical crusts,and biocrusts at different developmental stages( cyanobacteria,mixture of cyanobacteria and moss,and moss) by the chain method in a representative small watershed on the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau.The surface roughness of biocrusts under different topography( slope gradient and direction) and soil conditions( soil types and water content) was investigated,and its correlations with the topographic factors and soil properties were analyzed. The results showed that soil surface roughness gradually increased from 0.67 to 16.76( F = 194.31,P < 0.01) when the physical crusts,cyanobacteriabiocrusts,and cyanobacteria-moss biocrusts successively developed from the bare sand.Across all developmental stages,the cyanobacteria-moss biocrusts had the highest surface roughness( 25 times of that of the uncrusted soil),while that of the moss biocrusts was decreased by52.7% as compared with that of the cyanobacteria-moss biocrusts( but still higher than the bare sand and physical crusts). The surface roughness of biocrusts exhibited no significant differences among different slopes ranging from 10° to 30°,but it was significantly increased by 30.5% when the slope increased from 30° to 40°( F = 10.05,P < 0.01). Similarly,the surface roughness of biocrusts on the sunny slopes was 1.3 times of that on the shady slopes( t =-5.70,P < 0.01).Furthermore,the surface roughness of biocrusts fluctuated greatly with increasing soil water content,with that developed on loessial soil being averagely 2.1 times( F = 187.16,P<0.01) of that on aeolian soil under any water content. The surface roughness of biocrusts on the loessial soil was significantly negatively correlated with organic matter content( r =-0. 998,P = 0. 04),but not with other soil properties. We concluded that biocrusts significantly increased soil surface roughness in the water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau,with developmental stage of the biocrusts,slope gradient,and slope direction being the key influencing factors.
Surface hydrology and soil erosion processes in arid and semi-arid regions are affected by biological soil crusts( hereafter biocrusts) mainly through increasing soil surface roughness,which is of great importance but has not yet been fully investigated. In this study,we measured the surface roughness of bare sand,physical crusts,and biocrusts at different developmental stages( cyanobacteria,mixture of cyanobacteria and moss,and moss) by the chain method in a representative small watershed on the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau.The surface roughness of biocrusts under different topography( slope gradient and direction) and soil conditions( soil types and water content) was investigated,and its correlations with the topographic factors and soil properties were analyzed. The results showed that soil surface roughness gradually increased from 0.67 to 16.76( F = 194.31,P < 0.01) when the physical crusts,cyanobacteriabiocrusts,and cyanobacteria-moss biocrusts successively developed from the bare sand.Across all developmental stages,the cyanobacteria-moss biocrusts had the highest surface roughness( 25 times of that of the uncrusted soil),while that of the moss biocrusts was decreased by52.7% as compared with that of the cyanobacteria-moss biocrusts( but still higher than the bare sand and physical crusts). The surface roughness of biocrusts exhibited no significant differences among different slopes ranging from 10° to 30°,but it was significantly increased by 30.5% when the slope increased from 30° to 40°( F = 10.05,P < 0.01). Similarly,the surface roughness of biocrusts on the sunny slopes was 1.3 times of that on the shady slopes( t =-5.70,P < 0.01).Furthermore,the surface roughness of biocrusts fluctuated greatly with increasing soil water content,with that developed on loessial soil being averagely 2.1 times( F = 187.16,P<0.01) of that on aeolian soil under any water content. The surface roughness of biocrusts on the loessial soil was significantly negatively correlated with organic matter content( r =-0. 998,P = 0. 04),but not with other soil properties. We concluded that biocrusts significantly increased soil surface roughness in the water-wind erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau,with developmental stage of the biocrusts,slope gradient,and slope direction being the key influencing factors.
引文
卜崇峰,张朋,叶菁,等.2014.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区小流域苔藓结皮的空间特征及其影响因子.自然资源学报,29(3):490-499.
高丽倩,赵允格,秦宁强,等.2013.黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤可蚀性的影响.应用生态学报,24(1):105-112.
李金峰,孟杰,叶菁,等.2014.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的形成过程与发育特征.自然资源学报,29(1):67-79.
李新荣,张元明,赵允格.2009.生物土壤结皮研究:进展、前沿与展望.地球科学进展,24(1):11-24.
林艺,李和平,肖波.2017.东北黑土区农田土壤风蚀的影响因素及其数量关系.水土保持学报,31(4):44-50.
刘春利,邵明安,张兴昌,等.2005.神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究.水土保持学报,19(1):132-135.
吕建亮,廖超英,孙长忠,等.2010.黄土地表藻类结皮分布影响因素研究.西北林学院学报,25(1):11-14.
唐克丽.2000.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区治理的重要性与紧迫性.中国水土保持,21(11):11-12.
王林华,汪亚峰,王健,等.2018.地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响.农业工程学报,34(5):120-128.
王益,王益权,刘军,等.2005.黄土地区影响土壤膨胀因素的研究.干旱地区农业研究,23(5):93-97.
王媛,赵允格,姚春竹,等.2014.黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮表面糙度特征及影响因素.应用生态学报,25(3):647-656.
吴发启,贾锐鱼.1998.地表糙度的量测方法及对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响.西北林学院学报,13(2):15-19.
吴发启,郑子成,何淑勤.2002.坡耕地地表糙度的研究进展.西北林学院学报,17(3):38-43.
肖波,赵允格,邵明安.2007.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响.生态学报,27(11):4662-4670.
杨凯,赵允格,马昕昕.2012.黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮层水稳性.应用生态学报,23(1):173-177.
张朋,卜崇峰,杨永胜,等.2015.基于CCA的坡面尺度生物结皮空间分布.生态学报,35(16):5412-5420.
张同娟,王益权,刘军,等.2007.黄土地区影响土壤膨胀性的因子分析.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,35(6):185-189.
赵允格,许明祥,王全九,等.2006.黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮对土壤理化性状的影响.自然资源学报,21(3):441-448.
郑子成,吴发启,何淑勤.2006.降雨条件下土壤物理性质对地表糙度变化的影响.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,34(11):184-188.
Belnap J.2003.The world at your feet:Desert biological soil crusts.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,1:181-189.
Belnap J.2006.The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles.Hydrological Processes,20:3159-3178.
Bowker MA,Mau RL,Maestre FT,et al.2011.Functional profiles reveal unique ecological roles of various biological soil crust organisms.Functional Ecology,25:787-795.
Jester W,Klik A.2005.Soil surface roughness measurement:Methods,applicability,and surface representation.Catena,64:174-192.
Johnson CB,Mannering JV,Moldenhauer WC.1979.Influence of surface roughness and clod size and stability on soil and water losses.Soil Science Society of America Journal,43:772-777.
Rodríguez-Caballero E,Aguilar MA,Castilla YC,et al.2015.Swelling of biocrusts upon wetting induces changes in surface micro-topography.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,82:107-111.
Rodríguez-Caballero E,Cantón Y,Chamizo S,et al.2012.Effects of biological soil crusts on surface roughness and implications for runoff and erosion.Geomorphology,145-146:80-89.
Romkens MJM,Wang JY.1986.Effect of tillage on surface roughness.Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,29:429-433.
Vermang J,Norton LD,Huang C,et al.2015.Characterization of soil surface roughness effects on runoff and soil erosion rates under simulated rainfall.Soil Science Society of America Journal,79:903-916.
Wang LJ,Zhang GH,Zhu LJ,et al.2017.Biocrust wetting induced change in soil surface roughness as influenced by biocrust type,coverage and wetting patterns.Geoderma,306:1-9.
Williams AJ,Buck BJ,Beyene MA.2012.Biological soil crusts in the Mojave Desert,USA:Micromorphology and pedogenesis.Soil Science Society of America Journal,76:1685-1695.
Xiao B,Wang HF,Fan J,et al.2013.Biological soil crusts decrease soil temperature in summer and increase soil temperature in winter in semiarid environment.Ecological Engineering,58:52-56.
Xiao B,Wang QH,Zhao YG,et al.2011.Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall.Applied Soil Ecology,48:10-17.
高丽倩,赵允格,秦宁强,等.2013.黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤可蚀性的影响.应用生态学报,24(1):105-112.
李金峰,孟杰,叶菁,等.2014.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮的形成过程与发育特征.自然资源学报,29(1):67-79.
李新荣,张元明,赵允格.2009.生物土壤结皮研究:进展、前沿与展望.地球科学进展,24(1):11-24.
林艺,李和平,肖波.2017.东北黑土区农田土壤风蚀的影响因素及其数量关系.水土保持学报,31(4):44-50.
刘春利,邵明安,张兴昌,等.2005.神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究.水土保持学报,19(1):132-135.
吕建亮,廖超英,孙长忠,等.2010.黄土地表藻类结皮分布影响因素研究.西北林学院学报,25(1):11-14.
唐克丽.2000.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区治理的重要性与紧迫性.中国水土保持,21(11):11-12.
王林华,汪亚峰,王健,等.2018.地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响.农业工程学报,34(5):120-128.
王益,王益权,刘军,等.2005.黄土地区影响土壤膨胀因素的研究.干旱地区农业研究,23(5):93-97.
王媛,赵允格,姚春竹,等.2014.黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮表面糙度特征及影响因素.应用生态学报,25(3):647-656.
吴发启,贾锐鱼.1998.地表糙度的量测方法及对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响.西北林学院学报,13(2):15-19.
吴发启,郑子成,何淑勤.2002.坡耕地地表糙度的研究进展.西北林学院学报,17(3):38-43.
肖波,赵允格,邵明安.2007.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响.生态学报,27(11):4662-4670.
杨凯,赵允格,马昕昕.2012.黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮层水稳性.应用生态学报,23(1):173-177.
张朋,卜崇峰,杨永胜,等.2015.基于CCA的坡面尺度生物结皮空间分布.生态学报,35(16):5412-5420.
张同娟,王益权,刘军,等.2007.黄土地区影响土壤膨胀性的因子分析.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,35(6):185-189.
赵允格,许明祥,王全九,等.2006.黄土丘陵区退耕地生物结皮对土壤理化性状的影响.自然资源学报,21(3):441-448.
郑子成,吴发启,何淑勤.2006.降雨条件下土壤物理性质对地表糙度变化的影响.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,34(11):184-188.
Belnap J.2003.The world at your feet:Desert biological soil crusts.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,1:181-189.
Belnap J.2006.The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles.Hydrological Processes,20:3159-3178.
Bowker MA,Mau RL,Maestre FT,et al.2011.Functional profiles reveal unique ecological roles of various biological soil crust organisms.Functional Ecology,25:787-795.
Jester W,Klik A.2005.Soil surface roughness measurement:Methods,applicability,and surface representation.Catena,64:174-192.
Johnson CB,Mannering JV,Moldenhauer WC.1979.Influence of surface roughness and clod size and stability on soil and water losses.Soil Science Society of America Journal,43:772-777.
Rodríguez-Caballero E,Aguilar MA,Castilla YC,et al.2015.Swelling of biocrusts upon wetting induces changes in surface micro-topography.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,82:107-111.
Rodríguez-Caballero E,Cantón Y,Chamizo S,et al.2012.Effects of biological soil crusts on surface roughness and implications for runoff and erosion.Geomorphology,145-146:80-89.
Romkens MJM,Wang JY.1986.Effect of tillage on surface roughness.Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,29:429-433.
Vermang J,Norton LD,Huang C,et al.2015.Characterization of soil surface roughness effects on runoff and soil erosion rates under simulated rainfall.Soil Science Society of America Journal,79:903-916.
Wang LJ,Zhang GH,Zhu LJ,et al.2017.Biocrust wetting induced change in soil surface roughness as influenced by biocrust type,coverage and wetting patterns.Geoderma,306:1-9.
Williams AJ,Buck BJ,Beyene MA.2012.Biological soil crusts in the Mojave Desert,USA:Micromorphology and pedogenesis.Soil Science Society of America Journal,76:1685-1695.
Xiao B,Wang HF,Fan J,et al.2013.Biological soil crusts decrease soil temperature in summer and increase soil temperature in winter in semiarid environment.Ecological Engineering,58:52-56.
Xiao B,Wang QH,Zhao YG,et al.2011.Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall.Applied Soil Ecology,48:10-17.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |