风化壳淋积型稀土矿开发的现状及展望
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摘要
风化壳淋积型稀土矿是中重稀土的主要来源,它的开发一直受到稀土工业的极大关注。评述了风化壳淋积型稀土矿的成矿原因、矿床特征、稀土矿物在矿体垂直剖面中的组成和分布,以及矿石含水的多样性、酸碱缓冲性、吸附离子的稳定性和吸附离子的可交换性等理化性质。阐述了稀土离子在风化体系中的迁移富集规律和所形成的稀土配分特征。介绍了池浸、堆浸和原地浸出三代浸取工艺演化过程的科技进步,探讨了稀土浸出机制及浸出过程的强化,比较了几种浸取剂的浸取效果,简述了前两代工艺留下的采矿区和堆场区的植被恢复与土壤修复。结合原地浸出工艺的生产实际,提出了今后开发风化壳淋积型稀土矿的发展方向。
The weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores are the principal sources of medium and heavy rare earth, and its development has being closely noticed by the industry of rare earth. In this paper, the metallogenic causes, characteristics of mineral deposits, and the composition and distribution of rare earth minerals in the vertical section of ore bodies were discussed. The diversity of water content in ores, the buffer of acid and alkali, the stability of adsorbed ions, and the exchangeability of adsorbed ions were also discussed in this paper, which showed the rules of the migration and concentration of rare earth ions in weathering systems and the characteristics of rare earth distribution. This paper, moreover, introduced the technological progress in the evolution process of the third-generation leaching process of pool leaching, heap leaching and in-situ leaching. It described the leaching mechanism and the enhancing of leaching process, comparing the leaching effects of several leaching agents. Vegetation restoration and soil restoration in mining and storage areas left by the previous two generations of technology were briefly described. Finally, the directions of developing the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores, combined with the production practice of in-situ leaching process, were suggested.
The weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores are the principal sources of medium and heavy rare earth, and its development has being closely noticed by the industry of rare earth. In this paper, the metallogenic causes, characteristics of mineral deposits, and the composition and distribution of rare earth minerals in the vertical section of ore bodies were discussed. The diversity of water content in ores, the buffer of acid and alkali, the stability of adsorbed ions, and the exchangeability of adsorbed ions were also discussed in this paper, which showed the rules of the migration and concentration of rare earth ions in weathering systems and the characteristics of rare earth distribution. This paper, moreover, introduced the technological progress in the evolution process of the third-generation leaching process of pool leaching, heap leaching and in-situ leaching. It described the leaching mechanism and the enhancing of leaching process, comparing the leaching effects of several leaching agents. Vegetation restoration and soil restoration in mining and storage areas left by the previous two generations of technology were briefly described. Finally, the directions of developing the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores, combined with the production practice of in-situ leaching process, were suggested.
引文
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[3] 黄典豪, 吴澄宇, 韩久竹. 江西足洞和关西花岗岩的稀土元素地球化学及矿化特征 [J]. 地质学报, 1988, 62(4): 311. Huang D H, Wu C Y, Han J Z. Ree geochemistry and mineralization characteristics of the Zudong and Guanxi Granites,Jianxi Province [J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1988, 62(4): 311.
[4] 黄万抚, 邹志强, 钟祥熙, 黄小林. 不同风化程度离子型稀土矿赋存特征及浸出规律研究 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2017, 35(2): 253.Huang W F, Zou Z Q, Zhong X X, Huang X L. Occurrence characteristics and leaching rules of different weathering rare earth ores [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2017, 35(2): 253.
[5] 李永绣. 离子吸附型稀土资源与绿色提取 [M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2014.Li Y X. Ion Adsorption Rare Earth Resources and Their Green Extraction [M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2014.
[6] Chi R A, Tian J, Li Z J, Peng C, Wu Y X, Li S R, Wang C W, Zhou Z A. Existing state and partitioning of rare earth on weathered ores [J]. J. Rare Earths, 2005, 23(6): 756.
[7] 胡世丽, 黄颖, 王观石, 罗嗣海, 龙平, 朱冬梅. 赣南信丰风化壳淋积型稀土矿的吸附特性 [J]. 中国稀土学报, 2017, 35(6): 807.Hu S L, Huang Y, Wang G S, Luo S H, Long P, Zhu D M. Adsorbing characteristics for Xinfeng weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores in southern Jiangxi Province [J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2017, 35(6): 807.
[8] 池汝安, 王淀佐. 稀土矿物加工 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014.Chi R A, Wang D Z. Rare-Earth′s Mineral Processing [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2014.
[9] Ji H B, Wang S J, Ouyang Z Y,Zhang S, Sun C X, Liu X M, Zhou D Q. Geochemistry of red residua underlying dolomites in karst terrains of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: II. The mobility of rare earth elements during weathering [J]. Chem. Geol., 2004, 203(1): 29.
[10] 池汝安, 田君. 风化壳淋积型稀土矿化工冶金 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006.Chi R A, Tian J. Chemical Metallurgy of the Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ores [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2006.
[11] 池汝安, 田君, 罗仙平, 徐志高, 何正艳. 风化壳淋积型稀土矿的基础研究 [J]. 有色金属科学与工程, 2012, 3(4): 1.Chi R A, Tian J, Luo X P, Xu Z G, He Z Y. The basic research on the weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores [J]. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering, 2012, 3(4): 1.
[12] 张臻悦, 何正艳, 徐志高, 余军霞, 张越非, 池汝安. 中国稀土矿稀土配分特征 [J]. 稀土, 2016, 37(1): 121.Zhang Z Y, He Z Y, Xu Z G, Yu J X, Zhang Y F, Chi R A. Rare earth partitioning characteristics of China rare earth ore [J]. Chinese Rare Earths, 2016, 37(1): 121.
[13] 池汝安, 张臻悦, 何正艳. 一种风化壳淋积型稀土矿中重稀土富集区的探矿方法 [P]. 中国专利: ZL104459083B,2016.Chi R A, Zhang Z Y, He Z Y. A prospecting method for heavy rare earth deposits in weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore [P]. China Patent: ZL104459083B, 2016.
[14] Chi R A, Dai Z X, Xu Z G, Wu Y X, Wang C W. Correlation analysis on partition of rare earth in ion-exchangeable phase from weathered crust ores [J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2006,16: 1421.
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