花生品质及制油工艺对毛油和饼粕中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响
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摘要
对取自不同地区花生油加工企业的24个花生仁样品中黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)和黄曲霉毒素B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2总量(AFT)进行检测,挑选其中AFT高、中、低含量不同的3个花生仁样品分别进行低温压榨、高温焙炒压榨和正己烷溶剂浸出制油,检测不同制油工艺所得花生毛油和饼粕中AFT含量,分析研究花生仁品质及制油工艺对其毛油和饼粕中AFT含量的影响,探讨花生仁中AFT在不同制油过程向毛油和饼粕中的迁移规律。结果表明:23个花生仁样品中AFB_1含量为12. 45～33. 16μg/kg,平均值为20. 54μg/kg,AFT含量为14. 57～40. 48μg/kg,平均值为23. 45μg/kg;从花生仁原料中色选出来的变色霉变花生仁样品中AFB_1含量为91. 22μg/kg,AFT含量为99. 61μg/kg;用AFT含量不同(14. 57、40. 48、99. 61μg/kg)的3个花生仁样品分别制取的热榨、冷榨及浸出毛油中AFT含量分别为0. 48～40. 94μg/kg、0. 51～52. 82μg/kg、0. 34～13. 42μg/kg,平均值分别为13. 97、18. 06、4. 71μg/kg,分别是原料花生仁AFT平均含量的27. 10%、35. 03%、9. 14%,压榨毛油中AFT含量明显高于浸出毛油;用品质较好(AFB_1含量12. 45μg/kg)花生仁所制取的3个毛油中AFB_1平均含量0. 44μg/kg,仅为原料花生仁中AFB_1含量的3. 53%;用变色霉变花生仁所制取的3个毛油中AFB_1平均含量33. 39μg/kg,为花生仁中AFB_1含量的36. 60%,为国标限量1. 70倍。花生仁热榨饼、冷榨饼及浸出粕中AFT含量分别为11. 82～57. 96μg/kg、9. 51～52. 06μg/kg、16. 67～100. 00μg/kg,平均值分别为30. 25、25. 83、54. 62μg/kg,分别是花生仁中AFT平均含量的58. 68%、50. 10%、105. 96%,浸出粕中AFT含量明显高于压榨饼,AFT在花生饼粕中的迁移率和富集程度显著高于花生毛油。在花生油生产中优选花生仁原料并严格进行色选,是防范花生油和花生饼粕中AFB_1超标的关键。
Aflatoxin B_1( AFB_1) and the total content of aflatoxin B_1,B_2,G_1 and G_2( AFT) in24 peanut kernels from peanut oil processing enterprises in different regions were tested. Three peanut kernels with different AFT contents were selected to extract oil by low temperature pressing,high-temperature pressing and hexane solvent extraction,respectively,and the AFT contents in crude peanut oil,cake and meal obtained from different oil production processes was examined.The effects of peanut quality and oil production process on AFT contents in crude oil,meal and cake were analyzed. The migration of AFT from peanut kernel to crude oil,cake and meal during different oil production processes was discussed. The results showed that the contents of AFB_1 and AFT in 23 peanut kernels were 12. 45-33. 16 μg/kg and 14. 57-40. 48 μg/kg,with the average contents of 20. 54 μg/kg and 23. 45 μg/kg respectively. The contents of AFB_1 and AFT in color-selected moldy peanut sample were 91. 22 μg/kg and 99. 61 μg/kg,respectively. The AFT contents in crude oils obtained by cold pressing,hot pressing and solvent extraction from three peanut kernels with the AFT content of 14. 57,40. 48,99. 61 μg/kg were 0. 48-40. 94 μg/kg,0. 51-52. 82 μg/kg and 0. 34-13. 42 μg/kg,and the average values were 13. 97,18. 06,4. 71 μg/kg,which accounted for 27. 10%,35. 03% and9. 14% of the average AFT content in the peanut kernels,respectively. The AFT content in crude pressed oil was significantly higher than that in crude solvent extracted oil. The average AFB_1 content in three crude oils obtained from high quality( AFB_1 content 12. 45 μg/kg) peanut kernel was 0. 44 μg/kg,which only accounted for 3. 53% of AFB_1 content in peanut kernel. The average AFB_1 content in three crude oils from moldy peanuts obtained from color selection was 33. 39 μg/kg,which accounted for36. 60% of AFB_1 content in peanut kernels,1. 70 times higher than the limitation of national standard.The AFT contents in hot pressed peanut cake,cold pressed cake and solvent extracted meal were11. 82-57. 96 μg/kg,9. 51-52. 06 μg/kg and 16. 67-100. 00 μg/kg respectively,and the average values were 30. 25,25. 83 μg/kg and 54. 62 μg/kg respectively,which accounted for 58. 68%,50. 10% and 105. 96% of the average AFT content in the peanut kernels. The AFT content in solvent extracted meal was higher than that in pressed cake,and the migration rate and enrichment of AFT in peanut cakes and meals were significantly higher than those in crude peanut oil. In summary,the selection of peanut raw materials and strict color selection were the key point to prevent the AFB_1 content exceeding the national standard in peanut oil and peanut cake and meal during peanut oil production.
Aflatoxin B_1( AFB_1) and the total content of aflatoxin B_1,B_2,G_1 and G_2( AFT) in24 peanut kernels from peanut oil processing enterprises in different regions were tested. Three peanut kernels with different AFT contents were selected to extract oil by low temperature pressing,high-temperature pressing and hexane solvent extraction,respectively,and the AFT contents in crude peanut oil,cake and meal obtained from different oil production processes was examined.The effects of peanut quality and oil production process on AFT contents in crude oil,meal and cake were analyzed. The migration of AFT from peanut kernel to crude oil,cake and meal during different oil production processes was discussed. The results showed that the contents of AFB_1 and AFT in 23 peanut kernels were 12. 45-33. 16 μg/kg and 14. 57-40. 48 μg/kg,with the average contents of 20. 54 μg/kg and 23. 45 μg/kg respectively. The contents of AFB_1 and AFT in color-selected moldy peanut sample were 91. 22 μg/kg and 99. 61 μg/kg,respectively. The AFT contents in crude oils obtained by cold pressing,hot pressing and solvent extraction from three peanut kernels with the AFT content of 14. 57,40. 48,99. 61 μg/kg were 0. 48-40. 94 μg/kg,0. 51-52. 82 μg/kg and 0. 34-13. 42 μg/kg,and the average values were 13. 97,18. 06,4. 71 μg/kg,which accounted for 27. 10%,35. 03% and9. 14% of the average AFT content in the peanut kernels,respectively. The AFT content in crude pressed oil was significantly higher than that in crude solvent extracted oil. The average AFB_1 content in three crude oils obtained from high quality( AFB_1 content 12. 45 μg/kg) peanut kernel was 0. 44 μg/kg,which only accounted for 3. 53% of AFB_1 content in peanut kernel. The average AFB_1 content in three crude oils from moldy peanuts obtained from color selection was 33. 39 μg/kg,which accounted for36. 60% of AFB_1 content in peanut kernels,1. 70 times higher than the limitation of national standard.The AFT contents in hot pressed peanut cake,cold pressed cake and solvent extracted meal were11. 82-57. 96 μg/kg,9. 51-52. 06 μg/kg and 16. 67-100. 00 μg/kg respectively,and the average values were 30. 25,25. 83 μg/kg and 54. 62 μg/kg respectively,which accounted for 58. 68%,50. 10% and 105. 96% of the average AFT content in the peanut kernels. The AFT content in solvent extracted meal was higher than that in pressed cake,and the migration rate and enrichment of AFT in peanut cakes and meals were significantly higher than those in crude peanut oil. In summary,the selection of peanut raw materials and strict color selection were the key point to prevent the AFB_1 content exceeding the national standard in peanut oil and peanut cake and meal during peanut oil production.
引文
[1]陈宁庆.实用生物毒素学[M].北京:中国科技出版社,2001:251-275.
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[4]廖继承,侯志芳,邱启东,等.乙醇水体系提取花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法研究[J].广东化工,2013,40(16):32-33.
[5]梁炫强,潘瑞炽.花生收获前黄曲霉侵染因素研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2000(4):67-70.
[6]NKS G,SUGANTHI R U,MALATHI V,et al.Efficacy of heat treatment and sun drying of aflatoxin-contaminated feed for reducing the harmful biological effects in sheep[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2007,133(1/2):167-175.
[7]范蓓,李庆鹏,哈益明.关注黄曲霉毒素国内外限量标准,完善食品安全保障措施[J].食品工业科技,2010(12):26-27.
[8]张建成.我国花生原料及制品出口现状和产业发展对策[J].中国食物与营养,2005(1):33-34.
[9]殷国英,刘思超,廖灵灵.植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的污染状况调查分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2017,33(6):593-596.
[10]刘玉兰.油脂制取与加工工艺学[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[11]李建辉.花生中黄曲霉毒素的影响因子及脱毒技术研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[12]姬宁.花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1碱炼脱毒及安全性评价[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2015.
[13]马文文.有机改性蒙脱土吸附脱除花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1及其安全性评价[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2016.
[14]沈祥震.花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1紫外降解及安全性评价[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2014.
[15]袁友清,张友青,张淑玲,等.花生黄曲霉毒素污染影响因素及综合防控措施[J].现代农业科技,2017(21):58-60.
[16]刘玉兰,陈金定,裴娅晓,等.玉米胚及其毛油和饼粕中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的研究[J].中国油脂,2016,41(8):58-61.
[17]林克龙,黄达明.加热对花生黄曲霉毒素含量的影响[J].花生学报,2006,35(4):10-14.
[18]张敏.花生制油工艺的现状与发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2002(4):19-21.
[19]徐进栋,李玲,修华,等.2015年山东省饲料中黄曲霉毒素污染状况调查[J].饲料工业,2016,37(14):62-64.
[20]宋志坤.常用饼粕类饲料的营养及饲喂[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(1):37.
[21]GIZACHEW D,SZONYI B,TEGEGNE A,et al.Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the Greater Addis Ababa milk shed,Ethiopia[J].Food Control,2016,59:773-779.
[22]周元军.饲料中黄曲霉毒素的危害与防治研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(5):913-914.
[2]夏世钧,吴中亮.分子毒理学基础[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,2001:170-175.
[3]ONO E Y,ONO M A,FUNO F Y,et al.Evaluation of fumonisin-aflatoxin co-occurrence in Brazilian corn hybrids by ELISA[J].Food Addit Contam,2001,18(8):719-729.
[4]廖继承,侯志芳,邱启东,等.乙醇水体系提取花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法研究[J].广东化工,2013,40(16):32-33.
[5]梁炫强,潘瑞炽.花生收获前黄曲霉侵染因素研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2000(4):67-70.
[6]NKS G,SUGANTHI R U,MALATHI V,et al.Efficacy of heat treatment and sun drying of aflatoxin-contaminated feed for reducing the harmful biological effects in sheep[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2007,133(1/2):167-175.
[7]范蓓,李庆鹏,哈益明.关注黄曲霉毒素国内外限量标准,完善食品安全保障措施[J].食品工业科技,2010(12):26-27.
[8]张建成.我国花生原料及制品出口现状和产业发展对策[J].中国食物与营养,2005(1):33-34.
[9]殷国英,刘思超,廖灵灵.植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的污染状况调查分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2017,33(6):593-596.
[10]刘玉兰.油脂制取与加工工艺学[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.
[11]李建辉.花生中黄曲霉毒素的影响因子及脱毒技术研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[12]姬宁.花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1碱炼脱毒及安全性评价[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2015.
[13]马文文.有机改性蒙脱土吸附脱除花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1及其安全性评价[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2016.
[14]沈祥震.花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1紫外降解及安全性评价[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2014.
[15]袁友清,张友青,张淑玲,等.花生黄曲霉毒素污染影响因素及综合防控措施[J].现代农业科技,2017(21):58-60.
[16]刘玉兰,陈金定,裴娅晓,等.玉米胚及其毛油和饼粕中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的研究[J].中国油脂,2016,41(8):58-61.
[17]林克龙,黄达明.加热对花生黄曲霉毒素含量的影响[J].花生学报,2006,35(4):10-14.
[18]张敏.花生制油工艺的现状与发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2002(4):19-21.
[19]徐进栋,李玲,修华,等.2015年山东省饲料中黄曲霉毒素污染状况调查[J].饲料工业,2016,37(14):62-64.
[20]宋志坤.常用饼粕类饲料的营养及饲喂[J].现代畜牧科技,2017(1):37.
[21]GIZACHEW D,SZONYI B,TEGEGNE A,et al.Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the Greater Addis Ababa milk shed,Ethiopia[J].Food Control,2016,59:773-779.
[22]周元军.饲料中黄曲霉毒素的危害与防治研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(5):913-914.
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