Potential traces of earthquakes in the ancient city of Kytaia, Kerch Peninsula, Crimea
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摘要
In this paper, the authors studied the traces of destruction in the fortress walls and houses of the Bosporan city of Kytaia. The study of this city has been ongoing since 1970. Over the past time, numerous damages have been identified at different sites of the ancient settlement. In the article, an attempt is made to compare some of them with the results of earthquakes on the Bosporus, about which the data of ancient authors were preserved.
In this paper, the authors studied the traces of destruction in the fortress walls and houses of the Bosporan city of Kytaia. The study of this city has been ongoing since 1970. Over the past time, numerous damages have been identified at different sites of the ancient settlement. In the article, an attempt is made to compare some of them with the results of earthquakes on the Bosporus, about which the data of ancient authors were preserved.
In this paper, the authors studied the traces of destruction in the fortress walls and houses of the Bosporan city of Kytaia. The study of this city has been ongoing since 1970. Over the past time, numerous damages have been identified at different sites of the ancient settlement. In the article, an attempt is made to compare some of them with the results of earthquakes on the Bosporus, about which the data of ancient authors were preserved.
引文
[1]S.C.Stiros,Archaeology e a tool to study active tectonics,Eos Trans.Am.Geophys.Union 69(50)(1988)1633e1639.
[2]A.A.Nikonov,On the methodology of archaeoseimic research into historical monuments,in:P.G.Marinos,G.C.Koukis(Eds.),Engineering Geology of Ancient Works,Monuments and Historical Sites,Preservation and Protection,Balkema,Rotterdam,1988,pp.1315e1320.
[3]S.Stiros,R.E.Jones(Eds.),Archaeoseismology.Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 7,British School at Athens,1996,p.268.
[4]M.A.Rodríguez-Pascua,R.Perez-Lopez,J.L.Giner-Robles,P.G.Silva,V.H.Gardu~no-Monroy,K.A.Reicherter,Comprehensive classification of Earthquake Archaeological Effects(EAE)in archaeoseismology:application to ancient remains of Roman and Mesoamerican cultures,Quat.Int.242(1)(2011)20e30.
[5]Sintubin 2011?.
[6]F.Galadini,K.G.Hinzen,S.Stiros,Archaeoseismology:methodological issues and procedure,J.Seismol.10(2006)395e414.
[7]K.G.Hinzen,C.Fleischer,S.K.Reamer,S.Schreiber,S.Schütte,B.Yerli,Quantitative methods in archaeoseismology,Quat.Int.242(1)(2011)31e41.
[8]A.M.Korzhenkov,E.Mazor,Structural reconstruction of seismic events:ruins of ancient buildings as fossil seismographs,Sci.New Technol.1(1999)62e74.
[9]J.L.Giner-Robles,R.Perez-Lopez,M.A.Rodríguez-Pascua,P.G.Silva,F.MartínGonzalez,E.Rodríguez-Escudero,A review on oriented fall structures(Earthquake Archaeological Effect,EAE)induced by instrumental earthquakes,Cuaternario Geomorfol.27(3e4)(2013)5e32.
[10]P.M€antyniemi,R.E.Tatevossian,R.N.Vakarchuk,On the epicenter determination of historical earthquakes attested to by sparse intensity data sets,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.107(3)(2017)1136e1146.
[11]E.Mazor,A.M.Korzhenkov,Applied archaeoseismology:decoding earthquake parameters recorded in archaeological ruins,in:B.Krasnov,E.Mazor(Eds.),The Makhteshim Country:Laboratory of Nature,Pensoft,Sofia,Moscow,2001,pp.123e153.
[12]G.Schweppe,K.-G.Hinzen,S.K.Reamer,M.Fischer,S.Marco,The ruin of the Roman Temple of Kedesh,Israel;example of a precariously balanced archaeological structure used as a seismoscope,Ann.Geophys.60(4)(2017),https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7152.
[13]P.G.Silva,J.Elez,J.L.Giner-Robles,M.A.Rodríguez-Pascua,R.Perez-Lopez,E.Roquero,T.Bardají,A.M.Martínez-Gra~na,ESI-07 ShakeMaps for instrumental and historical events in the Betic Cordillera(SE Spain),Quat.Int.451(2017)185e208.
[14]B.C.Zhang,Y.H.Liao,S.M.Guo,R.E.Wallace,R.C.Bucknam,T.C.Hanks,Fault scarps related to the 1739 earthquake and seismicity of the Yinchuan Graben,Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu,China,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.76(5)(1986)1253e1287.
[15]Y.Klinger,J.P.Avouac,L.Dorbath,N.Abou Karaki,N.Tisnerat,Seismic behaviour of the dead sea fault along araba valley,Jordan,Geophys.J.Int.142(3)(2000)769e782.
[16]M.Rukieh,V.G.Trifonov,A.E.Dodonov,H.Minini,O.Ammar,T.P.Ivanova,T.Zaza,A.Yusef,M.Al-Shara,Y.Jobaili,Neotectonic map of Syria and some aspects of Late Cenozoic evolution of the northwestern boundary zone of the Arabian plate,J.Geodyn.40(2005)235e256.
[17]A.M.Korzhenkov,J.R.Arrowsmith,C.Crosby,E.Mamyrov,L.A.Orlova,I.E.Povolotskaya,K.Tabaldiev,Seismogenic destruction of the Kamenka medieval fortress,northern Issyk-Kul region,Tien Shan(Kyrgyzstan),J.Seismol.10(2006)431e442.
[18]D.Similox-Tohon,M.Sintubin,M.Fernandez,P.Muchez,M.Waelkens,Identification of an active fault by a multidisciplinary study at the archaeological site of Sagalassos(SW Turkey),Tectonophysics 420(2006)371e387.
[19]S.Marco,Recognition of earthquake-related damage in archaeological sites:examples from the Dead Sea fault zone,Tectonophysics 453(2008)148e156.
[20]Seismic Catalogues and Bulletins,1991-2017.Geophysical survey of the Russian academy of sciences:http://www.ceme.gsras.ru/new/eng/ssd_news.htm#imgMap.
[21]B.G.Pustovitenko,V.Е.Kulchitsky,А.V.Goryachun,Earthquakes of the Crimeaneblack Sea Region,Kiev,Naukova Dumka Publishing House,1989,p.190(In Russian).
[22]A.A.Nikonov,Manifestations of young tectonic activity in the southern Azov and Kerch fault zones(Crimea),Geotectonics 28(5)(1995)380e390.
[23]A.A.Nikonov,Seismic potential of the Crimean region:comparison of regional maps and parameters of recognized events,Izvestiya Phys.Solid Earth 36(7)(2000)575e584.
[24]L.S.Borisenko,B.G.Pustovitenko,V.N.Dublyanskii,B.A.Vakhrushev,A.A.Klyukin,A.V.Ena,M.A.Keitin,Seismodislocations and paleoseismicity of Crimea.//Seismologicheskii byulleten’Ukrainy za 1997 God(Seismological Bulletin of Ukraine for1997)vols.101e132,IG NANU,Simferopol,1999(in Russian).
[25]N.I.Vinokurov,A.M.Korzhenkov,M.V.Rodkin,To the assessment of seismic hazard in the Kerch Strait area according to archeoseismology,Prob.Eng.Seismol.42(2)(2015)51e66(in Russian).
[26]A.N.Ovsyuchenko,S.V.Shvarev,A.S.Lar'kov,A.V.Marakhanov,Geological evidences of strong earthquakes in Kerche Taman region,Prob.Eng.Seismol.42(3)(2015)33e54(in Russian).
[27]A.M.Korzhenkov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,Seismic deformations in the ancient city of Ilurate,Nature 10(2016a)30e38(In Russian).
[28]A.M.Korzhenkov,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Molev,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,E.A.Rogozhin,V.A.Khrshanovsky,Traces of Strong Earthquakes in the Fortress Walls of the Ancient City of Kytaia,the Kerch Peninsula.//Bosporus Phenomenon.Bosporan Elite and its Culture,Publishing House PALLACO,St.Petersburg,2016b,pp.372e381(In Russian).
[29]A.M.Korzhenkov,D.A.Lomakin,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Rogozhin,On traces of strong late-medieval earthquakes at Uzbek madrasah-mosque complex(Staryi Krym town),Geophys.Proc.Biosph.16(3)(2017a)5e28(In Russian).
[30]A.M.Korzhenkov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Rogozhin,Archaeoseismic Examination of Ancient Historical and Archaeological Monuments in Feodosiya,Crimea//7th International Symposium“Geodynamic of Intracontinental Orogens and Geo-ecological Problems”,June 19-24,2017,Bishkek.Abstract,NS RAN,Bishkek,2017b,pp.26e29.
[31]O.Y.Sokolova,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,The Interweaving of Trade,Economic and Natural Factors in the Life of the Ancient City of Nymphaion//XVIII International Conference.Bosporskiye Chteniya[Bosporan Readings],Simferopol-Kerch,2017,pp.506e516.
[32]Y.L.Belik,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.V.Kulikov,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marahanov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,E.A.Rogozhin,Seismogenic deformations in the walls of the late medieval Yeni-Kale fortress in eastern Crimea,Seism.Instrum.53(2)(2017)134e145.
[33]A.A.Maslennikov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.S.Lar'kov,A.V.Marakhanov,Evidences of strong earthquakes in settlement Polyanka and Southern Azov fault,Antiquit.Bospor.21(2017)265e294(In Russian).
[34]A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Rogozhin,New findings on the sources of strong earthquakes in Kerch Peninsula based on paleoseismological data,Dokl.Earth Sci.472(1)(2017)53e56.
[35]V.D.Blavatsky,Earthquake of 63 BC on the Kerch Peninsula,Priroda 8(1977)56e57(in Russian).
[36]E.A.Molev,Bosporan city of Kytaia,Bosporskiye Issledovaniya[Bosporan Surveys]6(2010)316.
[37]N.A.Florensov,V.P.Solonenko(Eds.),The Gobi-altai Earthquake,Department of Commerce,Israel Program for Scientific Translations,Washington,U.S,1965,p.424.
[38]J.P.McCalpin(Ed.),Paleoseismology,second ed.,Academic Press.Amsterdam,Elsevier,2009,p.613.
[39]E.A.Molev,A New Tower in the Fortification System of Kytaia//Bosporskiye Chteniya[Bosporan Readings],Issue XIII.Cimmerian Bosporus,Pontus and Barbarians during the Antiquity and Middle Ages,Urbanization issues.Kerch,2012,pp.324e327.
[40]E.A.Molev,K.V.Markov,A.N.Matukina,Southwestern Defense Area of Kytaia//Kulturny Sloi[Cultural Layer],Issue 1,Nizhny Novgorod,2012,pp.110e116.
[41]N.I.Vinokurov,Anthropogenic and natural factors that led to the system crisis of Bosphorus state in the second half of the 3rd century AD.Cimmerian Bosporus,Pont,and Barbarians during the Antiquity and Middle Ages,in:Proceedings of the Third Bosporus Readings.Kerch,2002,pp.24e32(in Russian).
[42]N.M.Gavrilenko,A.V.Chekunov.Kiev,in:Geology and Geodynamics of the Crimean Nuclear Power Plant Area,Naukova Dumka Publishing House,1992,p.188(in Russian).
This paper discusses the deformations in the fortress walls and buildings of the Bosporan city of Kytaia. The ancient deformations in this city have been under study since 1970. Over these years, numerous deformations have been identified in different parts of this ancient settlement. This paper attempts to compare some of them with the damage caused by the Bosporan earthquakes, which are known from ancient written sources.
[2]A.A.Nikonov,On the methodology of archaeoseimic research into historical monuments,in:P.G.Marinos,G.C.Koukis(Eds.),Engineering Geology of Ancient Works,Monuments and Historical Sites,Preservation and Protection,Balkema,Rotterdam,1988,pp.1315e1320.
[3]S.Stiros,R.E.Jones(Eds.),Archaeoseismology.Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 7,British School at Athens,1996,p.268.
[4]M.A.Rodríguez-Pascua,R.Perez-Lopez,J.L.Giner-Robles,P.G.Silva,V.H.Gardu~no-Monroy,K.A.Reicherter,Comprehensive classification of Earthquake Archaeological Effects(EAE)in archaeoseismology:application to ancient remains of Roman and Mesoamerican cultures,Quat.Int.242(1)(2011)20e30.
[5]Sintubin 2011?.
[6]F.Galadini,K.G.Hinzen,S.Stiros,Archaeoseismology:methodological issues and procedure,J.Seismol.10(2006)395e414.
[7]K.G.Hinzen,C.Fleischer,S.K.Reamer,S.Schreiber,S.Schütte,B.Yerli,Quantitative methods in archaeoseismology,Quat.Int.242(1)(2011)31e41.
[8]A.M.Korzhenkov,E.Mazor,Structural reconstruction of seismic events:ruins of ancient buildings as fossil seismographs,Sci.New Technol.1(1999)62e74.
[9]J.L.Giner-Robles,R.Perez-Lopez,M.A.Rodríguez-Pascua,P.G.Silva,F.MartínGonzalez,E.Rodríguez-Escudero,A review on oriented fall structures(Earthquake Archaeological Effect,EAE)induced by instrumental earthquakes,Cuaternario Geomorfol.27(3e4)(2013)5e32.
[10]P.M€antyniemi,R.E.Tatevossian,R.N.Vakarchuk,On the epicenter determination of historical earthquakes attested to by sparse intensity data sets,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.107(3)(2017)1136e1146.
[11]E.Mazor,A.M.Korzhenkov,Applied archaeoseismology:decoding earthquake parameters recorded in archaeological ruins,in:B.Krasnov,E.Mazor(Eds.),The Makhteshim Country:Laboratory of Nature,Pensoft,Sofia,Moscow,2001,pp.123e153.
[12]G.Schweppe,K.-G.Hinzen,S.K.Reamer,M.Fischer,S.Marco,The ruin of the Roman Temple of Kedesh,Israel;example of a precariously balanced archaeological structure used as a seismoscope,Ann.Geophys.60(4)(2017),https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7152.
[13]P.G.Silva,J.Elez,J.L.Giner-Robles,M.A.Rodríguez-Pascua,R.Perez-Lopez,E.Roquero,T.Bardají,A.M.Martínez-Gra~na,ESI-07 ShakeMaps for instrumental and historical events in the Betic Cordillera(SE Spain),Quat.Int.451(2017)185e208.
[14]B.C.Zhang,Y.H.Liao,S.M.Guo,R.E.Wallace,R.C.Bucknam,T.C.Hanks,Fault scarps related to the 1739 earthquake and seismicity of the Yinchuan Graben,Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu,China,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.76(5)(1986)1253e1287.
[15]Y.Klinger,J.P.Avouac,L.Dorbath,N.Abou Karaki,N.Tisnerat,Seismic behaviour of the dead sea fault along araba valley,Jordan,Geophys.J.Int.142(3)(2000)769e782.
[16]M.Rukieh,V.G.Trifonov,A.E.Dodonov,H.Minini,O.Ammar,T.P.Ivanova,T.Zaza,A.Yusef,M.Al-Shara,Y.Jobaili,Neotectonic map of Syria and some aspects of Late Cenozoic evolution of the northwestern boundary zone of the Arabian plate,J.Geodyn.40(2005)235e256.
[17]A.M.Korzhenkov,J.R.Arrowsmith,C.Crosby,E.Mamyrov,L.A.Orlova,I.E.Povolotskaya,K.Tabaldiev,Seismogenic destruction of the Kamenka medieval fortress,northern Issyk-Kul region,Tien Shan(Kyrgyzstan),J.Seismol.10(2006)431e442.
[18]D.Similox-Tohon,M.Sintubin,M.Fernandez,P.Muchez,M.Waelkens,Identification of an active fault by a multidisciplinary study at the archaeological site of Sagalassos(SW Turkey),Tectonophysics 420(2006)371e387.
[19]S.Marco,Recognition of earthquake-related damage in archaeological sites:examples from the Dead Sea fault zone,Tectonophysics 453(2008)148e156.
[20]Seismic Catalogues and Bulletins,1991-2017.Geophysical survey of the Russian academy of sciences:http://www.ceme.gsras.ru/new/eng/ssd_news.htm#imgMap.
[21]B.G.Pustovitenko,V.Е.Kulchitsky,А.V.Goryachun,Earthquakes of the Crimeaneblack Sea Region,Kiev,Naukova Dumka Publishing House,1989,p.190(In Russian).
[22]A.A.Nikonov,Manifestations of young tectonic activity in the southern Azov and Kerch fault zones(Crimea),Geotectonics 28(5)(1995)380e390.
[23]A.A.Nikonov,Seismic potential of the Crimean region:comparison of regional maps and parameters of recognized events,Izvestiya Phys.Solid Earth 36(7)(2000)575e584.
[24]L.S.Borisenko,B.G.Pustovitenko,V.N.Dublyanskii,B.A.Vakhrushev,A.A.Klyukin,A.V.Ena,M.A.Keitin,Seismodislocations and paleoseismicity of Crimea.//Seismologicheskii byulleten’Ukrainy za 1997 God(Seismological Bulletin of Ukraine for1997)vols.101e132,IG NANU,Simferopol,1999(in Russian).
[25]N.I.Vinokurov,A.M.Korzhenkov,M.V.Rodkin,To the assessment of seismic hazard in the Kerch Strait area according to archeoseismology,Prob.Eng.Seismol.42(2)(2015)51e66(in Russian).
[26]A.N.Ovsyuchenko,S.V.Shvarev,A.S.Lar'kov,A.V.Marakhanov,Geological evidences of strong earthquakes in Kerche Taman region,Prob.Eng.Seismol.42(3)(2015)33e54(in Russian).
[27]A.M.Korzhenkov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,Seismic deformations in the ancient city of Ilurate,Nature 10(2016a)30e38(In Russian).
[28]A.M.Korzhenkov,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Molev,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,E.A.Rogozhin,V.A.Khrshanovsky,Traces of Strong Earthquakes in the Fortress Walls of the Ancient City of Kytaia,the Kerch Peninsula.//Bosporus Phenomenon.Bosporan Elite and its Culture,Publishing House PALLACO,St.Petersburg,2016b,pp.372e381(In Russian).
[29]A.M.Korzhenkov,D.A.Lomakin,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Rogozhin,On traces of strong late-medieval earthquakes at Uzbek madrasah-mosque complex(Staryi Krym town),Geophys.Proc.Biosph.16(3)(2017a)5e28(In Russian).
[30]A.M.Korzhenkov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Rogozhin,Archaeoseismic Examination of Ancient Historical and Archaeological Monuments in Feodosiya,Crimea//7th International Symposium“Geodynamic of Intracontinental Orogens and Geo-ecological Problems”,June 19-24,2017,Bishkek.Abstract,NS RAN,Bishkek,2017b,pp.26e29.
[31]O.Y.Sokolova,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,The Interweaving of Trade,Economic and Natural Factors in the Life of the Ancient City of Nymphaion//XVIII International Conference.Bosporskiye Chteniya[Bosporan Readings],Simferopol-Kerch,2017,pp.506e516.
[32]Y.L.Belik,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.V.Kulikov,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marahanov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,E.A.Rogozhin,Seismogenic deformations in the walls of the late medieval Yeni-Kale fortress in eastern Crimea,Seism.Instrum.53(2)(2017)134e145.
[33]A.A.Maslennikov,A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.S.Lar'kov,A.V.Marakhanov,Evidences of strong earthquakes in settlement Polyanka and Southern Azov fault,Antiquit.Bospor.21(2017)265e294(In Russian).
[34]A.N.Ovsyuchenko,A.M.Korzhenkov,A.S.Larkov,A.V.Marakhanov,E.A.Rogozhin,New findings on the sources of strong earthquakes in Kerch Peninsula based on paleoseismological data,Dokl.Earth Sci.472(1)(2017)53e56.
[35]V.D.Blavatsky,Earthquake of 63 BC on the Kerch Peninsula,Priroda 8(1977)56e57(in Russian).
[36]E.A.Molev,Bosporan city of Kytaia,Bosporskiye Issledovaniya[Bosporan Surveys]6(2010)316.
[37]N.A.Florensov,V.P.Solonenko(Eds.),The Gobi-altai Earthquake,Department of Commerce,Israel Program for Scientific Translations,Washington,U.S,1965,p.424.
[38]J.P.McCalpin(Ed.),Paleoseismology,second ed.,Academic Press.Amsterdam,Elsevier,2009,p.613.
[39]E.A.Molev,A New Tower in the Fortification System of Kytaia//Bosporskiye Chteniya[Bosporan Readings],Issue XIII.Cimmerian Bosporus,Pontus and Barbarians during the Antiquity and Middle Ages,Urbanization issues.Kerch,2012,pp.324e327.
[40]E.A.Molev,K.V.Markov,A.N.Matukina,Southwestern Defense Area of Kytaia//Kulturny Sloi[Cultural Layer],Issue 1,Nizhny Novgorod,2012,pp.110e116.
[41]N.I.Vinokurov,Anthropogenic and natural factors that led to the system crisis of Bosphorus state in the second half of the 3rd century AD.Cimmerian Bosporus,Pont,and Barbarians during the Antiquity and Middle Ages,in:Proceedings of the Third Bosporus Readings.Kerch,2002,pp.24e32(in Russian).
[42]N.M.Gavrilenko,A.V.Chekunov.Kiev,in:Geology and Geodynamics of the Crimean Nuclear Power Plant Area,Naukova Dumka Publishing House,1992,p.188(in Russian).
This paper discusses the deformations in the fortress walls and buildings of the Bosporan city of Kytaia. The ancient deformations in this city have been under study since 1970. Over these years, numerous deformations have been identified in different parts of this ancient settlement. This paper attempts to compare some of them with the damage caused by the Bosporan earthquakes, which are known from ancient written sources.
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