内蒙古草地变化过程中气候变化和人类活动的相对作用评估
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摘要
气候变化和人类活动是影响草地动态变化的主要因素,准确掌握其在草地动态变化过程中的相对作用是保障草地生态安全的基础。该文以植被净初级生产力(NPP)为评价指标,定量评估了2000-2016年内蒙古草地变化特征以及气候变化与人类活动的相对作用。结果显示:2000-2016年内蒙古呈恢复趋势的草地面积为489 334 km~2,占区域草地总面积的94.2%;气候变化及其与人类活动的共同作用是内蒙古草地恢复的主导因素,其引致的草地恢复面积分别占草地恢复总面积的54.9%和45.1%;降水量增加和生态保护工程实施分别是引起草地恢复的主要气候因子和人类活动因子,过牧等不合理的人类活动是导致草地退化的主导因子;受区域环境影响,不同类型草地恢复的主导因子不同。
Climate change and human activities are the main driving factors affecting the dynamic change of grassland.Understanding the impacts of climate change and human activities on the dynamic change of grassland is essential to ensure protection of grassland ecosystems.In this study,the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach(CASA) and the synthetic model were used to estimate actual net primary productivity(ANPP),potential net primary productivity(PNPP) determined by climatic conditions,and the difference between PNPP and ANPP attributed to human activities(HNPP) in Inner Mongolia grasslands(meadow steppe,typical steppe,and desert steppe).Quantitative analysis of the ANPP,PNPP,and HNPP was conducted to assess the dynamic change of grassland in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during the period of 2000-2016 to unravel the relative roles of climate change and human activities in the dynamic process of grassland change.Over this period,Inner Mongolia grasslands showed an overall trend of restoration.Area of grassland with a restoration trend was 489 334 km~2,accounting for 94.2% of the total grassland area in this region.Climate change(i.e.increase in precipitation) and human activities(i.e.ecological conservation projects) were the main driving factors of grassland restoration.Area of grassland restoration attributed to climate change and its combined action with human activities accounted for 54.9% and 45.1% of the total area of grassland restoration,respectively.Unreasonable human activities(i.e.overgrazing) were the leading factors of grassland degradation.The dominant factors for grassland restoration were,however,not the same for the different grassland types.
Climate change and human activities are the main driving factors affecting the dynamic change of grassland.Understanding the impacts of climate change and human activities on the dynamic change of grassland is essential to ensure protection of grassland ecosystems.In this study,the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach(CASA) and the synthetic model were used to estimate actual net primary productivity(ANPP),potential net primary productivity(PNPP) determined by climatic conditions,and the difference between PNPP and ANPP attributed to human activities(HNPP) in Inner Mongolia grasslands(meadow steppe,typical steppe,and desert steppe).Quantitative analysis of the ANPP,PNPP,and HNPP was conducted to assess the dynamic change of grassland in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during the period of 2000-2016 to unravel the relative roles of climate change and human activities in the dynamic process of grassland change.Over this period,Inner Mongolia grasslands showed an overall trend of restoration.Area of grassland with a restoration trend was 489 334 km~2,accounting for 94.2% of the total grassland area in this region.Climate change(i.e.increase in precipitation) and human activities(i.e.ecological conservation projects) were the main driving factors of grassland restoration.Area of grassland restoration attributed to climate change and its combined action with human activities accounted for 54.9% and 45.1% of the total area of grassland restoration,respectively.Unreasonable human activities(i.e.overgrazing) were the leading factors of grassland degradation.The dominant factors for grassland restoration were,however,not the same for the different grassland types.
引文
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[2] GIESELMAN T M,HODGES K E,VELLEND M.Human-induced edges alter grassland community composition[J].Biological Conservation,2013,158:384-392.
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[12] 王子玉,许端阳,杨华,等.1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(8):1025-1032.
[13] 李刚,周磊,王道龙,等.内蒙古草地NPP变化及其对气候的响应[J].生态环境,2008,17(5):1948-1955.
[14] 穆少杰,李建龙,杨红飞,等.内蒙古草地生态系统近10年NPP时空变化及其与气候的关系[J].草业学报,2013,22(3):6-15.
[15] LI S Y,VERBURG P H,LV S,et al.Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Regional Environmental Change,2012,12(3):461-474.
[16] MU S J,ZHOU S X,CHEN Y Z,et al.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2013,108(3):29-41.
[17] WANG Z,DENG X Z,SONG W,et al.What is the main cause of grassland degradation?A case study of grassland ecosystem service in the middle-south Inner Mongolia[J].Catena,2017,150:100-107.
[18] HAN F,KANG S,BUYANTUEV A,et al.Effects of climate change on primary production in the Inner Mongolia Plateau,China[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,37(23):5551-5564.
[19] LIU M,DRIES L,HEIJMAN W,et al.The impact of ecological construction programs on grassland conservation in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Land Degradation & Development,2018,29(2):326-336.
[20] 丁一汇,王会军.近百年中国气候变化科学问题的新认识[J].科学通报,2016,61(10):1029-1041.
[21] HUANG L,XIAO T,ZHAO Z P,et al.Effects of grassland restoration programs on ecosystems in arid and semiarid China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,117:268-275.
[22] 朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,等.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4):491-498.
[23] SCURLOCK J M O,CRAMER W,OLSON R J,et al.Terrestrial NPP:Toward a consistent data set for global model evaluation[J].Ecological Applications,1999,9(3):913-919.
[24] ZHOU W,GANG C C,ZHOU F C,et al.Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,48:560-569.
[25] 邱玥,范德芹,赵学胜,等.中国东北地区植被NPP时空变化及其对物候的响应研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2017,33(5):21-27.
[26] FIELD C B,RANDERSON J T,MALMSTR?M C M.Global net primary production:Combining ecology and remote sensing[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51(1):74-88.
[27] POTTER C S,RANDERSON J T,FIELD C B,et al.Terrestrial ecosystem production:A process model based on global satellite and surface data[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1993,7(4):811-841.
[28] ZHU W Q,PAN Y Z,HE H,et al.Simulation of maximum light use efficiency for some typical vegetation types in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(4):457-463.
[29] 周广胜,张新时.自然植被净第一性生产力模型初探[J].植物生态学报,1995,19(3):193-200.
[30] FENSHOLT R,HORION S,TAGESSON T,et al.Assessing drivers of vegetation changes in dry lands from time series of Earth observation data[A].KUENZER C,DECH S,WAGNER W.Remote Sensing Time Series:Revealing Land Surface Dynamics[C].Cham:Springer International Publishing,2015.183-202.
[31] 范德芹,赵学胜,郑周涛.内蒙古羊草草原物候及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理与地理信息科学,2016,32(6):81-86.
[32] LI W J,ALI S H,ZHANG Q.Property rights and grassland degradation:A study of the Xilingol Pasture,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(2):461-470.
[33] TONG C,WU J,YONG S,et al.A landscape-scale assessment of steppe degradation in the Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004,59(1):133-149.
[34] LIU M Z,JIANG G M,LI L G,et al.Control of sandstorms in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environmental Conservation,2004,31(4):269-273.
[2] GIESELMAN T M,HODGES K E,VELLEND M.Human-induced edges alter grassland community composition[J].Biological Conservation,2013,158:384-392.
[3] O′MARA F P.The role of grasslands in food security and climate change[J].Annals of Botany,2012,110(6):1263-1270.
[4] CHEN B X,ZHANG X Z,TAO J,et al.The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189-190:11-18.
[5] GANG C C,ZHOU W,WANG Z Q,et al.Comparative assessment of grassland NPP dynamics in response to climate change in China,North America,Europe and Australia from 1981 to 2010[J].Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2015,201(1):57-68.
[6] 朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603-608.
[7] SCHIMEL D S.Terrestrial biogeochemical cycles:Global estimates with remote sensing[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51(1):49-56.
[8] PRINCE S D,DE COLSTOUN E B,KRAVITZ L L.Evidence from rain-use efficiencies does not indicate extensive Sahelian desertification[J].Global Change Biology,1998,4(4):359-374.
[9] PRINCE S D,BECKER-RESHEF I,RISHMAWI K.Detection and mapping of long-term land degradation using local net production scaling:Application to Zimbabwe[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,113(5):1046-1057.
[10] WESSELS K J,PRINCE S D,RESHEF I.Mapping land degradation by comparison of vegetation production to spatially derived estimates of potential production[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(10):1940-1949.
[11] 尹燕亭,侯向阳,运向军.气候变化对内蒙古草原生态系统影响的研究进展[J].草业科学,2011,28(6):1132-1139.
[12] 王子玉,许端阳,杨华,等.1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(8):1025-1032.
[13] 李刚,周磊,王道龙,等.内蒙古草地NPP变化及其对气候的响应[J].生态环境,2008,17(5):1948-1955.
[14] 穆少杰,李建龙,杨红飞,等.内蒙古草地生态系统近10年NPP时空变化及其与气候的关系[J].草业学报,2013,22(3):6-15.
[15] LI S Y,VERBURG P H,LV S,et al.Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Regional Environmental Change,2012,12(3):461-474.
[16] MU S J,ZHOU S X,CHEN Y Z,et al.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongolian grassland,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2013,108(3):29-41.
[17] WANG Z,DENG X Z,SONG W,et al.What is the main cause of grassland degradation?A case study of grassland ecosystem service in the middle-south Inner Mongolia[J].Catena,2017,150:100-107.
[18] HAN F,KANG S,BUYANTUEV A,et al.Effects of climate change on primary production in the Inner Mongolia Plateau,China[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2016,37(23):5551-5564.
[19] LIU M,DRIES L,HEIJMAN W,et al.The impact of ecological construction programs on grassland conservation in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Land Degradation & Development,2018,29(2):326-336.
[20] 丁一汇,王会军.近百年中国气候变化科学问题的新认识[J].科学通报,2016,61(10):1029-1041.
[21] HUANG L,XIAO T,ZHAO Z P,et al.Effects of grassland restoration programs on ecosystems in arid and semiarid China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,117:268-275.
[22] 朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,等.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4):491-498.
[23] SCURLOCK J M O,CRAMER W,OLSON R J,et al.Terrestrial NPP:Toward a consistent data set for global model evaluation[J].Ecological Applications,1999,9(3):913-919.
[24] ZHOU W,GANG C C,ZHOU F C,et al.Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,48:560-569.
[25] 邱玥,范德芹,赵学胜,等.中国东北地区植被NPP时空变化及其对物候的响应研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2017,33(5):21-27.
[26] FIELD C B,RANDERSON J T,MALMSTR?M C M.Global net primary production:Combining ecology and remote sensing[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51(1):74-88.
[27] POTTER C S,RANDERSON J T,FIELD C B,et al.Terrestrial ecosystem production:A process model based on global satellite and surface data[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1993,7(4):811-841.
[28] ZHU W Q,PAN Y Z,HE H,et al.Simulation of maximum light use efficiency for some typical vegetation types in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(4):457-463.
[29] 周广胜,张新时.自然植被净第一性生产力模型初探[J].植物生态学报,1995,19(3):193-200.
[30] FENSHOLT R,HORION S,TAGESSON T,et al.Assessing drivers of vegetation changes in dry lands from time series of Earth observation data[A].KUENZER C,DECH S,WAGNER W.Remote Sensing Time Series:Revealing Land Surface Dynamics[C].Cham:Springer International Publishing,2015.183-202.
[31] 范德芹,赵学胜,郑周涛.内蒙古羊草草原物候及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理与地理信息科学,2016,32(6):81-86.
[32] LI W J,ALI S H,ZHANG Q.Property rights and grassland degradation:A study of the Xilingol Pasture,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2007,85(2):461-470.
[33] TONG C,WU J,YONG S,et al.A landscape-scale assessment of steppe degradation in the Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004,59(1):133-149.
[34] LIU M Z,JIANG G M,LI L G,et al.Control of sandstorms in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environmental Conservation,2004,31(4):269-273.
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