地震平点技术与应用进展
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摘要
利用平点技术进行地震勘探虽然经历了50多年的发展历程,但是国内外尚缺乏对平点技术与应用进展的系统分析。通过对平点技术的基本原理、平点识别方法、平点技术应用进展及应用"陷阱"进行全面的调研与梳理认为,不同流体纵波阻抗的差异是产生平点反射的基本条件;水平反射与AVO振幅异常突变处吻合并且具有统一的深度值,是烃类平点最重要的判别标准;通过地震反射特征,结合共等值线抽道集叠加技术和基于信号强化处理的平点增强技术等,可以提高平点的识别效果;地震资料产生的假象、非储层因素导致的平点假象以及流体界面由于速度和压力的变化都会导致平点"陷阱"的产生。研究指出,加强地质与地球物理综合分析,进一步提高地震资料的保真度、信噪比和分辨率,加强与其他烃类检测方法的综合应用及大力发展多波多分量地震技术在平点勘探中的应用是平点技术的发展趋势,未来其应用必然会更加广泛。
As a direct hydrocarbon detection method,the flat spot technology may provide effective evidence for reservoir prediction and fluid interface recognition.The difference of impedance between different fluids leads to flat spot reflections.AVO characteristics,well matched to the strong amplitude and structural contour,provide strong evidence for fluid interfaces.Seismic reflection features are the most direct and effective evidence for identification of flat spot.Up to date,a number of largescale oil and gas reservoirs have been found in the world by application of flat spot technology.Of course,there are "traps" in the application of flat spot technology,such as the false appearance of seismic data,non-reservoir factors caused illusion of flat spot and non-horizontal fluid interfaces due to changes in velocity and pressure.Therefore,it is suggested that flat spot technology be applied upon the basis of comprehensive analysis of geology and geophysics,and enhancing high fidelity,signal-tonoise ratio and seismic resolution together with other hydrocarbon detection methods.Application of multi-wave and multi-component technology is also recommended.
As a direct hydrocarbon detection method,the flat spot technology may provide effective evidence for reservoir prediction and fluid interface recognition.The difference of impedance between different fluids leads to flat spot reflections.AVO characteristics,well matched to the strong amplitude and structural contour,provide strong evidence for fluid interfaces.Seismic reflection features are the most direct and effective evidence for identification of flat spot.Up to date,a number of largescale oil and gas reservoirs have been found in the world by application of flat spot technology.Of course,there are "traps" in the application of flat spot technology,such as the false appearance of seismic data,non-reservoir factors caused illusion of flat spot and non-horizontal fluid interfaces due to changes in velocity and pressure.Therefore,it is suggested that flat spot technology be applied upon the basis of comprehensive analysis of geology and geophysics,and enhancing high fidelity,signal-tonoise ratio and seismic resolution together with other hydrocarbon detection methods.Application of multi-wave and multi-component technology is also recommended.
引文
[1]Backus M M,Chen R L.Flat spot exploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1975,23(3):533-577.
[2]Blom F,Bacon M.Application of direct hydrocarbon indicators for exploration in a Permian-Triassic play,offshore the Netherlands[J].First Break,2009,27(3):37-44.
[3]Brown A R.三维地震数据解释[M].康南昌,赵玉光,柯宗强,等,译.北京:石油工业出版社,2015:115-138.
[4]Simm R,Bacon M.地震振幅解释与应用[M].高建虎,李胜军,马龙,等,译.北京:石油工业出版社,2014:73-92.
[5]王永刚.地震资料综合解释方法[M].北京:中国石油大学出版社,2012:232-238.
[6]赵争光,杨瑞召,马彦龙,等.共等值线抽道集叠加识别油气水界面方法及其应用[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(4):808-814.
[7]李子顺,徐有梅,吴清岭,等.一种平点地震处理解释油气检测方法:02104927.0[P].2002-09-18.
[8]特里贝克J R,博恩赫尔斯特J J,巴斯比M,等.增强三维地震解释中的平点的方法:201480002987.9[P].2015-10-21.
[9]Clark V A.The effect of oil under in-situ conditions on the seismic properties of rocks[J].Geophysics,1992,57(7):894-901.
[10]Cliff D C B,Tye S C,Taylor R.The Thylacine and Ceographe gas discoveries,offshore Eastern Otway Basin[J].Appea Journal,2004,44(1):441-462.
[11]Francis A,Millwood H M,Mulholland P,et al.Real and relict hydrocarbon indicators in the East Irish Sea Basin[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,1997,124(1):185-194.
[12]Greenlee S M,Gaskins G M,Johnson M G.3-D seismic benefits from exploration through development:An Exxon perspective[J].The Leading Edge,1994,13(7):730-734.
[13]Luchford J.A view of amplitude fit to structure as a hydrocarbon-indicating attribute[J].First Break,2001,19(7):411-417.
[14]Tilbury L A,Smith P M.Seismic reflection amplitude(dim spot)study over the Goodwyn Gas Field,Northwest Shelf,Australia[J].Exploration Geophysics,1988,19(2):179-183.
[15]Wigger S T,Bailey J,Larsen M,et al.Ha'py Field:a Pliocene bright spot example from the Nile delta,Egypt[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(1):1827-1829.
[16]何正怀,马传东.准噶尔盆地利用“亮点”找气的可行性[J].新疆石油地质,1989,10(2):14-23.
[17]傅妮莉,韩林.地震方法在海上油气田储量计算中的应用[J].天然气地球科学,1991(4):186-192.
[18]张鸿烈,邓金华.用地震速度谱信息寻找地下油气藏的方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,1(增刊2):53-59.
[19]秦秉让.黔南碳酸盐岩地震“亮点”、“平点”与“暗点”分析[J].贵州地质,1998,10(2):338-344.
[20]秦秉让.贵州南部碳酸盐岩地震“亮点”与油气意义[J].贵州科学,1991,9(2):87-94.
[21]何汉漪.海上高分辨率地震实例研究[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(1):11-13.
[22]张德林.二连盆地阿尔善浅气藏的地震特征[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(1):107-118.
[23]张德林.大嘴子气藏“平点”的倾斜产状与成因[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(5):608-616.
[24]张云鹏,李东,张新民,等.“平点反射”在濮城深层天然气滚动勘探中的应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2000,22(4):21-22.
[25]王瑞英,汤新啼,宋承文.烃类检测技术在吐哈盆地油气勘探中的应用[J].吐哈油气,2002,7(3):235-237.
[26]李红梅,李惠玲.花沟地区天然气藏分布规律及地震反射模式[J].勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(1):45-49.
[27]王兴谋.济阳坳陷浅、中层天然气藏地震预测技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(3):322-327.
[28]尚刚,白钢,任瑞军.潍北凹陷柳疃地区孔一段气藏及油气界面地震识别方法[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2005,27(5):569-573.
[29]刘护创,王劲松,韩成.台北凹陷葡萄沟地区岩性油气藏勘探技术[J].天然气工业,2007,27(增刊A):375-378.
[30]史晓辉,何亨华.柴达木盆地一个可能的地震平点异常的解释与分析[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(4):586-591.
[31]潘光超,裴健翔,周家雄,等.莺歌海盆地中深层超压带气水界面平点特征分析[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(5):42-46.
[32]Gluyas J G,Robinson A G,Emery D,et al.The link between petroleum emplacement and sandstone cementation[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the 4th Conference.London:Geological Society.1993:1395-1402.
[33]Yaliz A,McKim N.The Douglas Oil Field,Block 110/13b,East Irish Sea[J].Geological Society,2003,20(1):61-75.
[34]Isaacson E S,Neff D B.A,B AVO cross plotting and its application in Greenland and the Barents Sea[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the5th Conference.London:Geological Society.1999:1289-1298.
[35]Aram R B.West Greenland versus Voring Basin:Comparison of two deepwater frontier exploration plays[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the 5th Conference.London:Geological Society.1999:315-324.
[36]Christiansen F G,Bojesen-Koefoed J A,Chalmers J A,et al.Petroleum geological activities in West Greenland in2000[J].Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin,2001,189:24-33.
[37]Blow R A,Hardman M.Calder Field appraisal well 110/7a-8,East Irish Sea Basin[J].Geological Society,1997,124(1):387-397.
[38]柳广第.石油地质学[M].北京:石油工业版社,2009:113-114.
[39]Dennis H,Bergmo P,Holt T.Tilted oil-water contacts:modelling the effects of aquifer heterogeneity[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the6th Conference.London:Geological Society,2005:145-158.
[40]吴志强,闫桂京,童思友,等.海洋地震采集技术新进展及对我国海洋油气地震勘探的启示[J].地球物理学进展,2013,28(6):3056-3065.
[41]高少武,钱忠平,马玉宁,等.OBC水陆检数据合并处理技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):703-709.
[42]龚明平,张军华,王延光,等.分方位地震勘探研究现状及进展[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(3):642-658.
[43]张树林,夏斌,何家雄.海上多波多分量地震采集技术的应用——以莺歌海盆地为例[J].天然气地球科学,2005,16(1):103-107.
[44]符志国,李忠,赵尧,等.薄砂岩储层多波叠后地震反射特征分析及应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(5):1061-1024.
[45]杨帅,芦俊,杨春.含裂缝致密砂岩多波AVO响应分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):798-804.
[2]Blom F,Bacon M.Application of direct hydrocarbon indicators for exploration in a Permian-Triassic play,offshore the Netherlands[J].First Break,2009,27(3):37-44.
[3]Brown A R.三维地震数据解释[M].康南昌,赵玉光,柯宗强,等,译.北京:石油工业出版社,2015:115-138.
[4]Simm R,Bacon M.地震振幅解释与应用[M].高建虎,李胜军,马龙,等,译.北京:石油工业出版社,2014:73-92.
[5]王永刚.地震资料综合解释方法[M].北京:中国石油大学出版社,2012:232-238.
[6]赵争光,杨瑞召,马彦龙,等.共等值线抽道集叠加识别油气水界面方法及其应用[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(4):808-814.
[7]李子顺,徐有梅,吴清岭,等.一种平点地震处理解释油气检测方法:02104927.0[P].2002-09-18.
[8]特里贝克J R,博恩赫尔斯特J J,巴斯比M,等.增强三维地震解释中的平点的方法:201480002987.9[P].2015-10-21.
[9]Clark V A.The effect of oil under in-situ conditions on the seismic properties of rocks[J].Geophysics,1992,57(7):894-901.
[10]Cliff D C B,Tye S C,Taylor R.The Thylacine and Ceographe gas discoveries,offshore Eastern Otway Basin[J].Appea Journal,2004,44(1):441-462.
[11]Francis A,Millwood H M,Mulholland P,et al.Real and relict hydrocarbon indicators in the East Irish Sea Basin[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,1997,124(1):185-194.
[12]Greenlee S M,Gaskins G M,Johnson M G.3-D seismic benefits from exploration through development:An Exxon perspective[J].The Leading Edge,1994,13(7):730-734.
[13]Luchford J.A view of amplitude fit to structure as a hydrocarbon-indicating attribute[J].First Break,2001,19(7):411-417.
[14]Tilbury L A,Smith P M.Seismic reflection amplitude(dim spot)study over the Goodwyn Gas Field,Northwest Shelf,Australia[J].Exploration Geophysics,1988,19(2):179-183.
[15]Wigger S T,Bailey J,Larsen M,et al.Ha'py Field:a Pliocene bright spot example from the Nile delta,Egypt[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(1):1827-1829.
[16]何正怀,马传东.准噶尔盆地利用“亮点”找气的可行性[J].新疆石油地质,1989,10(2):14-23.
[17]傅妮莉,韩林.地震方法在海上油气田储量计算中的应用[J].天然气地球科学,1991(4):186-192.
[18]张鸿烈,邓金华.用地震速度谱信息寻找地下油气藏的方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,1(增刊2):53-59.
[19]秦秉让.黔南碳酸盐岩地震“亮点”、“平点”与“暗点”分析[J].贵州地质,1998,10(2):338-344.
[20]秦秉让.贵州南部碳酸盐岩地震“亮点”与油气意义[J].贵州科学,1991,9(2):87-94.
[21]何汉漪.海上高分辨率地震实例研究[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(1):11-13.
[22]张德林.二连盆地阿尔善浅气藏的地震特征[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(1):107-118.
[23]张德林.大嘴子气藏“平点”的倾斜产状与成因[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(5):608-616.
[24]张云鹏,李东,张新民,等.“平点反射”在濮城深层天然气滚动勘探中的应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2000,22(4):21-22.
[25]王瑞英,汤新啼,宋承文.烃类检测技术在吐哈盆地油气勘探中的应用[J].吐哈油气,2002,7(3):235-237.
[26]李红梅,李惠玲.花沟地区天然气藏分布规律及地震反射模式[J].勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(1):45-49.
[27]王兴谋.济阳坳陷浅、中层天然气藏地震预测技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(3):322-327.
[28]尚刚,白钢,任瑞军.潍北凹陷柳疃地区孔一段气藏及油气界面地震识别方法[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2005,27(5):569-573.
[29]刘护创,王劲松,韩成.台北凹陷葡萄沟地区岩性油气藏勘探技术[J].天然气工业,2007,27(增刊A):375-378.
[30]史晓辉,何亨华.柴达木盆地一个可能的地震平点异常的解释与分析[J].天然气地球科学,2009,20(4):586-591.
[31]潘光超,裴健翔,周家雄,等.莺歌海盆地中深层超压带气水界面平点特征分析[J].中国海上油气,2014,26(5):42-46.
[32]Gluyas J G,Robinson A G,Emery D,et al.The link between petroleum emplacement and sandstone cementation[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the 4th Conference.London:Geological Society.1993:1395-1402.
[33]Yaliz A,McKim N.The Douglas Oil Field,Block 110/13b,East Irish Sea[J].Geological Society,2003,20(1):61-75.
[34]Isaacson E S,Neff D B.A,B AVO cross plotting and its application in Greenland and the Barents Sea[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the5th Conference.London:Geological Society.1999:1289-1298.
[35]Aram R B.West Greenland versus Voring Basin:Comparison of two deepwater frontier exploration plays[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the 5th Conference.London:Geological Society.1999:315-324.
[36]Christiansen F G,Bojesen-Koefoed J A,Chalmers J A,et al.Petroleum geological activities in West Greenland in2000[J].Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin,2001,189:24-33.
[37]Blow R A,Hardman M.Calder Field appraisal well 110/7a-8,East Irish Sea Basin[J].Geological Society,1997,124(1):387-397.
[38]柳广第.石油地质学[M].北京:石油工业版社,2009:113-114.
[39]Dennis H,Bergmo P,Holt T.Tilted oil-water contacts:modelling the effects of aquifer heterogeneity[C]∥Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe:Proceedings of the6th Conference.London:Geological Society,2005:145-158.
[40]吴志强,闫桂京,童思友,等.海洋地震采集技术新进展及对我国海洋油气地震勘探的启示[J].地球物理学进展,2013,28(6):3056-3065.
[41]高少武,钱忠平,马玉宁,等.OBC水陆检数据合并处理技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):703-709.
[42]龚明平,张军华,王延光,等.分方位地震勘探研究现状及进展[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(3):642-658.
[43]张树林,夏斌,何家雄.海上多波多分量地震采集技术的应用——以莺歌海盆地为例[J].天然气地球科学,2005,16(1):103-107.
[44]符志国,李忠,赵尧,等.薄砂岩储层多波叠后地震反射特征分析及应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(5):1061-1024.
[45]杨帅,芦俊,杨春.含裂缝致密砂岩多波AVO响应分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2018,53(4):798-804.
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