The complexity of climate reconstructions using the coexistence approach on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
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摘要
Quantifying the palaeoclimates of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is vital for understanding the uplift history of plateau and the evolution of Asian monsoon since Cenozoic. Recently, the Coexistence Approach(CA) has been employed to reconstruct the palaeoelevation and palaeoclimate of the plateau by several studies. However, the application of CA in mountainous areas and the realism of climate reconstructions via this method are seldom discussed,although the complexity of reconstructions is speculated. Here we reevaluated the realism of climate reconstruction using the CA with modern pollen samples from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and try to explore the possible factors influencing the precipitation and temperature reconstructions by CA. We suggest that the long-distance transport pollen as a result of the Asian summer monsoon potentially significantly affects the reconstructions both for precipitation and temperature. The precipitation complexly interacting with snowmelt and permafrost thaw leads to the discrepancy between the reconstructed precipitation and the real value. The response temperature for blossoming of dwarfed plants on the plateau is mostly likely higher than the air temperature(usually measured at1.5 m above ground) due to energy flux or morphological adaptation of inflorescences during the growing season,causing the distortion of temperature reconstructions. Precipitation reconstruction is notoriously difficult as the establishers of CA have already suggested, but reconstructing the low temperatures may be even more challenging on Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Though all of the explorations in current paper are in a qualitative way, it offers an inspiration of how appropriately interpret the disagreements between CA results and the observations, and of how to obtain a reasonable reconstruction of palaeoclimate of the plateau.
Quantifying the palaeoclimates of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is vital for understanding the uplift history of plateau and the evolution of Asian monsoon since Cenozoic. Recently, the Coexistence Approach(CA) has been employed to reconstruct the palaeoelevation and palaeoclimate of the plateau by several studies. However, the application of CA in mountainous areas and the realism of climate reconstructions via this method are seldom discussed,although the complexity of reconstructions is speculated. Here we reevaluated the realism of climate reconstruction using the CA with modern pollen samples from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and try to explore the possible factors influencing the precipitation and temperature reconstructions by CA. We suggest that the long-distance transport pollen as a result of the Asian summer monsoon potentially significantly affects the reconstructions both for precipitation and temperature. The precipitation complexly interacting with snowmelt and permafrost thaw leads to the discrepancy between the reconstructed precipitation and the real value. The response temperature for blossoming of dwarfed plants on the plateau is mostly likely higher than the air temperature(usually measured at1.5 m above ground) due to energy flux or morphological adaptation of inflorescences during the growing season,causing the distortion of temperature reconstructions. Precipitation reconstruction is notoriously difficult as the establishers of CA have already suggested, but reconstructing the low temperatures may be even more challenging on Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Though all of the explorations in current paper are in a qualitative way, it offers an inspiration of how appropriately interpret the disagreements between CA results and the observations, and of how to obtain a reasonable reconstruction of palaeoclimate of the plateau.
Quantifying the palaeoclimates of Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is vital for understanding the uplift history of plateau and the evolution of Asian monsoon since Cenozoic. Recently, the Coexistence Approach(CA) has been employed to reconstruct the palaeoelevation and palaeoclimate of the plateau by several studies. However, the application of CA in mountainous areas and the realism of climate reconstructions via this method are seldom discussed,although the complexity of reconstructions is speculated. Here we reevaluated the realism of climate reconstruction using the CA with modern pollen samples from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and try to explore the possible factors influencing the precipitation and temperature reconstructions by CA. We suggest that the long-distance transport pollen as a result of the Asian summer monsoon potentially significantly affects the reconstructions both for precipitation and temperature. The precipitation complexly interacting with snowmelt and permafrost thaw leads to the discrepancy between the reconstructed precipitation and the real value. The response temperature for blossoming of dwarfed plants on the plateau is mostly likely higher than the air temperature(usually measured at1.5 m above ground) due to energy flux or morphological adaptation of inflorescences during the growing season,causing the distortion of temperature reconstructions. Precipitation reconstruction is notoriously difficult as the establishers of CA have already suggested, but reconstructing the low temperatures may be even more challenging on Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Though all of the explorations in current paper are in a qualitative way, it offers an inspiration of how appropriately interpret the disagreements between CA results and the observations, and of how to obtain a reasonable reconstruction of palaeoclimate of the plateau.
引文
An,Z.S.,S.C.Clemens,J.Shen,X.K.Qiang,Z.D.Jin,Y.B.Sun,W.L.Prell,J.J.Luo,S.M.Wang,H.Xu,Y.J.Cai,W.J.Zhou,X.D.Liu,W.G.Liu,Z.G.Shi,L.B.Yan,X.Y.Xiao,H.Chang,F.Wu,L.Ai,and F.Y.Lu.2011.Glacial-interglacial Indian summer monsoon dynamics.Science 333(6043):719-723.
An,Z.S.,J.E.Kutzbach,W.L.Prell,and S.C.Porter.2001.Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times.Nature 411(6833):62-66.
B?hme,M.,A.A.Bruch,and A.Selmeier.2007.The reconstruction of early and middle Miocene climate and vegetation in southern Germany as determined from the fossil wood flora.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology253(1-2):91-114.
Bruch,A.A.,T.Utescher,V.Mosbrugger,I.Gabrielyan,and D.A.Ivanov.2006.Late Miocene climate in the circum-alpine realm-A quantitative analysis of terrestrial palaeofloras.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology238:270-280.
Cable,D.R.1969.Competition in the semidesert grass-shrub type as influenced by root systems,growth habits,and soil moisture extraction.Ecology 50(1):27-38.
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Chung,S.L.,C.H.Lo,T.Y.Lee,Y.Q.Zhang,Y.W.Xie,X.H.Li,K.L.Wang,and P.L.Wang.1998.Diachronous uplift of the Tibet plateau starting 40 Myr ago.Nature 394(6695):769-773.
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DeCelles,P.G.,J.Quade,P.Kapp,M.Fan,D.L.Dettman,and L.Ding.2007.High and dry in Central Tibet during the late Oligocene.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 253(3-4):389-401.
Erdei,B.,L.Hably,M.Kázmér,T.Utescher,and A.A.Bruch.2007.Neogene flora and vegetation development of the Pannonian domain in relation to palaeoclimate and palaeogeography.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 253(1-2):115-140.
Farr,T.G.,P.A.Rosen,E.Caro,R.Crippen,R.Duren,S.Hensley,M.Kobrick,M.Paller,E.Rodriguez,L.Roth,D.Seal,S.Shaffer,J.Shimada,J.Umland,M.Werner,M.Oskin,D.Burbank,and D.Alsdorf.2007.The shuttle radar topography Mission.Reviews of Geophysics 45(2):G2004.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183.
Gebka,M.,V.Mosbrugger,H.D.Schilling,and T.Utescher.1999.Regional-scale palaeoclimate modelling on soft proxy-data basis-An example from the Upper Miocene of the lower Rhine embayment.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 152(3-4):225-258.
Grein,M.,T.Utescher,V.Wilde,and A.Roth-Nebelsick.2011.Reconstruction of the middle Eocene climate of Messel using palaeobotanical data.Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Pal?ontologie-Abhandlungen 260(3):305-318.
Grimm,G.W.,J.M.Bouchal,T.Denk,and A.Potts.2016.Fables and foibles:Acritical analysis of the Palaeoflora database and the coexistence approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 233:216-235.
Grimm,G.W.,and T.Denk.2012.Reliability and resolution of the coexistence approach-A revalidation using modern-day data.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 172:33-47.
Grimm,G.W.,and A.J.Potts.2016.Fallacies and fantasies:The theoretical underpinnings of the coexistence approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction.Climate of the Past 12(3):611-622.
Gu,S.,Y.H.Tang,X.Y.Cui,T.Kato,M.Y.Du,Y.N.Li,and X.Q.Zhao.2005.Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 129(3):175-185.
Hancock,P.A.,and M.F.Hutchinson.2006.Spatial interpolation of large climate data sets using bivariate thin plate smoothing splines.Environmental Modelling and Software 21(12):1684-1694.
Hao,H.,D.K.Ferguson,G.P.Feng,A.Ablaev,Y.F.Wang,and C.S.Li.2010.Early Paleocene vegetation and climate in Jiayin.NE China.Climatic Change 99(3):547-566.
Harris,I.,P.D.Jones,T.J.Osborn,and D.H.Lister.2013.Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-The CRU TS3.10 dataset.International Journal of Climatology 34(3):623-642.
Jacques,F.M.B.,S.X.Guo,T.Su,Y.W.Xing,Y.J.Huang,Y.S.Liu,D.K.Ferguson,and Z.K.Zhou.2011.Quantitative reconstruction of the Late Miocene monsoon climates of Southwest China:A case study of the Lincang flora from Yunnan Province.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 304(3-4):318-327.
Jiang,H.,and Z.Ding.2009.Spatial and temporal characteristics of Neogene palynoflora in China and its implication for the spread of steppe vegetation.Journal of Arid Environments 73(9):765-772.
Kambatuku,J.R.,M.D.Cramer,and D.Ward.2013.Overlap in soil water sources of savanna woody seedlings and grasses.Ecohydrology 6(3):464-473.
Kang,S.C.,Y.P.Yang,L.P.Zhu,Y.M.Ma,and W.Q.Ma.2011.Modern environmental processes and changes of the Nam Co Basin,Tibetan plateau.Beijing:China Meteorological Press(in Chinese).
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Knoop,W.T.,and B.H.Walker.1985.Interactions of woody and herbaceous vegetation in a southern African savanna.Journal of Ecology 73(1):235-253.
Li,J.F.,D.K.Ferguson,J.Yang,G.P.Feng,A.G.Ablaev,Y.F.Wang,and C.S.Li.2009.Early Miocene vegetation and climate in Weichang District,North China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 280(1-2):47-63.
Liu,X.D.,and B.D.Chen.2000.Climatic warming in the Tibetan plateau during recent decades.International Journal of Climatology 20(14):1729-1742.
Lu,X.M.,M.Herrmann,V.Mosbrugger,T.D.Yao,and L.P.Zhu.2010.Airborne pollen in the Nam Co Basin and its implication for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 163(1-2):104-112.
Mosbrugger,V.,and T.Utescher.1997.The coexistence approach-A method for quantitative reconstructions of tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using plant fossils.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 134:61-86.
Omori,Y.,H.Takayama,and H.Ohba.2008.Selective light transmittance of translucent bracts in the Himalayan giant glasshouse plant Rheum nobile Hook.f.&Thomson(Polygonaceae).Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society132(1):19-27.
Pross,J.,S.Klotz,and V.Mosbrugger.2000.Reconstructing palaeotemperatures for the early and middle Pleistocene using the mutual climatic range method based on plant fossils.Quaternary Science Reviews 19(17-18):1785-1799.
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B?hme,M.,A.A.Bruch,and A.Selmeier.2007.The reconstruction of early and middle Miocene climate and vegetation in southern Germany as determined from the fossil wood flora.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology253(1-2):91-114.
Bruch,A.A.,T.Utescher,V.Mosbrugger,I.Gabrielyan,and D.A.Ivanov.2006.Late Miocene climate in the circum-alpine realm-A quantitative analysis of terrestrial palaeofloras.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology238:270-280.
Cable,D.R.1969.Competition in the semidesert grass-shrub type as influenced by root systems,growth habits,and soil moisture extraction.Ecology 50(1):27-38.
Chen,W.N.,Y.Wu,N.Wu,and P.Luo.2008.Effect of snow-cover duration on plant species diversity of alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 5(4):327-339.
Chung,S.L.,C.H.Lo,T.Y.Lee,Y.Q.Zhang,Y.W.Xie,X.H.Li,K.L.Wang,and P.L.Wang.1998.Diachronous uplift of the Tibet plateau starting 40 Myr ago.Nature 394(6695):769-773.
Cour,P.,Z.Zheng,D.Duzer,M.Calleja,and Z.Yao.1999.Vegetational and climatic significance of modern pollen rain in northwestern Tibet.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 104(3-4):183-204.
DeCelles,P.G.,J.Quade,P.Kapp,M.Fan,D.L.Dettman,and L.Ding.2007.High and dry in Central Tibet during the late Oligocene.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 253(3-4):389-401.
Erdei,B.,L.Hably,M.Kázmér,T.Utescher,and A.A.Bruch.2007.Neogene flora and vegetation development of the Pannonian domain in relation to palaeoclimate and palaeogeography.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 253(1-2):115-140.
Farr,T.G.,P.A.Rosen,E.Caro,R.Crippen,R.Duren,S.Hensley,M.Kobrick,M.Paller,E.Rodriguez,L.Roth,D.Seal,S.Shaffer,J.Shimada,J.Umland,M.Werner,M.Oskin,D.Burbank,and D.Alsdorf.2007.The shuttle radar topography Mission.Reviews of Geophysics 45(2):G2004.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183.
Gebka,M.,V.Mosbrugger,H.D.Schilling,and T.Utescher.1999.Regional-scale palaeoclimate modelling on soft proxy-data basis-An example from the Upper Miocene of the lower Rhine embayment.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 152(3-4):225-258.
Grein,M.,T.Utescher,V.Wilde,and A.Roth-Nebelsick.2011.Reconstruction of the middle Eocene climate of Messel using palaeobotanical data.Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Pal?ontologie-Abhandlungen 260(3):305-318.
Grimm,G.W.,J.M.Bouchal,T.Denk,and A.Potts.2016.Fables and foibles:Acritical analysis of the Palaeoflora database and the coexistence approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 233:216-235.
Grimm,G.W.,and T.Denk.2012.Reliability and resolution of the coexistence approach-A revalidation using modern-day data.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 172:33-47.
Grimm,G.W.,and A.J.Potts.2016.Fallacies and fantasies:The theoretical underpinnings of the coexistence approach for palaeoclimate reconstruction.Climate of the Past 12(3):611-622.
Gu,S.,Y.H.Tang,X.Y.Cui,T.Kato,M.Y.Du,Y.N.Li,and X.Q.Zhao.2005.Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 129(3):175-185.
Hancock,P.A.,and M.F.Hutchinson.2006.Spatial interpolation of large climate data sets using bivariate thin plate smoothing splines.Environmental Modelling and Software 21(12):1684-1694.
Hao,H.,D.K.Ferguson,G.P.Feng,A.Ablaev,Y.F.Wang,and C.S.Li.2010.Early Paleocene vegetation and climate in Jiayin.NE China.Climatic Change 99(3):547-566.
Harris,I.,P.D.Jones,T.J.Osborn,and D.H.Lister.2013.Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations-The CRU TS3.10 dataset.International Journal of Climatology 34(3):623-642.
Jacques,F.M.B.,S.X.Guo,T.Su,Y.W.Xing,Y.J.Huang,Y.S.Liu,D.K.Ferguson,and Z.K.Zhou.2011.Quantitative reconstruction of the Late Miocene monsoon climates of Southwest China:A case study of the Lincang flora from Yunnan Province.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 304(3-4):318-327.
Jiang,H.,and Z.Ding.2009.Spatial and temporal characteristics of Neogene palynoflora in China and its implication for the spread of steppe vegetation.Journal of Arid Environments 73(9):765-772.
Kambatuku,J.R.,M.D.Cramer,and D.Ward.2013.Overlap in soil water sources of savanna woody seedlings and grasses.Ecohydrology 6(3):464-473.
Kang,S.C.,Y.P.Yang,L.P.Zhu,Y.M.Ma,and W.Q.Ma.2011.Modern environmental processes and changes of the Nam Co Basin,Tibetan plateau.Beijing:China Meteorological Press(in Chinese).
Kita,Y.,F.Kazumi,M.Ito,H.Ohba,and M.Kato.2004.Molecular phylogenetic analyses and systematics of the genus Saussurea and related genera(Asteraceae,Cardueae).Taxon 53(3):679-690.
Knoop,W.T.,and B.H.Walker.1985.Interactions of woody and herbaceous vegetation in a southern African savanna.Journal of Ecology 73(1):235-253.
Li,J.F.,D.K.Ferguson,J.Yang,G.P.Feng,A.G.Ablaev,Y.F.Wang,and C.S.Li.2009.Early Miocene vegetation and climate in Weichang District,North China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 280(1-2):47-63.
Liu,X.D.,and B.D.Chen.2000.Climatic warming in the Tibetan plateau during recent decades.International Journal of Climatology 20(14):1729-1742.
Lu,X.M.,M.Herrmann,V.Mosbrugger,T.D.Yao,and L.P.Zhu.2010.Airborne pollen in the Nam Co Basin and its implication for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 163(1-2):104-112.
Mosbrugger,V.,and T.Utescher.1997.The coexistence approach-A method for quantitative reconstructions of tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using plant fossils.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 134:61-86.
Omori,Y.,H.Takayama,and H.Ohba.2008.Selective light transmittance of translucent bracts in the Himalayan giant glasshouse plant Rheum nobile Hook.f.&Thomson(Polygonaceae).Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society132(1):19-27.
Pross,J.,S.Klotz,and V.Mosbrugger.2000.Reconstructing palaeotemperatures for the early and middle Pleistocene using the mutual climatic range method based on plant fossils.Quaternary Science Reviews 19(17-18):1785-1799.
Qian,Y.F.,Y.Q.Zheng,Y.Zhang,and M.Q.Miao.2003.Responses of China's summer monsoon climate to snow anomaly over the Tibetan plateau.International Journal of Climatology 23(6):593-613.
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