Crustal S-wave velocity structure across the northeastern South China Sea continental margin: implications for lithology and mantle exhumation
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摘要
The northeastern margin of the South China Sea(SCS), developed from continental rifting and breakup, is usually thought of as a non-volcanic margin. However, post-spreading volcanism is massive and lower crustal high-velocity anomalies are widespread, which complicate the nature of the margin here. To better understand crustal seismic velocities, lithology, and geophysical properties, we present an S-wave velocity(VS) model and a VP/VS model for the northeastern margin by using an existing P-wave velocity(VP) model as the starting model for 2-D kinematic S-wave forward ray tracing. The Mesozoic sedimentary sequence has lower VP/VS ratios than the Cenozoic sequence; in between is a main interface of P-S conversion. Two isolated high-velocity zones(HVZ) are found in the lower crust of the continental slope, showing S-wave velocities of 4.0–4.2 km/s and VP/VS ratios of 1.73–1.78. These values indicate a mafic composition, most likely of amphibolite facies. Also, a VP/VS versus VP plot indicates a magnesium-rich gabbro facies from post-spreading mantle melting at temperatures higher than normal. A third high-velocity zone(VP: 7.0–7.8 km/s; VP/VS: 1.85–1.96), 70-km wide and 4-km thick in the continent-ocean transition zone, is most likely to be a consequence of serpentinization of upwelled upper mantle. Seismic velocity structures and also gravity anomalies indicate that mantle upwelling/serpentinization could be the most severe in the northeasternmost continent-ocean boundary of the SCS. Empirical relationships between seismic velocity and degree of serpentinization suggest that serpentinite content decreases with depth, from 43% in the lower crust to 37% into the mantle.
The northeastern margin of the South China Sea(SCS), developed from continental rifting and breakup, is usually thought of as a non-volcanic margin. However, post-spreading volcanism is massive and lower crustal high-velocity anomalies are widespread, which complicate the nature of the margin here. To better understand crustal seismic velocities, lithology, and geophysical properties, we present an S-wave velocity(VS) model and a VP/VS model for the northeastern margin by using an existing P-wave velocity(VP) model as the starting model for 2-D kinematic S-wave forward ray tracing. The Mesozoic sedimentary sequence has lower VP/VS ratios than the Cenozoic sequence; in between is a main interface of P-S conversion. Two isolated high-velocity zones(HVZ) are found in the lower crust of the continental slope, showing S-wave velocities of 4.0–4.2 km/s and VP/VS ratios of 1.73–1.78. These values indicate a mafic composition, most likely of amphibolite facies. Also, a VP/VS versus VP plot indicates a magnesium-rich gabbro facies from post-spreading mantle melting at temperatures higher than normal. A third high-velocity zone(VP: 7.0–7.8 km/s; VP/VS: 1.85–1.96), 70-km wide and 4-km thick in the continent-ocean transition zone, is most likely to be a consequence of serpentinization of upwelled upper mantle. Seismic velocity structures and also gravity anomalies indicate that mantle upwelling/serpentinization could be the most severe in the northeasternmost continent-ocean boundary of the SCS. Empirical relationships between seismic velocity and degree of serpentinization suggest that serpentinite content decreases with depth, from 43% in the lower crust to 37% into the mantle.
The northeastern margin of the South China Sea(SCS), developed from continental rifting and breakup, is usually thought of as a non-volcanic margin. However, post-spreading volcanism is massive and lower crustal high-velocity anomalies are widespread, which complicate the nature of the margin here. To better understand crustal seismic velocities, lithology, and geophysical properties, we present an S-wave velocity(VS) model and a VP/VS model for the northeastern margin by using an existing P-wave velocity(VP) model as the starting model for 2-D kinematic S-wave forward ray tracing. The Mesozoic sedimentary sequence has lower VP/VS ratios than the Cenozoic sequence; in between is a main interface of P-S conversion. Two isolated high-velocity zones(HVZ) are found in the lower crust of the continental slope, showing S-wave velocities of 4.0–4.2 km/s and VP/VS ratios of 1.73–1.78. These values indicate a mafic composition, most likely of amphibolite facies. Also, a VP/VS versus VP plot indicates a magnesium-rich gabbro facies from post-spreading mantle melting at temperatures higher than normal. A third high-velocity zone(VP: 7.0–7.8 km/s; VP/VS: 1.85–1.96), 70-km wide and 4-km thick in the continent-ocean transition zone, is most likely to be a consequence of serpentinization of upwelled upper mantle. Seismic velocity structures and also gravity anomalies indicate that mantle upwelling/serpentinization could be the most severe in the northeasternmost continent-ocean boundary of the SCS. Empirical relationships between seismic velocity and degree of serpentinization suggest that serpentinite content decreases with depth, from 43% in the lower crust to 37% into the mantle.
引文
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Ding,W.W.,Li,J.B.,Clift,P.D.,and IODP Expedition 349 Scientists.(2016).Spreading dynamics and sedimentary process of the Southwest Sub-basin,South China Sea:constraints from multi-channel seismic data and IODPExpedition 349.J.Asian Earth Sci.,115,97-113.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.09.013
Eccles,J.D.,White,R.S.,and Christie,P.A.F.(2009).Identification and inversion of converted shear waves:case studies from the European North Atlantic continental margins.Geophys.J.Int.,179(1),381-400.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04290.x
Evans,B.W.,Hattori,K.,and Baronnet,A.(2013).Serpentinite:what,why,where?.Elements,9(2),99-106.https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.9.2.99
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