西南岩溶山区保水采煤地质模式
|
摘要
我国西南地区煤炭储量丰富,但岩溶山区条件下石漠化十分严重,特别是煤炭开采进一步促进了石漠化进程。为协调我国西南地区煤炭开采与生态环境保护的矛盾,开展西南岩溶山区保水采煤地质模式研究。以六盘水煤田,特别是发耳矿区米箩煤矿为研究背景,基于地质调查、采掘揭露、矿井水文观测、地下水钻孔显微高速摄像观测等手段的成果,剖析了研究区生态、采煤、构造及水文条件,研究了西南岩溶山区的煤-水组合关系特征,阐释了岩溶山区煤炭开采驱动石漠化的过程;进而采用统计分析、三轴卸载实验、水-电相似模拟研究了西南地区导水裂隙带发育高度、整体下沉带内相对隔水岩体采动渗透性变化及采煤侧向渗流下生态水位响应规律。研究结果表明:西南岩溶山区煤炭开采导致生态潜水位下降促使水土流失增加,进而驱动西南岩溶山区石漠化进展,是该区保水采煤的关键。研究区煤炭开采厚度小(1～3 m),上覆基岩厚度大(800～1 000 m),导水裂隙带发育有限,导水裂隙带以上相对隔水岩层卸载后仍能有效隔水,采煤后垂向渗流微弱。但采煤沟通的基岩含水层与生态潜水存在侧向补给渗流,煤-水关系为侧向渗流型。研究区典型采矿地质条件下,煤柱留设80 m可实现保水采煤,而超前注浆可减少保水煤柱留设。本研究可以为西南岩溶山区采煤规划提供借鉴。
There are a lot of coal resource in southwest China,where rocky desertification is very serious in Karst mountainous areas,especially in coal mining areas,which further promotes the process of rocky desertification.In order to coordinate the contradiction between coal mining and ecological environment protection in southwest China,the geological model of water preserved mining in Karst mountainous area of southwest China was studied.Taking Liupanshui coal field,especially Miluo Coal Mine of Fa'er Mining Area,as an example,the characteristics of"coal"and "water"in the southwest Karst mountain areas had been studied based on the analysis of the ecological,coal mining,tectonic geology and hydrological conditions in the study area using geological survey,mining exposure,mine hydrological observation,and groundwater borehole microscopic high-speed video obser-vation methods.The process of rocky desertification driven by coal mining in Karst mountain areas had explained.Then,the statistical analysis,three axis unloading experiment and water-electric similar simulation had been used to study the development height of the water conducting fissure zone in southwest China,the change of the rock mass in the whole subsidence zone and the response law of the ecological water level under the lateral seepage of the coal mining.The result shows that the coal mining in southwest Karst area leads to the decline of diving position,which promotes soil and water loss,and drives the progress of rocky desertification in Karst mountainous area in southwest China.This is the key problem of water preserved mining in this area.In the study area,the thickness of coal mining in the study area is small at 1～3 m,and the thickness of overlying bedrock is large at 800～1 000 m.The development of water conducting fissure zone is limited,and the performance of the aquifers is fine.The vertical seepage flow is weak,but the coal aquifers and the eco-phreatic exist lateral seepage,and the relationship of "coal"and "water"is the lateral seepage type.Under the typical mining geological conditions in the study area,a lateral coal pillar with a width of 80 m can be achieved,and the advance grouting can reduce the retention of water retaining pillars.This study can provide a basis for mining planning in Karst mountainous areas of southwest China.
There are a lot of coal resource in southwest China,where rocky desertification is very serious in Karst mountainous areas,especially in coal mining areas,which further promotes the process of rocky desertification.In order to coordinate the contradiction between coal mining and ecological environment protection in southwest China,the geological model of water preserved mining in Karst mountainous area of southwest China was studied.Taking Liupanshui coal field,especially Miluo Coal Mine of Fa'er Mining Area,as an example,the characteristics of"coal"and "water"in the southwest Karst mountain areas had been studied based on the analysis of the ecological,coal mining,tectonic geology and hydrological conditions in the study area using geological survey,mining exposure,mine hydrological observation,and groundwater borehole microscopic high-speed video obser-vation methods.The process of rocky desertification driven by coal mining in Karst mountain areas had explained.Then,the statistical analysis,three axis unloading experiment and water-electric similar simulation had been used to study the development height of the water conducting fissure zone in southwest China,the change of the rock mass in the whole subsidence zone and the response law of the ecological water level under the lateral seepage of the coal mining.The result shows that the coal mining in southwest Karst area leads to the decline of diving position,which promotes soil and water loss,and drives the progress of rocky desertification in Karst mountainous area in southwest China.This is the key problem of water preserved mining in this area.In the study area,the thickness of coal mining in the study area is small at 1～3 m,and the thickness of overlying bedrock is large at 800～1 000 m.The development of water conducting fissure zone is limited,and the performance of the aquifers is fine.The vertical seepage flow is weak,but the coal aquifers and the eco-phreatic exist lateral seepage,and the relationship of "coal"and "water"is the lateral seepage type.Under the typical mining geological conditions in the study area,a lateral coal pillar with a width of 80 m can be achieved,and the advance grouting can reduce the retention of water retaining pillars.This study can provide a basis for mining planning in Karst mountainous areas of southwest China.
引文
[1]范立民,赵洪林,李文平,等.榆神府矿区保水采煤综合研究[R].陕西省一八五煤田地质勘探队,1999.
[2]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.Scientific connotation of water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[3]钱鸣高,缪协兴,许家林.资源与环境协调(绿色)开采[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(1):1-7.QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,XU Jialin.Green mining of coal resources harmonizing with environment[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(1):1-7.
[4]钱鸣高,许家林,王家臣.再论煤炭的科学开采[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(1):1-13.QIAN Minggao,XU Jialin,WANG Jiachen.Further on the sustainable mining of coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):1-13.
[5]范立民.论保水采煤问题[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(5):50-53.FAN Limin.Discussing on coal mining under water-containing condition[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2005,33(5):50-53.
[6]李文平,叶贵钧,张莱,等.陕北榆神府矿区保水采煤工程地质条件研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,(5):449-454.LI Wenping,YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,et al.Study on the engineering geological condition of protected water resources during coal mining action in Yushenfu Mine Area in the North Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,(5):449-454.
[7]徐智敏,高尚,崔思源,等.哈密煤田生态脆弱区保水采煤的水文地质基础与实践[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):80-87.XU Zhimin,GAO Shang,CUI Siyuan,et al.Hydro-geological basic and practice for water-preserved mining in ecologically vulnerable area:A case study in Hami coalfield[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):80-87.
[8]黄庆享.浅埋煤层保水开采隔水层稳定性的模拟研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(5):987-992.HUANG Qingxiang.Simulation of clay aquifuge stability of water conservation mining in shallow-buried coal seam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(5):987-992.
[9]缪协兴,陈荣华,白海波.保水采煤隔水关键层的基本概念及力学分析[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(6):561-564.MIAO Xiexing,CHEN Ronghua,BAI Haibo.Fundamental concepts and mechanical analysis of water-resisting key strata in water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(6):561-564.
[10]黄庆享.浅埋煤层长壁开采顶板控制研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,1998.
[11]李涛,李文平,常金源,等.陕北浅埋煤层开采隔水土层渗透性变化特征[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):127-131,137.LI Tao,LI Wenping,CHANG Jinyuan,et al.Permeability features of water-resistant clay layer in northern Shaanxi province while shallowly buried coal mining[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):127-131,137.
[12]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱区煤炭开发与生态水位保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[13]马雄德,范立民,严戈,等.植被对矿区地下水位变化响应研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):44-49.MA Xiongde,FAN Limin,YAN Ge,et al.Vegetation responses to groundwater level change in mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):44-49.
[14]张发旺,赵红梅,宋亚新,等.神府东胜矿区采煤塌陷对水环境影响效应研究[J].地球学报,2007,28(6):521-527.ZHANG Fawang,ZHAO Hongmei,SONG Yaxin,et al.The effect of coal mining subsidence on water environment in the ShenfuDongsheng mining area[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2007,28(6):521-527.
[15]李涛.陕北煤炭大规模开采含隔水层结构变异及水资源动态研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2012.
[16]张发旺.干旱地区采煤条件下浅埋煤层顶板含水层再造与地下水资源保护[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[17]刘玉德.沙基型浅埋煤层保水开采技术及其适用条件分类[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2008.
[18]武强,董东林,石占华,等.华北型煤田排-供-生态环保三位一体优化结合研究[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),1999,29(6):567-573.WU Qiang,DONG Donglin,SHI Zhanhua,et al.Row-for-ecological and environmental protection three-in-one combination of the North China type coal field[J].Science in China,1999,29(6):567-573.
[19]李琰庆.导水裂隙带高度预计方法研究及应用[D].西安:西安科技大学,2007:44-61.
[20]邢立婷,武强,谷亚伟.干旱地区矿区顶板水力性质变异机理[J].煤炭学报,2013,23(12):2196-2201.XING Liting,WU Qiang,GU Yawei.Roof hydraulic properties variation mechanism in arid mining areas[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,23(12):2196-2201.
[21]顾大钊,张建民,李全生,等.能源金三角煤炭开发水资源保护与利用[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[22]缪协兴.干旱半干旱矿区保水采煤方法与实践[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2011.
[23]李涛,王苏健,韩磊,等.生态脆弱矿区松散含水层下采煤保护土层合理厚度[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):98-105.LI Tao,WANG Sujian,HAN Lei,et al.Reasonable thickness of protected loess under loose aquifer in ecologically fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):98-105.
[24]李涛,王苏健,李文平,等.沙漠浅滩地表径流保水煤柱留设生态意义及方法[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):134-139.LI Tao,WANG Sujian,LI Wenping,et al.Ecological significance and method to design protective coal pillar on surface runoff in desert shoal area[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):134-139.
[25]顾大钊.煤矿地下水库理论框架和技术体系[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(2):239-246.GU Dazhao.Theory framework and technological system of coal mine underground reservoir[J].Journal of China Society,2015,40(2):239-246.
[26]邵飞燕.神东矿区含水层转移存储在保水采煤中的应用[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2008.
[27]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区含(隔)水层特征及保水开采分区研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(1):7-14.WANG Shuangming,HUANG Qingxiang,FAN Limin,et al.Study on overburden aquclude and water protection mining regionazation in the ecological fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(1):7-14.
[28]毕银丽,孙金华,张健,等.接种菌根真菌对模拟开采伤根植物的修复效应[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(4):10103-1020.BI Yinli,SUN Jinhua,ZHANG Jian,et al.Remediation effects of plant root growth inoculated with AM fungi on simulation subsidence injured[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(4):1003-1020.
[29]范立民,马雄德,冀瑞君.西部生态脆弱矿区保水采煤研究与实践进展[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(8):1711-1717.FAN Limin,MA Xiongde,JI Ruijun.Progress in engineering practice of water-preserved coal mining in western eco-environment frangible area[J].Journal of China Society,2015,40(8):1711-1717.
[30]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.On the water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[31]FAN Limin,MA Xiongde.A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2018,5(4):411-416.
[32]苏维词.中国西南岩溶山区石漠化的现状成因及治理的优化模式[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):29-32,79.SU Weici.Controlling model for rocky desertification of karst mountainous region and its preventing strategy in southwest,China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(2):29-32,79.
[33]成盛.基于生态需水保护的山岭隧道地下水限排研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2017.
[2]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.Scientific connotation of water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[3]钱鸣高,缪协兴,许家林.资源与环境协调(绿色)开采[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(1):1-7.QIAN Minggao,MIAO Xiexing,XU Jialin.Green mining of coal resources harmonizing with environment[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(1):1-7.
[4]钱鸣高,许家林,王家臣.再论煤炭的科学开采[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(1):1-13.QIAN Minggao,XU Jialin,WANG Jiachen.Further on the sustainable mining of coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):1-13.
[5]范立民.论保水采煤问题[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(5):50-53.FAN Limin.Discussing on coal mining under water-containing condition[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2005,33(5):50-53.
[6]李文平,叶贵钧,张莱,等.陕北榆神府矿区保水采煤工程地质条件研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,(5):449-454.LI Wenping,YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,et al.Study on the engineering geological condition of protected water resources during coal mining action in Yushenfu Mine Area in the North Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,(5):449-454.
[7]徐智敏,高尚,崔思源,等.哈密煤田生态脆弱区保水采煤的水文地质基础与实践[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):80-87.XU Zhimin,GAO Shang,CUI Siyuan,et al.Hydro-geological basic and practice for water-preserved mining in ecologically vulnerable area:A case study in Hami coalfield[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):80-87.
[8]黄庆享.浅埋煤层保水开采隔水层稳定性的模拟研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(5):987-992.HUANG Qingxiang.Simulation of clay aquifuge stability of water conservation mining in shallow-buried coal seam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(5):987-992.
[9]缪协兴,陈荣华,白海波.保水采煤隔水关键层的基本概念及力学分析[J].煤炭学报,2007,32(6):561-564.MIAO Xiexing,CHEN Ronghua,BAI Haibo.Fundamental concepts and mechanical analysis of water-resisting key strata in water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(6):561-564.
[10]黄庆享.浅埋煤层长壁开采顶板控制研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,1998.
[11]李涛,李文平,常金源,等.陕北浅埋煤层开采隔水土层渗透性变化特征[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):127-131,137.LI Tao,LI Wenping,CHANG Jinyuan,et al.Permeability features of water-resistant clay layer in northern Shaanxi province while shallowly buried coal mining[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):127-131,137.
[12]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱区煤炭开发与生态水位保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[13]马雄德,范立民,严戈,等.植被对矿区地下水位变化响应研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):44-49.MA Xiongde,FAN Limin,YAN Ge,et al.Vegetation responses to groundwater level change in mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):44-49.
[14]张发旺,赵红梅,宋亚新,等.神府东胜矿区采煤塌陷对水环境影响效应研究[J].地球学报,2007,28(6):521-527.ZHANG Fawang,ZHAO Hongmei,SONG Yaxin,et al.The effect of coal mining subsidence on water environment in the ShenfuDongsheng mining area[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2007,28(6):521-527.
[15]李涛.陕北煤炭大规模开采含隔水层结构变异及水资源动态研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2012.
[16]张发旺.干旱地区采煤条件下浅埋煤层顶板含水层再造与地下水资源保护[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[17]刘玉德.沙基型浅埋煤层保水开采技术及其适用条件分类[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2008.
[18]武强,董东林,石占华,等.华北型煤田排-供-生态环保三位一体优化结合研究[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),1999,29(6):567-573.WU Qiang,DONG Donglin,SHI Zhanhua,et al.Row-for-ecological and environmental protection three-in-one combination of the North China type coal field[J].Science in China,1999,29(6):567-573.
[19]李琰庆.导水裂隙带高度预计方法研究及应用[D].西安:西安科技大学,2007:44-61.
[20]邢立婷,武强,谷亚伟.干旱地区矿区顶板水力性质变异机理[J].煤炭学报,2013,23(12):2196-2201.XING Liting,WU Qiang,GU Yawei.Roof hydraulic properties variation mechanism in arid mining areas[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,23(12):2196-2201.
[21]顾大钊,张建民,李全生,等.能源金三角煤炭开发水资源保护与利用[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[22]缪协兴.干旱半干旱矿区保水采煤方法与实践[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2011.
[23]李涛,王苏健,韩磊,等.生态脆弱矿区松散含水层下采煤保护土层合理厚度[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):98-105.LI Tao,WANG Sujian,HAN Lei,et al.Reasonable thickness of protected loess under loose aquifer in ecologically fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):98-105.
[24]李涛,王苏健,李文平,等.沙漠浅滩地表径流保水煤柱留设生态意义及方法[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):134-139.LI Tao,WANG Sujian,LI Wenping,et al.Ecological significance and method to design protective coal pillar on surface runoff in desert shoal area[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):134-139.
[25]顾大钊.煤矿地下水库理论框架和技术体系[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(2):239-246.GU Dazhao.Theory framework and technological system of coal mine underground reservoir[J].Journal of China Society,2015,40(2):239-246.
[26]邵飞燕.神东矿区含水层转移存储在保水采煤中的应用[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2008.
[27]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区含(隔)水层特征及保水开采分区研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(1):7-14.WANG Shuangming,HUANG Qingxiang,FAN Limin,et al.Study on overburden aquclude and water protection mining regionazation in the ecological fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(1):7-14.
[28]毕银丽,孙金华,张健,等.接种菌根真菌对模拟开采伤根植物的修复效应[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(4):10103-1020.BI Yinli,SUN Jinhua,ZHANG Jian,et al.Remediation effects of plant root growth inoculated with AM fungi on simulation subsidence injured[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(4):1003-1020.
[29]范立民,马雄德,冀瑞君.西部生态脆弱矿区保水采煤研究与实践进展[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(8):1711-1717.FAN Limin,MA Xiongde,JI Ruijun.Progress in engineering practice of water-preserved coal mining in western eco-environment frangible area[J].Journal of China Society,2015,40(8):1711-1717.
[30]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.On the water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[31]FAN Limin,MA Xiongde.A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2018,5(4):411-416.
[32]苏维词.中国西南岩溶山区石漠化的现状成因及治理的优化模式[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):29-32,79.SU Weici.Controlling model for rocky desertification of karst mountainous region and its preventing strategy in southwest,China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(2):29-32,79.
[33]成盛.基于生态需水保护的山岭隧道地下水限排研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2017.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |