过去300 a大清河上游南部流域耕地变化重建
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摘要
过去300 a耕地变化重建是环境变化研究的基础。华北地区河湖演变对历史土地开垦的影响需要在历史耕地重建时予以考虑。论文基于清代地方志、民国统计资料和现代土地利用数据,通过量化坡度和历史时期潜在耕地垦殖率因子,建立宜垦性模型,重建过去300 a白洋淀与大清河上游南部流域5个时间断面上空间分辨率为1km×1 km的耕地变化,并结合大清河南支的河道变迁和白洋淀演变过程分析了县域尺度下河道变迁、湖群演变对土地开垦过程的影响。结果表明:①近300 a来研究区开垦范围向山区扩展,开垦强度不断加深,平均垦殖率由1646年的0.162增至1980年代的0.579;②白洋淀收缩为安新、容城、任丘、高阳和蠡县土地开垦提供良好的物质基础,清中后期5县垦殖率较同期周围县高约3%～40%不等,且增长速度明显快于周围县;③古河道为肃宁、河间、任丘和安国的土地开垦提供了物质基础,河流改道后肃宁、河间和任丘的垦殖率分别增长为原来的2.12、2.6和2.86倍;安国垦殖率增长了37%,为同期增长最为显著的县;④新河道虽会冲毁部分土地,但泛滥区却能为土地开垦提供物质基础,故途经地垦殖率有增有减,蠡县和高阳的垦殖率分别增加为原来的1.80倍和1.88倍,望都、清苑垦殖率分别增加3%、4%,定州垦殖率减少4%。
Reconstruction of cropland change over the past 300 years forms the basis for environmental change studies. The influence of changes in river and lake areas in North China can provide a reference and validation for the reconstruction of historical arable land. Based on the local historical documents of the Qing Dynasty, the statistical data of the Republic of China, and the data of modern land use, this study reconstructed the cropland change of five time periods in the Baiyangdian Lake and the southern area of the Daqing River Basin in the past300 years. It established the reclamation model by quantifying the slope and the potential cultivated land reclamation rate in historical periods. The spatial resolution of the analysis is 1 km × 1 km. This study also analysed the influence of river and lake evolution on the cultivation ratio via the changes of the Baiyangdian Lake and the southern branches of the Daqing River. The results show that: 1) Land reclaimation in the research area has expanded to the mountainous areas, and reclamation has constantly intensified over the past 300 years.Average cultivation ratio increased from 0.162 in 1646 to 0.579 in the 1980 s. 2) The contraction of the Baiyangdian Lake provided a good material basis for land reclamation in Anxing, Rongcheng, Renqiu, Gaoyang,and Lixian Counties. The reclamation rate of the five counties in the middle and late Qing period was about 3%-40% higher than that of the surrounding counties, and the growth rate was faster too than that of the surrounding counties. 3) The old river channel provided material basis for land reclaimation of Suning, Hejian, Renqiu, and Anguo Counties. After the river diversion, the reclamation rates of the former three counties increased by 2.12,2.6, and 2.86 times respectively. The reclamation rate in Anguo County increased by 37%, the most significant increase in the same period. 4) Although the new river could destroy some of the land, the floodplain, however,can provide a material basis for land reclamation. Therefore the cultivation ratio of the counties along the new river can increase or decrease. The reclamation rates of Lixian and Gaoyang have increased to 1.80 times and1.88 times respectively. The reclamation rate of Wangdu and Qingyuan increased by 3% and 4%, and that of Dingzhou decreased by 4%.
Reconstruction of cropland change over the past 300 years forms the basis for environmental change studies. The influence of changes in river and lake areas in North China can provide a reference and validation for the reconstruction of historical arable land. Based on the local historical documents of the Qing Dynasty, the statistical data of the Republic of China, and the data of modern land use, this study reconstructed the cropland change of five time periods in the Baiyangdian Lake and the southern area of the Daqing River Basin in the past300 years. It established the reclamation model by quantifying the slope and the potential cultivated land reclamation rate in historical periods. The spatial resolution of the analysis is 1 km × 1 km. This study also analysed the influence of river and lake evolution on the cultivation ratio via the changes of the Baiyangdian Lake and the southern branches of the Daqing River. The results show that: 1) Land reclaimation in the research area has expanded to the mountainous areas, and reclamation has constantly intensified over the past 300 years.Average cultivation ratio increased from 0.162 in 1646 to 0.579 in the 1980 s. 2) The contraction of the Baiyangdian Lake provided a good material basis for land reclamation in Anxing, Rongcheng, Renqiu, Gaoyang,and Lixian Counties. The reclamation rate of the five counties in the middle and late Qing period was about 3%-40% higher than that of the surrounding counties, and the growth rate was faster too than that of the surrounding counties. 3) The old river channel provided material basis for land reclaimation of Suning, Hejian, Renqiu, and Anguo Counties. After the river diversion, the reclamation rates of the former three counties increased by 2.12,2.6, and 2.86 times respectively. The reclamation rate in Anguo County increased by 37%, the most significant increase in the same period. 4) Although the new river could destroy some of the land, the floodplain, however,can provide a material basis for land reclamation. Therefore the cultivation ratio of the counties along the new river can increase or decrease. The reclamation rates of Lixian and Gaoyang have increased to 1.80 times and1.88 times respectively. The reclamation rate of Wangdu and Qingyuan increased by 3% and 4%, and that of Dingzhou decreased by 4%.
引文
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(1)清代、民国数据来源见附录A
(2)《望都县志》.民国23年(1934),卷四《政治志一》:78.
(3)《高阳县志》.民国22年(1933),卷九《旧志户田门》:668.
(4)《续修行唐县新志》.清同治年间(1862-1874),卷四《田赋志》:562.
(5)《新安县志》.清乾隆8年(1743),卷二《食货志》:375.
(6)《灵寿县志》.同治13年(1874),卷四《田赋志》:66.
(7)《直隶易州志》.清乾隆12年(1747),卷七《田赋》:89.
(8)《重修曲阳县志》.清光绪30年(1904),卷十《财赋考第五》:462.
(9)《重修新乐县志》.清光绪11年(1885),卷二《赋役》:169.
(10)《行唐县新志》.清乾隆37年(1772),卷六《食货》:389-389.
(11)《阜城县志》.雍正13年(1735),卷十一《贡赋》:431.
陈锋.1987.清代亩额初探:对省区“折亩”的考察[J].武汉大学学报(人文科学版),(5):78-85.[Chen F.1987.A preliminary study of the Mu in the Qing Dynasty:An investigation of the discount of mu at the provincial level.Wuhan University Journal(Humanity Sciences),(5):78-85.]
陈桥驿,吕以春,乐祖谋.1984.论历史时期宁绍平原的湖泊演变[J].地理研究,3(3):29-43.[Chen Q Y,Lv Y C,Le ZM.1984.An analysis of lake change in the Ningshao Plain during the historical period.Geographical Research,3(3):29-43.]
邓辉,李羿.2018.人地关系视角下明清时期京津冀平原东淀湖泊群的时空变化[J].首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),(4):95-105.[Deng H,Li Y.2018.Temporal and spatial changes of the Dongdian Lake group in the Jing-Jin-Ji Plain during the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the perspective of human-environment interaction.Journal of Capital Normal University(Social Sciences Edition),(4):95-105.]
傅辉.2008.明以来河南土地利用变化与人文机制研究[D].上海:复旦大学.[Fu H.2008.Study on land use change and anthropogenic mechanism in Henan Province,1368-1953.Shanghai,China:Fudan University.]
何炳棣.1985.南宋至今土地数字的考释和评价(下)[J].中国社会科学,(3):125-160.[He B D.1985.An interpretation and evaluation of land numbers since the Southern Song Dynasty.Social Sciences in China,(3):125-160.]
何凡能,李士成,张学珍.2011.北宋中期耕地面积及其空间分布格局重建[J].地理学报,66(11):1531-1539.[He FN,Li S C,Zhang X Z.2011.The reconstruction of cropland area and its spatial distribution pattern in the midNorthern Song Dynasty.Acta Geographica Sinica,66(11):1531-1539.]
何凡能,李士成,张学珍,等.2012.中国传统农区过去300年耕地重建结果的对比分析[J].地理学报,67(9):1190-1200.[He F N,Li S C,Zhang X Z,et al.2012.Comparisons of reconstructed cropland area from multiple datasets for the traditional cultivated region of China in the last 300years.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(9):1190-1200.]
敬正书.2013.中国河湖大典·海河卷[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.[Jing Z S.2013.Encyclopedia of rivers and lakes in China:Section of Haihe River Basin.Beijing,China:Water&Power Press.]
李蓓蓓,方修琦,叶瑜,等.2010.全球土地利用数据集精度的区域评估:以中国东北地区为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,40(8):1048-1059.[Li B B,Fang X Q,Ye Y,et al.2010.Accuracy assessment of global historical cropland datasets based on regional reconstructed historical data:Acase study in Northeast China.Science China Earth Sciences,40(8):1048-1059.]
李辅斌.1994.清代中后期直隶山西传统农业区垦殖述论[J].中国历史地理论丛,9(2):147-162.[Li F B.1994.An explanation of reclamation of the traditional agricultural area of Zhili and Shanxi Province in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,9(2):147-162.]
李辅斌.1995.清代前期直隶山西的土地复垦[J].中国历史地理论丛,10(3):71-84.[Li F B.1995.Land reclamation in Zhili and Shanxi Province in the Early Qing Dynasty.Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,10(3):71-84.]
李美娇,何凡能,杨帆,等.2018.元代前期省域耕地面积重建[J].地理学报,73(5):832-842.[Li M J,He F N,Yang F,et al.2018.Reconstruction of cropland area at the provincial level in the early Yuan Dynasty.Acta Geographica Sinica,73(5):832-842.]
李巧萍,丁一汇,董文杰.2006.中国近代土地利用变化对区域气候影响的数值模拟[J].气象学报,64(3):257-270.[Li Q P,Ding Y H,Dong W J.2006.A numerical simulation on impact of historical land-use changes on regional climate in China since 1700.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,64(3):257-270.]
李士成,何凡能,陈屹松.2012.清代西南地区耕地空间格局网格化重建[J].地理科学进展,31(9):1196-1203.[Li SC,He F N,Chen Y S.2012.Gridding reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns in Southwest China in the Qing Dynasty.Progress in Geography,31(9):1196-1203.]
刘洪升.2002.唐宋以来海河流域水灾频繁原因分析[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),27(1):23-27.[Liu H S.2002.An analysis of the causes of frequent floods in Haihe Valley since the Tang and Song Dynasties.Journal of Hebei University(Philosophy and Social Science),27(1):23-27.]
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(1)清代、民国数据来源见附录A
(2)《望都县志》.民国23年(1934),卷四《政治志一》:78.
(3)《高阳县志》.民国22年(1933),卷九《旧志户田门》:668.
(4)《续修行唐县新志》.清同治年间(1862-1874),卷四《田赋志》:562.
(5)《新安县志》.清乾隆8年(1743),卷二《食货志》:375.
(6)《灵寿县志》.同治13年(1874),卷四《田赋志》:66.
(7)《直隶易州志》.清乾隆12年(1747),卷七《田赋》:89.
(8)《重修曲阳县志》.清光绪30年(1904),卷十《财赋考第五》:462.
(9)《重修新乐县志》.清光绪11年(1885),卷二《赋役》:169.
(10)《行唐县新志》.清乾隆37年(1772),卷六《食货》:389-389.
(11)《阜城县志》.雍正13年(1735),卷十一《贡赋》:431.
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