赣西北下寒武统观音堂组碳硅泥岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境演化
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摘要
赣西北下寒武统黑色岩系,是一套重要的铀等金属的含矿岩系,其中观音堂组碳硅泥岩是典型的黑色岩石类型。运用地球化学方法,对这套灰黑色泥质岩的元素地球化学及古环境演变特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:该碳硅泥岩黏土类矿物含量55%～59%,SiO_2,Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3,K_2O,MgO平均含量分别为69.47%,11.39%,3.32%,2.76%,1.57%;化学成分表现为高硅低铝低钾低镁特征,有机碳平均含量5.82%,属富碳黑色岩系。对比中国东部泥质岩,其Ni、V、U、Ba、Cd、In、Tl、Se、W、Mo、Cu、Zn、Au、Ag、As、Sb等元素有相对富集的特点。从碳硅泥岩层的上部到下部,SiO_2、Na_2O、Ni、Mo含量逐渐增高,Al_2O_3、K_2O、TiO_2、H_2O~-、LOI、Cr、Th、Ba、Ga、Li、Be、Rb、Sc、Sn、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、REE则显示逐渐降低趋势。主量或微量元素的判别参数或图解显示,碳硅泥岩的物源以陆源碎屑岩为主,是在一个沉积速率较小、且较稳定的深水还原环境下沉积的,从早期到晚期,物源区呈现风化作用逐渐增强、气候环境越来越湿润、盆地水质越来越淡化的趋势。
The black rock series of the Lower Cambrian in northwestern Jiangxi is an important source of uranium and other metals. The carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone of the Guanyintang Formation is a typical black rock type. This study of the element geochemistry and paleoenvironmental evolution characteristics of the carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone shows that the clay mineral content of the rock is 55%-59%, with average contents of SiO_2 69.47%; Al_2O_3 11.39%; Fe_2O_3 3.32%; K_2O 2.76%; MgO 1.57%; and TOC 5.82%. The chemical composition is characterized by high silicon, low aluminum, low potassium and low magnesium. It is rich in carbon. Comparison with the argillaceous rocks in eastern China shows that this carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone is relatively enriched in Ni, V, U, Ba, Cd, In, Tl, Se, W, Mo, Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, As, Sb and so on. From the upper to lower levels, SiO_2, Na_2O, Ni and Mo content increases gradually, and Al_2O_3, K_2O, TiO_2, H_2O, LOI, Cr, Th, Ba, Ga, Li, Be, Rb, Sc, Sn, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and REE decrease gradually. The discriminant parameters or diagrams of the major or trace elements show that the source of the sedimentary material was terrigenous clastic rocks in a stable deep-water reducing environment and a low deposition rate. From early to late, the weathering effect of the source area has gradually been enhanced, the climate is becoming wetter, and the water in the basin is becoming increasingly desalinized.
The black rock series of the Lower Cambrian in northwestern Jiangxi is an important source of uranium and other metals. The carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone of the Guanyintang Formation is a typical black rock type. This study of the element geochemistry and paleoenvironmental evolution characteristics of the carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone shows that the clay mineral content of the rock is 55%-59%, with average contents of SiO_2 69.47%; Al_2O_3 11.39%; Fe_2O_3 3.32%; K_2O 2.76%; MgO 1.57%; and TOC 5.82%. The chemical composition is characterized by high silicon, low aluminum, low potassium and low magnesium. It is rich in carbon. Comparison with the argillaceous rocks in eastern China shows that this carbonaceous-siliceous mudstone is relatively enriched in Ni, V, U, Ba, Cd, In, Tl, Se, W, Mo, Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, As, Sb and so on. From the upper to lower levels, SiO_2, Na_2O, Ni and Mo content increases gradually, and Al_2O_3, K_2O, TiO_2, H_2O, LOI, Cr, Th, Ba, Ga, Li, Be, Rb, Sc, Sn, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and REE decrease gradually. The discriminant parameters or diagrams of the major or trace elements show that the source of the sedimentary material was terrigenous clastic rocks in a stable deep-water reducing environment and a low deposition rate. From early to late, the weathering effect of the source area has gradually been enhanced, the climate is becoming wetter, and the water in the basin is becoming increasingly desalinized.
引文
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[2] 王敏,孙晓明. 华南黑色岩系铂多金属矿床地质地球化学及成因[M]. 北京:地质出版社,2007:1-136. [Wang Min, Sun Xiaoming. Geology, geochemistry and genesis of PGE-polymetallic deposits in the black rock series, southern China[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2007: 1-136.]
[3] 张金川. 中国页岩气地质[M]. 上海:华东理工大学出版社,2017:1-192. [Zhang Jinchuan. China shale gas geology[M]. Shanghai: East China University of Science and Technology Press, 2017: 1-192.]
[4] Takebe M, Kametaka M, Takayanagi Y, et al. Origin and deposition of organic matter in continental chert of the Middle Permian Gufeng Formation in the northeastern Yangtze Platform[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2007, 201(1/2): 141-148.
[5] Mao J W, Lehmann B, Du A D, et al. Re-Os dating of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au mineralization in Lower Cambrian black shales of South China and its geologic significance[J]. Economic Geology, 2002, 97(5): 1051-1061.
[6] 李胜荣,高振敏. 湘黔寒武系底部黑色岩系贵金属元素来源示踪[J]. 中国科学(D辑),2000,30(2):169-174. [Li Shengrong, Gao Zhenmin. Source tracing of noble metal elements in lower Cambrian black rock series of Guizhou-Hunan provinces, China[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2000, 30(2): 169-174.]
[7] 闫德宇,黄文辉,王婷灏,等. 中、下扬子地区下寒武统黑色页岩微量元素富集特征[J]. 地学前缘,2016,23(3):41-50. [Yan Deyu, Huang Wenhui, Wang Tinghao, et al. Trace element characteristics of the Lower Cambrian black shales in middle and lower Yangtze area, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2016, 23(3): 41-50.]
[8] Taylor S R, McLennan S M. The continental crust: its composition and evolution[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.
[9] Cox R, Lowe D R. A conceptual review of regional-scale controls on the composition of clastic sediment and the co-evolution of continental blocks and their sedimentary cover[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1995, A65(1): 1-12.
[10] 马中豪,陈清石,史忠汪,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘延长组长7油页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义[J]. 地质通报,2016,35(9):1550-1558. [Ma Zhonghao, Chen Qingshi, Shi Zhongwang, et al. Geochemistry of oil shale from Chang 7 reservoir of Yanchang Formation in south Ordos Basin and its geological significance[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2016, 35(9): 1550-1558.]
[11] 邓义楠,郭庆军,朱茂炎,等. 湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中干酪根的稀土元素地球化学特征[J]. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2014,39(3):283-292. [Deng Yi'nan, Guo Qingjun, Zhu Maoyan, et al. REE geochemistry of kerogen from early Cambrian black rock series in western Hunan[J]. Editorial Committee of Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2014, 39(3): 283-292.]
[12] 徐文礼,郑荣才,颜雪,等. 下扬子地区早古生代黑色岩系地球化学特征及其地质意义[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2014,44(4):1108-1122. [Xu Wenli, Zheng Rongcai, Yan Xue, et al. Trace and rare earthelement geochemistry of the Early Paleozoic black shales in the lower Yangtze area and its geological significances[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2014, 44(4): 1108-1122.)
[13] 张待时,刘正义,赵瑞麟,等. 修水地区碳硅泥岩型金(铀)成矿条件[M]. 北京:原子能出版社,1993:1-97. [Zhang Daishi, Liu Zhengyi, Zhao Ruilin, et al. Metallogenetic conditions of carbonate-siliceous-pelitic rock type cold (uranium) mineralization in Xiushui area[M]. Beijing: China Atomic Energy Press, 1993: 1-97.]
[14] 施春华,曹剑,胡凯,等. 华南早寒武世黑色岩系Ni—Mo多金属矿床成因研究进展[J]. 地质论评,2011,57(5):718-730. [Shi Chunhua, Cao Jian, Hu Kai, et al. A review on origin of Ni—Mo polymetallic deposits in Lower Cambrian black rock series in South China[J]. Geological Review, 2011, 57(5): 718-730.]
[15] 冯增昭. 从定量岩相古地理学谈华南地区海相地层油气勘探[J]. 古地理学报,2005,7(1):1-11. [Feng Zengzhao. Discussion on petroleum exploration of marine strata in South China from quantitative lithofacies palaeogeography[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2005, 7(1): 1-11.]
[16] 刘亚光. 江西省岩石地层[M]. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1997:1-375. [Liu Yaguang. Stratigraphy(lithostratic) of Jiangxi province[M]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press, 1997: 1-375.]
[17] 鄢明才,迟清华,顾铁新,等. 中国东部地壳元素丰度与岩石平均化学组成研究[J]. 物探与化探,1997,21(6):451-459. [Yan Mingcai, Chi Qinghua, Gu Tiexin, et al. Chemical compositions of continental crust and rocks in eastern China[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 1997, 21(6): 451-459.]
[18] Gromet L P, Haskin L A, Korotev R L, et al. The “North American shale composite”: its compilation, major and trace element characteristics[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1984, 48(12): 2469-2482.
[19] 张明亮,郭伟,沈俊,等. 古海洋氧化还原地球化学指标研究新进展[J]. 地质科技情报,2017,36(4):95-106. [Zhang Mingliang, Guo Wei, Shen Jun, et al. New progress on geochemical indicators of ancient oceanic redox condition[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017, 36(4): 95-106.]
[20] Taylor S R, McLennan S M. The geochemical evolution of the continental crust[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1995, 33(2): 241-265.
[21] Fedo C M, Young G M, Nesbitt H W, et al. Potassic and sodic metasomatism in the southern province of the Canadian shield: evidence from the Paleoproterozoic Serpent Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada[J]. Precambrian Research, 1997, 84(1/2): 17-36.
[22] McLennan S M. Weathering and global denudation[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1993, 101(2): 295-303.
[23] Nesbitt H W, Young G M. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from Major Element chemistry of lutites[J]. Nature, 1982, 299(5885): 715-717.
[24] Nesbitt H W, Young G M. Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1989, 97(2): 129-147.
[25] 宋明水. 东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段沉积环境的地球化学特征[J]. 矿物岩石,2005,25(1):67-73. [Song Mingshui. Sedimentary environment geochemistry in the Shasi section of southern ramp, Dongying depression[J]. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 2005, 25(1): 67-73.]
[26] Garcés B L V, Moreno A, Navas A, et al. The Taravilla lake and tufa deposits (Central Iberian Range, Spain) as palaeohydrological and palaeoclimatic indicators[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2008, 259(2/3): 136-156.
[27] 刘春莲,秦红,车平,等. 广东三水盆地始新统土布心组生油岩元素地球化学特征及沉积环境[J]. 古地理学报,2005,7(1): 125-136. [Liu Chunlian, Qin Hong, Che Ping, et al. Elemental geochemistry and sedimentary environments of soure rocks of the Buxin Formation of Eocene in Sanshui Basin, Guangdong province[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2005, 7(1): 125-136.]
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