裂后沉降期碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积响应及成储特征——以塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组为例
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摘要
裂后充填阶段的碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积已逐渐成为深层油气勘探的重点领域之一。以塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组为例,基于最新拼接处理42条二维地震大测线、柯坪地区9个剖面点及12口完钻井测井及取芯等资料,系统开展了其沉积前古构造格局及岩相古地理响应特征、储层宏观分布与内部结构差异等研究。结果表明:1)沉积期盆内发育"三隆两洼"古构造格局,对肖尔布拉克期碳酸盐岩缓坡体系(组合)内部分异产生明显控制作用,高能颗粒滩及丘滩带分布在古隆起周缘,古洋流进一步复杂化了沉积物构成,划分出塔西南古隆起北缘颗粒滩为主的坡坪式缓坡、柯坪—温宿低隆起丘滩复合体均斜型缓坡、轮南—牙哈低隆起丘滩复合体孤岛型缓坡;2)古隆起周缘中缓坡高能相带构成了肖尔布拉克组储层发育的重要载体,早期云化作用有效保存了原始孔隙,埋藏期以先期孔隙为基础进一步调整改造,预测规模储层主要分布于三大古(低)隆区周缘高能丘滩带内,面积达9×104km2。不同类型缓坡体系的储层差异明显,其中坡坪式缓坡的颗粒滩储层以Ⅱ类储层为主、分布稳定为特点,最具规模性,可作为下一步油气勘探的重点关注区带。基于实例解剖认为,裂后沉降期碳酸盐岩缓坡体系分异具明显受构造控制特点,深化沉积前古构造格局认识是预测有利储集相带的关键,直接影响后续规模储层预测及品质评价。
Carbonate ramps in the post-rift filling stage have gradually become recognized as areas having the greatest potential for deep hydrocarbon exploration. In the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulake Formation in the Tarim Basin,for example,the pre-depositional paleotectonic framework and the lithofacies response to the paleogeography,as well as the regional distribution of reservoirs and the differences in their internal architecture were systematically analyzed from 42 of the most recently processed 2 D seismic lines,nine outcrops in the Keping area and data from 12 wells,etc. The results show that(1)the paleotectonic pattern of three uplifts and two sags occurred during the early Cambrian,and exerted obvious control of the sedimentary differentiation in the Xiaoerbulake carbonate ramp system. Highenergy grain shoals and mound-shoal complexes developed around the paleo-highs. Paleocurrents complicated the sediment composition. Three sub-types of ramp are recognized in the Xiaoerbulake Formation:a slope-plateau ramp dominated by grain shoals at the northern margin of the paleo-high of the SW Tarim Basin;a homoclinal ramp dominated by a mound-shoal complex on Keping-Wsu lower high,and an isolated‘island'sub-type in the Lunnan-Yaha lower high.(2)A peripheral high-energy facies belt of the paleo-uplift constitutes an important carrier for the Xiaoerbulake Formation reservoir. Early dolomitization has effectively preserved the original pores throughout the subsequent burial period. The reservoirs are mainly located in the peripheral high-energy facies belts of the three paleo-highs,covering an area of about 9 × 104 km2. The reservoirs in the different ramp systems have obvious differences. The grain-shoal dominated type ramp in the SW Tarim uplift shows the greatest potential for future exploration for extra-large-scale Type II reservoirs. From the example anatomy,it is believed that the paleotectonic pattern was the primary control of carbonate ramp formation during the post-rift filling stage,and needs further work to fully understand its influence on the distribution of reservoir facies and internal architecture.
Carbonate ramps in the post-rift filling stage have gradually become recognized as areas having the greatest potential for deep hydrocarbon exploration. In the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulake Formation in the Tarim Basin,for example,the pre-depositional paleotectonic framework and the lithofacies response to the paleogeography,as well as the regional distribution of reservoirs and the differences in their internal architecture were systematically analyzed from 42 of the most recently processed 2 D seismic lines,nine outcrops in the Keping area and data from 12 wells,etc. The results show that(1)the paleotectonic pattern of three uplifts and two sags occurred during the early Cambrian,and exerted obvious control of the sedimentary differentiation in the Xiaoerbulake carbonate ramp system. Highenergy grain shoals and mound-shoal complexes developed around the paleo-highs. Paleocurrents complicated the sediment composition. Three sub-types of ramp are recognized in the Xiaoerbulake Formation:a slope-plateau ramp dominated by grain shoals at the northern margin of the paleo-high of the SW Tarim Basin;a homoclinal ramp dominated by a mound-shoal complex on Keping-Wsu lower high,and an isolated‘island'sub-type in the Lunnan-Yaha lower high.(2)A peripheral high-energy facies belt of the paleo-uplift constitutes an important carrier for the Xiaoerbulake Formation reservoir. Early dolomitization has effectively preserved the original pores throughout the subsequent burial period. The reservoirs are mainly located in the peripheral high-energy facies belts of the three paleo-highs,covering an area of about 9 × 104 km2. The reservoirs in the different ramp systems have obvious differences. The grain-shoal dominated type ramp in the SW Tarim uplift shows the greatest potential for future exploration for extra-large-scale Type II reservoirs. From the example anatomy,it is believed that the paleotectonic pattern was the primary control of carbonate ramp formation during the post-rift filling stage,and needs further work to fully understand its influence on the distribution of reservoir facies and internal architecture.
引文
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[21]李保华，邓世彪，陈永权，等.塔里木盆地柯坪地区下寒武统台缘相白云岩储层建模[J].天然地球科学，2015,26(7):1233-1244.[Li Baohua, Deng Shibiao, Chen Yongquan,et al. The reservoir modeling of platform margin dolostone of Xiaoerblak Formation,Lower Cambrian,Kalpin area,Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(7):1233-1244.]
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[25]陈安清，杨帅，陈洪德，等.陆表海台地沉积充填模式及内克拉通碳酸盐岩勘探新启示[J].岩石学报，2017,33(4):1243-1256.[Chen Anqing,Yang Shuai,Chen Hongde,et al. The sedimentary filling model of epeiric platform and new inspiration of innercratonic carbonate for oil&gas exploration[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica,2017,33(4):1243-1256.]
[2]邹才能，杜金虎，徐春春，等.四川盆地震旦系—寒武系特大型气田形成分布、资源潜力及勘探发现[J].石油勘探与开发，2014,41(3):278-293.[Zou Caineng,Du Jinhu,Xu Chunchun, et al. Formation, distribution, resource potential and discovery of the Sinian-Cambrian giant gas field,Sichuan Basin, SW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(3):278-293.]
[3]王招明，谢会文，陈永权，等.塔里木盆地中深1井寒武系盐下白云岩原生油气藏的发现与勘探意义[J].中国石油勘探，2014,19(2):1-13.[Wang Zhaoming,Xie Huiwen,Chen Yongquan,et al. Discovery and exploration of Cambrian subsalt dolomite original hydrocarbon reservoir at Zhongshen-1Well in Tarim Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration,2014,19(2):1-13.]
[4] Cozzi A,Grotinger J P,Allen P A. Evolution of a terminal Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp system(Buah Formation,Sultanate of Oman):Effects of basement paleotopography[J].GSA Bulletin,2004,116(11/12):1367-1384.
[5] Grotzinger J,Al-Rawahi Z. Depositional facies and platform architecture of microbialite-dominated carbonate reservoirs,Ediacaran-Cambrian Ara Group, Sultanate of Oman[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2014,98(8):1453-1494.
[6]贾承造，魏国齐，李本亮.中国中西部小型克拉通盆地群的叠合复合性质及其含油气系统[J].高校地质学报，2005,11(4):479-482.[Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi,Li Benliang. Superimposed-composite characteristics of micro-craton basins and its bearing petroleum systems,central-western China[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities,2005,11(4):479-482.]
[7]杜金虎，邹才能，徐春春，等.川中古隆起龙王庙组特大型气田战略发现与理论技术创新[J].石油勘探与开发，2014,41(3):268-277.[Du Jinhu,Zou Caineng,Xu Chunchun,et al. Theoretical and technical innovations in strategic discovery of a giant gas field in Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation of central Sichuan paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(3):268-277.]
[8]邬光辉，李浩武，徐彦龙，等.塔里木克拉通基底古隆起构造—热事件及其结构与演化[J].岩石学报，2012,28(8):2435-2452.[Wu Guanghui,Li Haowu,Xu Yanlong,et al.The tectonothermal events,architecture and evolution of Tarim craton basement palaeo-uplifts[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica,28(8):2435-2452.]
[9]刘伟，张光亚，潘文庆，等.塔里木地区寒武纪岩相古地理及沉积演化[J].古地理学报，2011,13(5):529-538.[Liu Wei,Zhang Guangya,Pan Wenqing,et al. Lithofacies palaeogeography and sedimentary evolution of the Cambrian in Tarim area[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2011, 13(5):529-538.]
[10]熊益学，陈永权，关宝珠，等.塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组北部台缘带展布及其油气勘探意义[J].沉积学报，2015,33(2):408-415.[Xiong Yixue,Chen Yongquan,Guan Baozhu,et al. Distribution of northern platform margin and implications to favorable exploration regions on Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulake Formation,Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Seimentologica Sinica,2015,33(2):408-415.]
[11]林畅松，李思田，刘景彦，等.塔里木盆地古生代重要演化阶段的古构造格局与古地理演化[J].岩石学报，2011,27(1):210-218.[Lin Changsong,Li Sitian,Liu Jingyan,et al. Tectonic framework and paleogeographic evolution of the Tarim Basin during the Paleozoic major evolutionary stages[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(1):210-218.]
[12] Li Z X,Powell C M. An outline of the palaeogeographic evolution of the Australasian region since the beginning of the Neoproterozoic[J]. Earth-Science Reviews,2001,53(3/4):237-277.
[13]王洪浩，李江海，周肖贝，等.塔里木陆块在Rodinia超大陆中位置的新认识：来自地层对比和古地磁的制约[J].地球物理学报，2015,58(2):589-600.[Wang Honghao,Li Jianghai,Zhou Xiaobei,et al. New opinion on the position of the Tarim block in the Rodinia supercontinent:Constraints from stratigraphic correlation and paleomagnetism[J]. Chinese Journal Of Geophysics,2015,58(2):589-600.]
[14] Turner S A. Sedimentary record of Late Neoproterozoic rifting in the NW Tarim Basin,China[J]. Precambrian Research,2010,181(1/2/3/4):85-96.
[15]杨鑫，李慧莉，张仲培，等.塔里木新元古代盆地演化与下寒武统烃源岩发育的构造背景[J].地质学报，2017,91(8):1706-1719.[Yang Xin,Li Huili,Zhang Zhongpei,et al. Evolution of Neoproterozoic Tarim Basin in northwestern China and tectonic background of the Lower Cambrian hydrocarbon source rocks[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2017,91(8):1706-1719.]
[16] Jiang L,Cai C F,Worden R H,et al. Multiphase dolomitization of deeply buried Cambrian petroleum reservoirs,Tarim Basin,north-west China[J]. Sedimentology,2016,63(7):2130-2157.
[17]杜金虎，潘文庆.塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩油气成藏条件与勘探方向[J].石油勘探与开发，2016,43(3):327-339.[Du Jinhu,Pan Wenqing. Accumulation conditions and play targets of oil and gas in the Cambrian subsalt dolomite,Tarim Basin,NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(3):327-339.]
[18]朱光有，陈斐然，陈志勇，等.塔里木盆地寒武系玉尔吐斯组优质烃源岩的发现及其基本特征[J].天然气地球科学，2016,27(1):8-21.[Zhu Guangyou,Chen Feiran,Chen Zhiyong,et al. Discovery and basic characteristics of the high-quality source rocks of the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation in Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2016,27(1):8-21.]
[19]赵宗举，罗家洪，张运波，等.塔里木盆地寒武纪层序岩相古地理[J].石油学报，2011,32(6):937-948.[Zhao Zongju,Luo Jiahong,Zhang Yunbo,et al. Lithofacies paleogeography of Cambrian sequences in the Tarim Basin[J].Acta petrolei Sinica,2011,32(6):937-948.]
[20]陈永权，严威，韩长伟，等.塔里木盆地寒武纪—早奥陶世构造古地理与岩相古地理格局再厘定：基于地震证据的新认识[J].天然气地球科学，2015,26(10):1831-1843.[Chen Yongquan,Yan Wei,Han Changwei,et al.Redefinition on structural paleogeography and lithofacies paleogeography framework from Cambrian to Early Ordovician in the Tarim Basin:A new approach based on seismic stratigraphy evidence[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2015, 26(10):1832-1843.]
[21]李保华，邓世彪，陈永权，等.塔里木盆地柯坪地区下寒武统台缘相白云岩储层建模[J].天然地球科学，2015,26(7):1233-1244.[Li Baohua, Deng Shibiao, Chen Yongquan,et al. The reservoir modeling of platform margin dolostone of Xiaoerblak Formation,Lower Cambrian,Kalpin area,Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(7):1233-1244.]
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