从社会需求看基础科学研究关键领域
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摘要
科学技术是一个国家综合国力的重要体现,而基础科学则是科学技术发展的基础。只有重视基础研究,才能不断增强自主创新能力。基础研究作为知识和技术的储备,既保证为社会经济发展持续供给科技成果,又能拓展人类知识前沿并促进社会进步。当前,世界各国重视基础科学研究对于经济社会发展的实质性作用,科技创新政策和治理日益"以任务为导向"。未来基础科学发展更要关注基础科学对于社会经济发展的实际作用。文章从社会需求出发,以人为关键要素,重点阐述生命健康、社会发展与自然环境改善、变革性技术发展和提升基础科学能力的方法等4个方面的基础科学研究进展。
Science and technology are fundamental elements of a nation's power, while basic science is the fundamental base of science and technology development. Only by emphasizing on basic science research could China always improve the capacity of independent innovation. Basic science research, as the original source of knowledge and technology, promotes social and economic development and meanwhile extends the human knowledge frontier. Today, many countries' policies focus on the substantial promoting effects of basic science research on social and economic development. Basic science research should not only explore the new frontier but also meet the needs of social development. This paper focuses on social needs and elaborates basic science research development in life and health, social development, Earth environment improvement, and transformative technology.
Science and technology are fundamental elements of a nation's power, while basic science is the fundamental base of science and technology development. Only by emphasizing on basic science research could China always improve the capacity of independent innovation. Basic science research, as the original source of knowledge and technology, promotes social and economic development and meanwhile extends the human knowledge frontier. Today, many countries' policies focus on the substantial promoting effects of basic science research on social and economic development. Basic science research should not only explore the new frontier but also meet the needs of social development. This paper focuses on social needs and elaborates basic science research development in life and health, social development, Earth environment improvement, and transformative technology.
引文
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2 114th Congress.Scientific Research in the National Interest Act.[2019-03-12].https://www.congress.gov/bill/114thcongress/house-bill/3293/text.
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7 World Health Organization.Cancer.[2019-03-15].https://www.who.int/cancer/en/.
8刘映.心脑血管疾病仍是我国居民首要死因.[2017-08-17].http://www.xinhuanet.com/health/2017-08/17/c_1121495954.htm..
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11赵国屏.合成生物学:开启生命科学“会聚”研究新时代.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(11):1135-1149
12 National Science Foundation.Semiconductor Synthetic Biology for Information Processing and Storage Technologies(SemiSynBio).[2019-03-12].https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2017/nsf17557/nsf17557.pdf.
13 Azvolinsky A.Five More Synthetic Yeast Chromosomes Completed.[2018-02-28].https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/five-more-synthetic-yeast-chromosomescompleted-31870.
14 National Institutes of Health.NIH BRAIN Initiative launches cell census.[2018-02-28].https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census.
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18 Jeong S J,Lee I Y,Jun B O,et al.Korea Brain Initiative:Emerging issues and institutionalization of neuroethics.Neuron,2019,101(3):390-393.
19中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要.[2019-03-11].http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2016lh/2016-03/17/c_1118366322.htm.
20国务院.国务院关于全面加强基础科学研究的若干意见.[2018-03-13].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-01/31/content_5262539.htm.
21 The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.UK’s bioeconomy benefits from￡319 million BBSRCinvestment.[2019-03-11].https://bbsrc.ukri.org/news/policy/2017/170411-pr-uk-bioeconomy-benefits-from-319mbbsrc-investment/.
22 Cancer Research UK.Grand Challenge.[2019-03-11].https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/funding-for-researchers/how-wedeliver-research/grand-challenge-award.
23 Ferber D.Biden blasts science denialists,calls to dramatically speed up fight against cancer.[2018-02-28].https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/02/biden-blasts-science-denialistscalls-dramatically-speed-fight-against-cancer.
24 National Cancer Institute.Cancer Moonshot.[2018-02-28].https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshotcancer-initiative.
25 Acatech.Towards Individualised Medicine through Medical Technology.[2019-03-11].https://www.acatech.de/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/acatech_Kurzfassung_engl_POSITION_Indiv-Medizintechnik.pdf.
26 Collins F S,Varmus H.A new initiative on precision medicine.New England Journal of Medicine,2015,372(9):793-795.
27 National Research Council.The Mathematical Sciences in2025.Washington,DC:The National Academies Press,2013.
28 Devoret M H,Schoelkopf R J.Superconducting circuits for quantum information:An outlook.Science,2013,339(6124):1169-1174.
29日本文部科学省.量子科学技術の新たな推進方策について.[2018-02-28].http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu17/010/houkoku/1382234.htm.
30 European Union-Quantum Flagship.The Future is Quantum.[2018-02-28].https://qt.eu/.
31 European Commission.Intermediate Report from the Quantum Flagship High-Level expert group.[2018-02-28].https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/intermediatereport-quantum-flagship-high-level-expert-group.
32 House Science,Space and Technology Committee.American Leadership in Quantum Technology.[2018-02-28].https://science.house.gov/legislation/hearings/american-leadershipquantum-technology.
33 115th Congress.National Quantum Initiative Act.[2019-02-26].https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/housebill/6227.
34 Stanford University.Quantum computing research in new and emerging qubits&cross-quantum systems science&technology.[2019-03-11].https://doresearch.stanford.edu/funding/opportunity/quantum-computing-research-new-andemerging-qubits-cross-quantum-systems-science-technology.
35 U.S.Department of Energy.ASCR Report on Quantum Computing Testbed for Science Descriptive.[2019-03-11].https://science.energy.gov/~/media/ascr/pdf/programdocuments/docs/2017/QTSWReport.pdf.
36 National Research Council.Convergence:Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences,Physical Sciences,Engineering,and Beyond.Washington,DC:The National Academies Press,2014.
(1)根据《弗拉斯卡蒂手册》的定义,纯基础研究是为了推进知识的发展,不考虑长期的经济利益或者社会效益,也不致力于将其成果应用于实际问题或把成果转移到负责应用的部门。定向基础研究(即应用基础研究)的目的是期望能创造广泛的知识基础,以解决已知的或预料的当前、未来或可能发生的问题。
(2)Brain/MINDS.[2019-03-12]. https://brainminds.jp/en/.
(3)The Australian Brain Alliance.[2019-03-11]. https://www.brainalliance.org.au/about/.
(4)Brain Canada Foundation.[2019-03-11]. https://braincanada.ca/.
(5)UK National Quantum Technologies Programme.[2019-03-11]. http://uknqt.epsrc.ac.uk/.
2 114th Congress.Scientific Research in the National Interest Act.[2019-03-12].https://www.congress.gov/bill/114thcongress/house-bill/3293/text.
3 UK Research and Innovation.Excellence with Impact.[2019-03-12].https://www.ukri.org/innovation/excellence-withimpact/.
4 Japan Science and Technology Agency.Strategic Basic Research Programs 2018-2019.[2019-03-12].https://www.jst.go.jp/kisoken/en/brochure/jigyo_en_pamph.pdf.
5日本文部科学省.基础科学力强化.[2018-11-28].http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/kagaku/kihon/1283196.htm.
6李克强.集中优势力量攻关疑难高发癌症.[2019-02-28].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-10/10/content_5230864.htm.
7 World Health Organization.Cancer.[2019-03-15].https://www.who.int/cancer/en/.
8刘映.心脑血管疾病仍是我国居民首要死因.[2017-08-17].http://www.xinhuanet.com/health/2017-08/17/c_1121495954.htm..
9 World Health Organization.Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs).[2019-03-12].https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds).
10 National Science Foundation.Building the Future:Investing in Discovery and Innovation-NSF Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years(FY)2018-2022.[2018-02-24].https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=nsf18045.
11赵国屏.合成生物学:开启生命科学“会聚”研究新时代.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(11):1135-1149
12 National Science Foundation.Semiconductor Synthetic Biology for Information Processing and Storage Technologies(SemiSynBio).[2019-03-12].https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2017/nsf17557/nsf17557.pdf.
13 Azvolinsky A.Five More Synthetic Yeast Chromosomes Completed.[2018-02-28].https://www.the-scientist.com/daily-news/five-more-synthetic-yeast-chromosomescompleted-31870.
14 National Institutes of Health.NIH BRAIN Initiative launches cell census.[2018-02-28].https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-brain-initiative-launches-cell-census.
15 Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.Human Cell Atlas.[2018-02-28].https://chanzuckerberg.com/science/programs-resources/humancellatlas/.
16 BRAIN Initiative.About The BRAIN Initiative.[2018-02-28].https://www.braininitiative.org/.
17 European Union.Human Brain Project.[2018-02-28].https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/.
18 Jeong S J,Lee I Y,Jun B O,et al.Korea Brain Initiative:Emerging issues and institutionalization of neuroethics.Neuron,2019,101(3):390-393.
19中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要.[2019-03-11].http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2016lh/2016-03/17/c_1118366322.htm.
20国务院.国务院关于全面加强基础科学研究的若干意见.[2018-03-13].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-01/31/content_5262539.htm.
21 The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.UK’s bioeconomy benefits from￡319 million BBSRCinvestment.[2019-03-11].https://bbsrc.ukri.org/news/policy/2017/170411-pr-uk-bioeconomy-benefits-from-319mbbsrc-investment/.
22 Cancer Research UK.Grand Challenge.[2019-03-11].https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/funding-for-researchers/how-wedeliver-research/grand-challenge-award.
23 Ferber D.Biden blasts science denialists,calls to dramatically speed up fight against cancer.[2018-02-28].https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/02/biden-blasts-science-denialistscalls-dramatically-speed-fight-against-cancer.
24 National Cancer Institute.Cancer Moonshot.[2018-02-28].https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshotcancer-initiative.
25 Acatech.Towards Individualised Medicine through Medical Technology.[2019-03-11].https://www.acatech.de/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/acatech_Kurzfassung_engl_POSITION_Indiv-Medizintechnik.pdf.
26 Collins F S,Varmus H.A new initiative on precision medicine.New England Journal of Medicine,2015,372(9):793-795.
27 National Research Council.The Mathematical Sciences in2025.Washington,DC:The National Academies Press,2013.
28 Devoret M H,Schoelkopf R J.Superconducting circuits for quantum information:An outlook.Science,2013,339(6124):1169-1174.
29日本文部科学省.量子科学技術の新たな推進方策について.[2018-02-28].http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu17/010/houkoku/1382234.htm.
30 European Union-Quantum Flagship.The Future is Quantum.[2018-02-28].https://qt.eu/.
31 European Commission.Intermediate Report from the Quantum Flagship High-Level expert group.[2018-02-28].https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/intermediatereport-quantum-flagship-high-level-expert-group.
32 House Science,Space and Technology Committee.American Leadership in Quantum Technology.[2018-02-28].https://science.house.gov/legislation/hearings/american-leadershipquantum-technology.
33 115th Congress.National Quantum Initiative Act.[2019-02-26].https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/housebill/6227.
34 Stanford University.Quantum computing research in new and emerging qubits&cross-quantum systems science&technology.[2019-03-11].https://doresearch.stanford.edu/funding/opportunity/quantum-computing-research-new-andemerging-qubits-cross-quantum-systems-science-technology.
35 U.S.Department of Energy.ASCR Report on Quantum Computing Testbed for Science Descriptive.[2019-03-11].https://science.energy.gov/~/media/ascr/pdf/programdocuments/docs/2017/QTSWReport.pdf.
36 National Research Council.Convergence:Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences,Physical Sciences,Engineering,and Beyond.Washington,DC:The National Academies Press,2014.
(1)根据《弗拉斯卡蒂手册》的定义,纯基础研究是为了推进知识的发展,不考虑长期的经济利益或者社会效益,也不致力于将其成果应用于实际问题或把成果转移到负责应用的部门。定向基础研究(即应用基础研究)的目的是期望能创造广泛的知识基础,以解决已知的或预料的当前、未来或可能发生的问题。
(2)Brain/MINDS.[2019-03-12]. https://brainminds.jp/en/.
(3)The Australian Brain Alliance.[2019-03-11]. https://www.brainalliance.org.au/about/.
(4)Brain Canada Foundation.[2019-03-11]. https://braincanada.ca/.
(5)UK National Quantum Technologies Programme.[2019-03-11]. http://uknqt.epsrc.ac.uk/.
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