长江流域主要污染物总量减排及水质响应的时空特征
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摘要
从流域尺度评估污染物减排与水质响应成为我国水环境质量管理的重要内容,以长江流域为研究对象,分析了"十二五"期间长江10个子流域的主要污染物(化学需氧量和氨氮)减排效果及水质响应的时空差异。结果表明,环保投资大幅度增加促进了长江流域主要污染物的减排,然而不合理的环保投资结构导致流域水污染治理效率并不高。不同流域污染负荷差异显著,长江中下游负荷量约为源头区的4倍。不同污染物的水体质量浓度与流域负荷量之间的响应机制存在明显差异,其中,长江各流域水体氨氮质量浓度对流域的氨氮负荷量变化表现出积极的响应关系,相比之下,长江各流域水体高锰酸盐指数的年平均质量浓度变化趋势与流域化学需氧量负荷的变化并不一致。建议调整长江流域污染治理的环保投资结构,提高生活源污染的治理效率,同时在分析流域总量减排与水质响应不确定性基础上,优化和调整流域污染物管理方案。
This paper takes it as its focus on the pollutant emission reduction and the water quality response at the watershed scale. For the said purpose,we have made careful analysis of the emission reduction demands and the spatial and temporal variations of the pollutants( chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen) and the corresponding water quality response in the 10 sub-basins during the "12th Five-Year Plan Period" . The results we have gained through the above said analysis indicate that the pollutant emission reduction in the Yangtze River Basin has been greatly promoted by the increase in the environmental protection investment during the "12th Five-Year" Period. Nevertheless,the pollution control has been proven to be low efficient in the point of view of the irrational environmental investment structure.For example,the domestic sewage processing technology efficiency tends to be low but the investment to be put into turns high.But,actually in contrast,the technical efficiency of the industrial sewage treatment is high while the investment into the treatment proves low. Such a kind of investment structure is not conducive to improving the efficiency of the basin pollution control,for the discharge of the pollutants in the whole basin in 2015 was only 11%,which is in fact lower than that in 2010,the five years before. On the other hand,there used to exist significant spatial differences in the pollution loads between the 10 sub-basins. The pollutant loads in the middle and lower reaches of the river prove about 4 times as high as that of the headstream basin,though there do exist different response mechanisms between the concentration rate of different pollutants and the rate of the watershed load. For example,the concentration of NH_4~+ in all the branch rivers tends to indicate a positive response to the change of NH_4~+ load. Nevertheless,the change of CODMnconcentration in the different branch rivers may not be consistent with the change of the COD load,which implies that there lies the need to adjust the structure of the environmental investment for the pollution control in the Yangtze River basin,as well as the need to heighten the efficiency of the sewage discharge and pollution control. Therefore,we would like to bring about a proposal to optimize and adjust the pollutant control and management scheme in the river basin area based on the analysis of the uncertainty of the pollutant emission reduction and the water quality change response.
This paper takes it as its focus on the pollutant emission reduction and the water quality response at the watershed scale. For the said purpose,we have made careful analysis of the emission reduction demands and the spatial and temporal variations of the pollutants( chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen) and the corresponding water quality response in the 10 sub-basins during the "12th Five-Year Plan Period" . The results we have gained through the above said analysis indicate that the pollutant emission reduction in the Yangtze River Basin has been greatly promoted by the increase in the environmental protection investment during the "12th Five-Year" Period. Nevertheless,the pollution control has been proven to be low efficient in the point of view of the irrational environmental investment structure.For example,the domestic sewage processing technology efficiency tends to be low but the investment to be put into turns high.But,actually in contrast,the technical efficiency of the industrial sewage treatment is high while the investment into the treatment proves low. Such a kind of investment structure is not conducive to improving the efficiency of the basin pollution control,for the discharge of the pollutants in the whole basin in 2015 was only 11%,which is in fact lower than that in 2010,the five years before. On the other hand,there used to exist significant spatial differences in the pollution loads between the 10 sub-basins. The pollutant loads in the middle and lower reaches of the river prove about 4 times as high as that of the headstream basin,though there do exist different response mechanisms between the concentration rate of different pollutants and the rate of the watershed load. For example,the concentration of NH_4~+ in all the branch rivers tends to indicate a positive response to the change of NH_4~+ load. Nevertheless,the change of CODMnconcentration in the different branch rivers may not be consistent with the change of the COD load,which implies that there lies the need to adjust the structure of the environmental investment for the pollution control in the Yangtze River basin,as well as the need to heighten the efficiency of the sewage discharge and pollution control. Therefore,we would like to bring about a proposal to optimize and adjust the pollutant control and management scheme in the river basin area based on the analysis of the uncertainty of the pollutant emission reduction and the water quality change response.
引文
[1] WANG Jinnan(王金南),JIANG Chunlai(蒋春来),ZHANG Wenjing(张文静). Reform on China’s total emission control in the“13th Five-Years Plan”[J]. Environmental Protection(环境保护),2015,43(21):21-24.
[2] WANG Jinnan(王金南),TIAN Rensheng(田仁生),WU Shunze(吴舜泽),et al. A road map of the pollutants emission total amount control for China in the“12th Five Year”period[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment(中国人口·资源与环境),2010,20(8):70-74.
[3] CHENG Han(程涵),LIU Jun(刘军). Brief analysis about the experience and problems of total emitting control in“Twelfth Five Year Plan”of Nanjing[J]. Anhui Agriculture Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2016,22(6):117-118.
[4] XIE Danni(谢丹妮),ZHANG Ting(张婷),YU Qian(余倩),et al. Evaluating effects of total emission control for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Chongqing during the Twelfth Five-Year-Plan:trend in acid deposition at Tieshanping during 2011-2016[J]. China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2017,37(11):4072-4077.
[5] WEN Yuli(文宇立),YE Weili(叶维丽),LIU Chenfeng(刘晨峰),et al. Study on total amount control policy for total Nitrogen and total phosphor during the “13th Five-year”[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control(环境污染与防治),2015,37(3):27-30.
[6] LIU Bingjiang(刘炳江). Total emission control in China:retrospect and prospect[J]. Environmental Protection(环境保护),2015(21):18-20.
[7] ZHANG Peipei(张培培),WANG Yi(王依),SHI Yan(石岩),et al. Assessment of contamination gross control policy:a case study in Songhua River watershed[J].China Population,Resources and Environment(中国人口.资源与环境),2016,26(S1):109-112.
[8] XU Min(徐敏),ZHAO Yanxin(赵琰鑫),XIE Yangcun(谢阳村),et al. Water quality improvement benefit analysis of Songhuajiang River Basin in the “11th five year”total pollution emission reduction base on model approach[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control(环境污染与防治),2015,37(3):80-85.
[9] Liu Qiongqiong(刘琼琼),Zhang Yan(张彦),Wang Yanxi(王妍溪),et al. Pollution spatial distributive features of the Duliujian River Basin[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2018,18(4):1573-1579.
[10] LEBO M E,PAERL H W,PEIERLS B L. Evaluation of progress in achieving TMDL mandated nitrogen reductions in the Neuse River Basin,North Carolina[J]. Environmental Management,2012,49(1):253-266
[11] YANG Xiaolin(杨小林),LI Yiling(李义玲). Spatiotemporal characteristics of water pollution accidents and the verification of environmental Kuznets curve in Yangtze River Basin[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2015,15(2):288-291.
[12] ZOU Jiasu(邹家素),SUN Xiuping(孙秀萍),ZHENG Xuan(郑璇),et al. Analysis of the contamination characteristics and the eco-risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from the Three Gorges section in Chongqing area[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(4):1548-1553.
[13] Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国生态环境部). Environmental protection plan for the Yangtze River economic belt(长江经济带生态环境保护规划)[N]. China Energy News,2017-07-24.
[14] YAN W J,ZHANG S. The composition and bioavailability of phosphorus transport through the Changjiang River during the 1998 flood[J]. Biogeochemistry,2003,65:151-178.
[15] YAN W,MAYORGA E,LI X Y,et al. Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine exports from the Changjiang River Basin under changing human pressures[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2010, 24:1134-1138.
[16] WU Shunze(吴舜泽),LU Yuantang(逯元堂),CHEN Peng(陈鹏),et al. Environmental investment assessment in the“12th Five-Year”(“十二五”环保投资评估)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Press,2017.
[17] ZOU Rui(邹锐),ZHU Xiang(朱翔),HE Bin(贺彬),et al. Uncertainty based load reduction scenario analysis for Lake Dianchi using nonlinear response function-embedded Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2011,31(10):2312-2318.
[18] WANG Xiaoqing(王晓青). Effect of the Three-Gorge project impoundment on the CODMn,NH3-N and TP fall coefficients[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2015,15(1):325-329.
[19] ZHANG Xiaoling(张晓玲),LIANG Zhongyao(梁中耀),LIU Yong(刘永),et al. Risks and countermeasures in water quality target-oriented watershed management[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2014,34(10):2660-2667.
[2] WANG Jinnan(王金南),TIAN Rensheng(田仁生),WU Shunze(吴舜泽),et al. A road map of the pollutants emission total amount control for China in the“12th Five Year”period[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment(中国人口·资源与环境),2010,20(8):70-74.
[3] CHENG Han(程涵),LIU Jun(刘军). Brief analysis about the experience and problems of total emitting control in“Twelfth Five Year Plan”of Nanjing[J]. Anhui Agriculture Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2016,22(6):117-118.
[4] XIE Danni(谢丹妮),ZHANG Ting(张婷),YU Qian(余倩),et al. Evaluating effects of total emission control for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Chongqing during the Twelfth Five-Year-Plan:trend in acid deposition at Tieshanping during 2011-2016[J]. China Environmental Science(中国环境科学),2017,37(11):4072-4077.
[5] WEN Yuli(文宇立),YE Weili(叶维丽),LIU Chenfeng(刘晨峰),et al. Study on total amount control policy for total Nitrogen and total phosphor during the “13th Five-year”[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control(环境污染与防治),2015,37(3):27-30.
[6] LIU Bingjiang(刘炳江). Total emission control in China:retrospect and prospect[J]. Environmental Protection(环境保护),2015(21):18-20.
[7] ZHANG Peipei(张培培),WANG Yi(王依),SHI Yan(石岩),et al. Assessment of contamination gross control policy:a case study in Songhua River watershed[J].China Population,Resources and Environment(中国人口.资源与环境),2016,26(S1):109-112.
[8] XU Min(徐敏),ZHAO Yanxin(赵琰鑫),XIE Yangcun(谢阳村),et al. Water quality improvement benefit analysis of Songhuajiang River Basin in the “11th five year”total pollution emission reduction base on model approach[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control(环境污染与防治),2015,37(3):80-85.
[9] Liu Qiongqiong(刘琼琼),Zhang Yan(张彦),Wang Yanxi(王妍溪),et al. Pollution spatial distributive features of the Duliujian River Basin[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2018,18(4):1573-1579.
[10] LEBO M E,PAERL H W,PEIERLS B L. Evaluation of progress in achieving TMDL mandated nitrogen reductions in the Neuse River Basin,North Carolina[J]. Environmental Management,2012,49(1):253-266
[11] YANG Xiaolin(杨小林),LI Yiling(李义玲). Spatiotemporal characteristics of water pollution accidents and the verification of environmental Kuznets curve in Yangtze River Basin[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2015,15(2):288-291.
[12] ZOU Jiasu(邹家素),SUN Xiuping(孙秀萍),ZHENG Xuan(郑璇),et al. Analysis of the contamination characteristics and the eco-risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from the Three Gorges section in Chongqing area[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2017,17(4):1548-1553.
[13] Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国生态环境部). Environmental protection plan for the Yangtze River economic belt(长江经济带生态环境保护规划)[N]. China Energy News,2017-07-24.
[14] YAN W J,ZHANG S. The composition and bioavailability of phosphorus transport through the Changjiang River during the 1998 flood[J]. Biogeochemistry,2003,65:151-178.
[15] YAN W,MAYORGA E,LI X Y,et al. Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and riverine exports from the Changjiang River Basin under changing human pressures[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2010, 24:1134-1138.
[16] WU Shunze(吴舜泽),LU Yuantang(逯元堂),CHEN Peng(陈鹏),et al. Environmental investment assessment in the“12th Five-Year”(“十二五”环保投资评估)[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Press,2017.
[17] ZOU Rui(邹锐),ZHU Xiang(朱翔),HE Bin(贺彬),et al. Uncertainty based load reduction scenario analysis for Lake Dianchi using nonlinear response function-embedded Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2011,31(10):2312-2318.
[18] WANG Xiaoqing(王晓青). Effect of the Three-Gorge project impoundment on the CODMn,NH3-N and TP fall coefficients[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报),2015,15(1):325-329.
[19] ZHANG Xiaoling(张晓玲),LIANG Zhongyao(梁中耀),LIU Yong(刘永),et al. Risks and countermeasures in water quality target-oriented watershed management[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2014,34(10):2660-2667.
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