干旱区绿洲城市遥感生态指数变化监测
|
摘要
新疆是典型的干旱地区,生态环境极为脆弱,及时准确地了解其生态环境变化具有重要意义。本文选择干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市为研究区,利用2004年、2016年的同月份遥感影像数据,通过计算遥感生态指数(RSEI),分别从现状、空间分布、重心、景观特征、驱动因素等角度展开分析。结果表明:①2004—2016年,遥感生态指数从0.341增长至0.400,上升了17.24%,其中绿度(NDVI)、湿度(WET)和地表温度(LST)表现一定程度的上升,干度(NDBSI)表现为下降趋势;②生态指数等级划分中,主要以较低、中等水平为主,该类区域面积增长明显;生态指数等级变化,主要以不变、变好为主,其中生态指数增长的区域以上升1个等级为主;③不同类型的生态指数重心发生了偏移,低生态指数区的重心转移距离最长,达到2.82 km,较低生态指数区和高生态指数区的重心转移距离相对较短;④不同类型的遥感生态指数景观格局发生变化,斑块形状复杂性增强,空间连接性和集聚性显著。本文分析了乌鲁木齐市生态指数空间特征及变化规律,指出整个城市生态系统在近13年中没有出现大范围生态环境恶化的现象,总体向好的趋势发展,但仍有较大的上升空间。生态指数的变化与城市扩张联系紧密。
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is a typical arid area, and its ecological environment is extremely fragile. It is of great significance to understand its ecological environment changes in a timely and accurate manner.This study chose the oasis city Urumqi in Xinjiang as the research area and used the remote sensing images from the same month of 2004 and 2016 to calculate the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI), and analyze the present situation, spatial distribution,center of gravity, landscape features, and driving factors of change of RSEI. The results show that:(1) In 2004—2016, the average remote sensing ecological index value increased from 0.341 to0.400, an increase of 17.24%. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), Wetness(WET),and Land Surface Temperature(LST) showed a certain degree of increase, and Normalized Difference Build-up Soil Index(NDBSI) showed a downward trend;(2) With the classification of ecological index values, the main part of the study area fell within poor and medium ecological index classes. The total area of these classes is obviously growing.The classes mainly remained unchanged or improved, and the areas with improvements of ecological index mainly moved up for one class;(3) The center of gravity of all types of ecological index classes shifted, and the distance of gravity center shift of the poor ecological index class was the longest, reaching 2.82 km. The distance of shift was relatively small for other classes;(4) Landscape pattern of different types of remote sensing ecological indices changed, complexity of shape of patches increased, the spatial connectivity and agglomeration were significant.This study analyzed the spatial characteristics and changes of the ecological index and found that the process of gradual change of the ecosystem under the premise of maintaining stability with human activities is closely related to urban expansion.
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is a typical arid area, and its ecological environment is extremely fragile. It is of great significance to understand its ecological environment changes in a timely and accurate manner.This study chose the oasis city Urumqi in Xinjiang as the research area and used the remote sensing images from the same month of 2004 and 2016 to calculate the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI), and analyze the present situation, spatial distribution,center of gravity, landscape features, and driving factors of change of RSEI. The results show that:(1) In 2004—2016, the average remote sensing ecological index value increased from 0.341 to0.400, an increase of 17.24%. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), Wetness(WET),and Land Surface Temperature(LST) showed a certain degree of increase, and Normalized Difference Build-up Soil Index(NDBSI) showed a downward trend;(2) With the classification of ecological index values, the main part of the study area fell within poor and medium ecological index classes. The total area of these classes is obviously growing.The classes mainly remained unchanged or improved, and the areas with improvements of ecological index mainly moved up for one class;(3) The center of gravity of all types of ecological index classes shifted, and the distance of gravity center shift of the poor ecological index class was the longest, reaching 2.82 km. The distance of shift was relatively small for other classes;(4) Landscape pattern of different types of remote sensing ecological indices changed, complexity of shape of patches increased, the spatial connectivity and agglomeration were significant.This study analyzed the spatial characteristics and changes of the ecological index and found that the process of gradual change of the ecosystem under the premise of maintaining stability with human activities is closely related to urban expansion.
引文
[1]赵亚莉,刘友兆,龙开胜.城市土地开发强度变化的生态环境效应[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2014, 24(7):23-29.[Zhao Y L,Liu Y Z, Long K S. Eco-environmental effects of urban land development intensity change across capital Cities in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(7):23-29.]
[2]林紫荣,张小雷,朱自安,等.干旱区绿洲生态环境与新疆城市化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(12):6-14.[Lin Z R,Zhang X L, Zhu Z A, et al. Study on Arid Region Oasis Eco-environment and Xinjiang Urbanization[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007, 21(12):6-14.]
[3]赵其国,黄国勤,马艳芹.中国生态环境状况与生态文明建设[J].生态学报, 2016, 36(19):6328-6335.[Zhao Q G, Huang G Q,Ma Y Q. The ecological environment conditions and construction of an ecological civilization in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016, 36(19):6328-6335.]
[4]汤旭,冯彦,鲁莎莎,等.基于生态区位系数的湖北省森林生态安全评价及重心演变分析[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(3):1-14.[Tang X, Feng Y, Lu S S, et al. Forest ecological security evaluation based on ecological location coefficient and gravity center transfer analysis in Hubei province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018, 38(3):1-14.]
[5]柳钦火,吴俊君,李丽,等.“一带一路”区域可持续发展生态环境遥感监测[J].遥感学报, 2018, 22(4):686-708.[Liu Q H, Wu J J, Li L, et al. Ecological environment monitoring for sustainable development goals in the Belt and Road region[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2018, 22(4):686-708.]
[6] Badreldin N, Goossens R. A satellite-based disturbance index algorithm for monitoring mitigation strategies effects on desertification change in an arid environment[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2015, 20(2):263-276.
[7] Franke J, Keuck V, Siegert F. Assessment of grassland use intensity by remote sensing to support conservation schemes[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2012, 20(3):125-134.
[8] Xu H Q. Analysis of impervious surface and its impact on urban heat environment using the normalized difference impervious surface Index[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2010, 76(5):557-565.
[9]刘庆芳,徐建辉,陈磊,等.退耕还林区生态环境监测与评价:以陕西省为例[J].黑龙江工程学院学报, 2018, 32(1):20-26.[Liu Q F, Xu J H, Chen L, et al. The monitoring and evaluation of ecological environment in the returned forestlands:A case study of Shaanxi province[J]. Journal of Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, 2018, 32(1):20-26.]
[10]徐涵秋.城市遥感生态指数的创建及其应用[J].生态学报,2013, 33(24):7853-7862.[Xu H Q. A remote sensing urban ecological index and its application[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013,33(24):7853-7862.]
[11]张浩,杜培军,罗洁琼,等.基于遥感生态指数的南京市生态变化分析[J].地理空间信息, 2017, 15(2):58-62.[Zhang H, Du P J,Luo J Q, et al. Ecological change analysis of Nanjing city based on remote sensing ecological index[J]. Geospatial Information, 2017,15(2):58-62.]
[12]吴志杰,王猛猛,陈绍杰,等.基于遥感生态指数的永定矿区生态变化监测与评价[J].生态科学, 2016, 35(5):200-207.[Wu Z J, Wang M M, Chen S J, et al. Monitoring and evaluation of ecological environment’s spatio-temporal variation in mine based on RSEI in Yongding Mine[J]. Ecological Science, 2016, 35(5):200-207.]
[13]刘智才,徐涵秋,李乐,等.基于遥感生态指数的杭州市城市生态变化[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2015, 23(4):728-739.[Liu Z C, Xu H Q, Li L, et al. Ecological change in the Hangzhou area using the remote sensing based ecological index[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2015, 23(4):728-739.]
[14]王志杰,苏嫄.南水北调中线汉中市水源地生态脆弱性评价与特征分析[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(2):1-12.[Wang Z J, Su Y.Analysis of eco-environmental vulnerability characteristics of Hanzhong City, near the water source midway along the route of the south-to-north water transfer project, China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(2):1-12.]
[15]王千.基于农业生产风险的关中地区土地整治分区研究[D].南京:南京大学, 2012.[Wang Q. The Research of Land Consolidation Sub-zoning based on Risk Assessment of Agricultural Production of Guanzhong Region[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University, 2012.]
[16]单薇,金晓斌,孟宪素,等.基于多源遥感数据的土地整治生态环境质量动态监测[J].农业工程学报, 2019, 35(1):234-242.[Shan W, Jin X B, Meng X S, et al. Dynamical monitoring of ecological environment quality of land consolidation based on multisource remote sensing data[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2019, 35(1):234-242.]
[17] Huang P H, Tsai J S, Lin W T. Using multiple-criteria decisionmaking techniques for eco-environmental vulnerability assessment:A case study on the Chi-Jia-Wan Stream watershed, Taiwan[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 168(1):141-158.
[18]欧阳彦,刘秀华.基于熵权物元可拓模型的土地整理生态环境影响评价:以老河口市孟楼镇基本农田整理项目为例[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 34(6):67-73.[Ouyang Y,Liu X H. Eco-environment impact assessment on land consolidation based on entropy-weighted matterelement model:A case study of the land consolidation project in Menglou Town, Laohekou City[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2009, 34(6):67-73.]
[19]王丽春,焦黎,来风兵,等.基于遥感生态指数的新疆玛纳斯湖湿地生态变化评价[J].生态学报, 2019, 39(8):1-10.[Wang L C,Jiao L, Lai F B, et al. Evaluation of ecological changes based on a remote sensing ecological index in a Manas Lake wetland, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(8):1-10.]
[20] Huang J P, Y u H P, Dai A G, et al. Drylands face potential threat under 20℃global warming target[J]. Nature Climate Change,2017, 7(6):417-422.
[21]唐宏,夏富强,杨德刚,等.干旱区绿洲城市发展与水资源需求预警分析:以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].资源科学, 2014, 36(6):1168-1174.[Tang H, Xia F Q, Yang D G, et al. Scenario warning for urban development and water resource demand in the arid oasis city of Urumqi[J]. Resources Science, 2014, 36(6):1168-1174.]
[22]周玄德,郭华东,孜比布拉·司马义.城市扩张过程中不透水面空间格局演变及其对地表温度的影响:以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(20):7336-7347.[Zhou X D, Guo H D, Zibibula·Simayi. Spatial pattern evolution of impervious surfaces and its influence on surface temperature in the process of urban expansion:A case study of Urumqi[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(20):7336-7347.]
[23]李霞,郭宇宏,卢新玉,等.乌鲁木齐市大气污染治理成效的综合评估分析[J].中国环境科学, 2016, 36(1):307-313.[Li X,Guo Y H, Lu X Y, et al. Evaluation and analysis on the effects of air pollution control in Urumqi[J]. China Environmental Science,2016, 36(1):307-313.]
[24]罗春,刘辉,戚陆越.基于遥感指数的生态变化评估:以常宁市为例[J].国土资源遥感, 2014, 26(4):145-150.[Luo C, Liu H, Qi L Y. Ecological changes assessment based on remote sensing indices:A case study of Changning City[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2014, 26(4):145-150.]
[25]王俊祺,潘文斌.生态环境变化遥感评价指数的应用研究:以敖江流域为例[J].环境科学与管理, 2014, 39(12):186-190.[Wang J Q, Pan W B. Application of remote sensing index in assessing ecological changes of Aojiang watershed[J]. Environmental Science and Management, 2014, 39(12):186-190.]
[26]徐涵秋.区域生态环境变化的遥感评价指数[J].中国环境科学,2013, 33(5):889-897.[Xu H Q. A remote sensing index for assessment of regional ecological changes[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(5):889-897.]
[27]牛安逸,马姣娇,陈志云.基于遥感技术及综合指数法的广州市自然生态环境评价[J].中国城市林业, 2015, 13(6):11-15.[Niu A Y, Ma J J, Chen Z Y. Natural ecological environment evaluation in Guangzhou based on remote sensing technology and comprehensive index method[J]. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 2015, 13(6):11-15.]
[28]周玄德.新疆典型城市不透水面及其地表温度的分形研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学, 2018.[Zhou X D. Fractal study of urban impervious surfaces and its surface temperature of Typical city in Xinjiang[D]. Urumqi:Xinjiang University, 2018.]
[29] Yu X, Guo X, Wu Z. Land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS:Comparison between radiative transfer equationbased method, split window algorithm and single channel method[J]. Remote Sensing, 2014, 6(10):9829-9852.
[30] Sobrino J A, Jimenez-Munoz J C, Paolini L. Land surface retrieval from LANDSAT TM5[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004,90(4):434-440.
[31]宋慧敏,薛亮.基于遥感生态指数模型的渭南市生态环境质量动态监测与分析[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(12):3913-3919.[Song H M, Xue L. Dynamic monitoring and analysis of ecological environment in Weinan City, Northwest China based on RSEI model[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(12):3913-3919.]
[32] Ostwald M, Chen D L. Land-use change:impacts of climate variations and policies among small-scale farmers in the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Land Use Policy, 2006, 23(4):361-371.
[33] Vicente-Serrano S M, Lasanta T, Romo A. Analysis of spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Spanish central Pyrenees:Role of human management[J]. Environmental Management,2004, 34(6):802-818.
[2]林紫荣,张小雷,朱自安,等.干旱区绿洲生态环境与新疆城市化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2007, 21(12):6-14.[Lin Z R,Zhang X L, Zhu Z A, et al. Study on Arid Region Oasis Eco-environment and Xinjiang Urbanization[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2007, 21(12):6-14.]
[3]赵其国,黄国勤,马艳芹.中国生态环境状况与生态文明建设[J].生态学报, 2016, 36(19):6328-6335.[Zhao Q G, Huang G Q,Ma Y Q. The ecological environment conditions and construction of an ecological civilization in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016, 36(19):6328-6335.]
[4]汤旭,冯彦,鲁莎莎,等.基于生态区位系数的湖北省森林生态安全评价及重心演变分析[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(3):1-14.[Tang X, Feng Y, Lu S S, et al. Forest ecological security evaluation based on ecological location coefficient and gravity center transfer analysis in Hubei province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018, 38(3):1-14.]
[5]柳钦火,吴俊君,李丽,等.“一带一路”区域可持续发展生态环境遥感监测[J].遥感学报, 2018, 22(4):686-708.[Liu Q H, Wu J J, Li L, et al. Ecological environment monitoring for sustainable development goals in the Belt and Road region[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2018, 22(4):686-708.]
[6] Badreldin N, Goossens R. A satellite-based disturbance index algorithm for monitoring mitigation strategies effects on desertification change in an arid environment[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2015, 20(2):263-276.
[7] Franke J, Keuck V, Siegert F. Assessment of grassland use intensity by remote sensing to support conservation schemes[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2012, 20(3):125-134.
[8] Xu H Q. Analysis of impervious surface and its impact on urban heat environment using the normalized difference impervious surface Index[J]. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,2010, 76(5):557-565.
[9]刘庆芳,徐建辉,陈磊,等.退耕还林区生态环境监测与评价:以陕西省为例[J].黑龙江工程学院学报, 2018, 32(1):20-26.[Liu Q F, Xu J H, Chen L, et al. The monitoring and evaluation of ecological environment in the returned forestlands:A case study of Shaanxi province[J]. Journal of Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, 2018, 32(1):20-26.]
[10]徐涵秋.城市遥感生态指数的创建及其应用[J].生态学报,2013, 33(24):7853-7862.[Xu H Q. A remote sensing urban ecological index and its application[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013,33(24):7853-7862.]
[11]张浩,杜培军,罗洁琼,等.基于遥感生态指数的南京市生态变化分析[J].地理空间信息, 2017, 15(2):58-62.[Zhang H, Du P J,Luo J Q, et al. Ecological change analysis of Nanjing city based on remote sensing ecological index[J]. Geospatial Information, 2017,15(2):58-62.]
[12]吴志杰,王猛猛,陈绍杰,等.基于遥感生态指数的永定矿区生态变化监测与评价[J].生态科学, 2016, 35(5):200-207.[Wu Z J, Wang M M, Chen S J, et al. Monitoring and evaluation of ecological environment’s spatio-temporal variation in mine based on RSEI in Yongding Mine[J]. Ecological Science, 2016, 35(5):200-207.]
[13]刘智才,徐涵秋,李乐,等.基于遥感生态指数的杭州市城市生态变化[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2015, 23(4):728-739.[Liu Z C, Xu H Q, Li L, et al. Ecological change in the Hangzhou area using the remote sensing based ecological index[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2015, 23(4):728-739.]
[14]王志杰,苏嫄.南水北调中线汉中市水源地生态脆弱性评价与特征分析[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(2):1-12.[Wang Z J, Su Y.Analysis of eco-environmental vulnerability characteristics of Hanzhong City, near the water source midway along the route of the south-to-north water transfer project, China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(2):1-12.]
[15]王千.基于农业生产风险的关中地区土地整治分区研究[D].南京:南京大学, 2012.[Wang Q. The Research of Land Consolidation Sub-zoning based on Risk Assessment of Agricultural Production of Guanzhong Region[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University, 2012.]
[16]单薇,金晓斌,孟宪素,等.基于多源遥感数据的土地整治生态环境质量动态监测[J].农业工程学报, 2019, 35(1):234-242.[Shan W, Jin X B, Meng X S, et al. Dynamical monitoring of ecological environment quality of land consolidation based on multisource remote sensing data[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2019, 35(1):234-242.]
[17] Huang P H, Tsai J S, Lin W T. Using multiple-criteria decisionmaking techniques for eco-environmental vulnerability assessment:A case study on the Chi-Jia-Wan Stream watershed, Taiwan[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 168(1):141-158.
[18]欧阳彦,刘秀华.基于熵权物元可拓模型的土地整理生态环境影响评价:以老河口市孟楼镇基本农田整理项目为例[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 34(6):67-73.[Ouyang Y,Liu X H. Eco-environment impact assessment on land consolidation based on entropy-weighted matterelement model:A case study of the land consolidation project in Menglou Town, Laohekou City[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2009, 34(6):67-73.]
[19]王丽春,焦黎,来风兵,等.基于遥感生态指数的新疆玛纳斯湖湿地生态变化评价[J].生态学报, 2019, 39(8):1-10.[Wang L C,Jiao L, Lai F B, et al. Evaluation of ecological changes based on a remote sensing ecological index in a Manas Lake wetland, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(8):1-10.]
[20] Huang J P, Y u H P, Dai A G, et al. Drylands face potential threat under 20℃global warming target[J]. Nature Climate Change,2017, 7(6):417-422.
[21]唐宏,夏富强,杨德刚,等.干旱区绿洲城市发展与水资源需求预警分析:以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].资源科学, 2014, 36(6):1168-1174.[Tang H, Xia F Q, Yang D G, et al. Scenario warning for urban development and water resource demand in the arid oasis city of Urumqi[J]. Resources Science, 2014, 36(6):1168-1174.]
[22]周玄德,郭华东,孜比布拉·司马义.城市扩张过程中不透水面空间格局演变及其对地表温度的影响:以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].生态学报, 2018, 38(20):7336-7347.[Zhou X D, Guo H D, Zibibula·Simayi. Spatial pattern evolution of impervious surfaces and its influence on surface temperature in the process of urban expansion:A case study of Urumqi[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(20):7336-7347.]
[23]李霞,郭宇宏,卢新玉,等.乌鲁木齐市大气污染治理成效的综合评估分析[J].中国环境科学, 2016, 36(1):307-313.[Li X,Guo Y H, Lu X Y, et al. Evaluation and analysis on the effects of air pollution control in Urumqi[J]. China Environmental Science,2016, 36(1):307-313.]
[24]罗春,刘辉,戚陆越.基于遥感指数的生态变化评估:以常宁市为例[J].国土资源遥感, 2014, 26(4):145-150.[Luo C, Liu H, Qi L Y. Ecological changes assessment based on remote sensing indices:A case study of Changning City[J]. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2014, 26(4):145-150.]
[25]王俊祺,潘文斌.生态环境变化遥感评价指数的应用研究:以敖江流域为例[J].环境科学与管理, 2014, 39(12):186-190.[Wang J Q, Pan W B. Application of remote sensing index in assessing ecological changes of Aojiang watershed[J]. Environmental Science and Management, 2014, 39(12):186-190.]
[26]徐涵秋.区域生态环境变化的遥感评价指数[J].中国环境科学,2013, 33(5):889-897.[Xu H Q. A remote sensing index for assessment of regional ecological changes[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(5):889-897.]
[27]牛安逸,马姣娇,陈志云.基于遥感技术及综合指数法的广州市自然生态环境评价[J].中国城市林业, 2015, 13(6):11-15.[Niu A Y, Ma J J, Chen Z Y. Natural ecological environment evaluation in Guangzhou based on remote sensing technology and comprehensive index method[J]. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 2015, 13(6):11-15.]
[28]周玄德.新疆典型城市不透水面及其地表温度的分形研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学, 2018.[Zhou X D. Fractal study of urban impervious surfaces and its surface temperature of Typical city in Xinjiang[D]. Urumqi:Xinjiang University, 2018.]
[29] Yu X, Guo X, Wu Z. Land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS:Comparison between radiative transfer equationbased method, split window algorithm and single channel method[J]. Remote Sensing, 2014, 6(10):9829-9852.
[30] Sobrino J A, Jimenez-Munoz J C, Paolini L. Land surface retrieval from LANDSAT TM5[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004,90(4):434-440.
[31]宋慧敏,薛亮.基于遥感生态指数模型的渭南市生态环境质量动态监测与分析[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(12):3913-3919.[Song H M, Xue L. Dynamic monitoring and analysis of ecological environment in Weinan City, Northwest China based on RSEI model[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(12):3913-3919.]
[32] Ostwald M, Chen D L. Land-use change:impacts of climate variations and policies among small-scale farmers in the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Land Use Policy, 2006, 23(4):361-371.
[33] Vicente-Serrano S M, Lasanta T, Romo A. Analysis of spatial and temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Spanish central Pyrenees:Role of human management[J]. Environmental Management,2004, 34(6):802-818.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |