增温对冬小麦根系残体及秸秆分解特性的影响
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摘要
研究增温条件下冬小麦根系残体和秸秆在土壤中的分解系数的变异规律及影响因素,可为探讨农田土壤-作物系统碳循环对气候变暖的长期响应规律提供理论依据和数据支撑。为研究一个生长季的昼夜连续增温对冬小麦根系残体及秸秆分解系数以及分解后土壤酶活性等理化性质的影响,采集田间经过一个生长季昼夜增温处理的根系残体(W-根)和秸秆(W-秸秆)以及不增温处理(对照)的根系残体(CK-根)和秸秆(CK-秸秆),设置W-根、W-秸秆、CK-根、CK-秸秆的4个添加处理,每个处理设置4个添加水平(0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2g),将这些根系残体和秸秆添加到土壤中进行培养瓶培养,测定了不同处理下的土壤CO_2排放量及培养后的pH、水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、脲酶活性、转化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,土壤CO_2排放量与残体添加量之间存在极显著的一元线性回归关系,线性方程的斜率即代表了不同残体的分解系数。W-根的分解系数为(0.269 9±0.008 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1),显著高于CK-根的分解系数(0.240 7±0.009 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1);而W-秸秆的分解系数为(0.257 3±0.003 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1),CK-秸秆的分解系数为(0.258 7±0.015 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1),差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同处理下土壤CO_2排放量随土壤pH的增大而极显著(P<0.001)减小,随土壤DOC含量的增大而极显著(P<0.001)增大。不同处理下土壤CO_2排放量与土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性均存在极显著(P<0.001)的自然对数回归关系,土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别可解释75.7%(R~2=0.757)、80.3%(R~2=0.803)、92.7%(R~2=0.927)的土壤CO_2排放量的变异。研究表明,增温显著提高了冬小麦根系残体的分解系数,但对冬小麦秸秆的分解系数无显著影响。根系残体和秸秆在土壤中分解所释放的CO_2量与酶活性存在自然对数回归关系。
The theoretical basis and data support for the long-term response patterns of the soil-crop system carbon cycle to climate warming can be obtained by investigating the variations and influencing factors of the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat root residue and straw under warming condition. In order to investigate the effects of diurnal warming with one growing season on the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat residues(root and straw) and the soil enzyme activities and relevant physical and chemical properties, an indoor incubation experiment was performed. The winter wheat root residue and straw for the one-season diurnal warming and control treatments(coded as W-root, W-straw, CK-root, and CK-straw) were sampled in field. There were four treatments of W-root, W-straw, CK-root, and CK-straw, and each treatment included four amendment levels of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 g.These root residue and straw were added into the soil for incubation. Soil CO_2 emission and soil pH, dissolved organic carbon(DOC)content, and activities of urease, invertase, and catalase after incubation were measured. Results indicated that there was a significantly linear regression relationship between soil CO_2 emission and the amount of residue(root residue or straw) addition. The slope of the regression function represented the decomposition coefficient of crop residue. The decomposition coefficients for W-root and CK-root were(0.269 9±0.008 0) and(0.240 7±0.009 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1), respectively(the former was significantly higher than the latter), while they were(0.257 3±0.003 0) and(0.258 7±0.015 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1) for W-straw and CK-straw, respectively(no significant difference with P>0.05). Soil CO_2 emission decreased significantly(P<0.001) with the increase of soil pH but increased significantly(P<0.001) with the increase of soil DOC content. There were highly significantly(P<0.001) relationship between soil CO_2 emission and urease, invertase, and catalase activities. Urease, invertase, and catalase activities explained 75.7%(R~2=0.757), 80.3%(R~2=0.803), and 92.7%(R~2=0.927) variations in soil CO_2 emission, respectively. Our results indicated that simulated warming significantly increased the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat root residue, but it had no effects on the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat straw. The relationship between the CO_2 emission rates from the soil with root residue and straw added and enzyme activity can be explained by the natural logarithmic models.
The theoretical basis and data support for the long-term response patterns of the soil-crop system carbon cycle to climate warming can be obtained by investigating the variations and influencing factors of the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat root residue and straw under warming condition. In order to investigate the effects of diurnal warming with one growing season on the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat residues(root and straw) and the soil enzyme activities and relevant physical and chemical properties, an indoor incubation experiment was performed. The winter wheat root residue and straw for the one-season diurnal warming and control treatments(coded as W-root, W-straw, CK-root, and CK-straw) were sampled in field. There were four treatments of W-root, W-straw, CK-root, and CK-straw, and each treatment included four amendment levels of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 g.These root residue and straw were added into the soil for incubation. Soil CO_2 emission and soil pH, dissolved organic carbon(DOC)content, and activities of urease, invertase, and catalase after incubation were measured. Results indicated that there was a significantly linear regression relationship between soil CO_2 emission and the amount of residue(root residue or straw) addition. The slope of the regression function represented the decomposition coefficient of crop residue. The decomposition coefficients for W-root and CK-root were(0.269 9±0.008 0) and(0.240 7±0.009 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1), respectively(the former was significantly higher than the latter), while they were(0.257 3±0.003 0) and(0.258 7±0.015 0) mg?g~(-1)?g~(-1) for W-straw and CK-straw, respectively(no significant difference with P>0.05). Soil CO_2 emission decreased significantly(P<0.001) with the increase of soil pH but increased significantly(P<0.001) with the increase of soil DOC content. There were highly significantly(P<0.001) relationship between soil CO_2 emission and urease, invertase, and catalase activities. Urease, invertase, and catalase activities explained 75.7%(R~2=0.757), 80.3%(R~2=0.803), and 92.7%(R~2=0.927) variations in soil CO_2 emission, respectively. Our results indicated that simulated warming significantly increased the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat root residue, but it had no effects on the decomposition coefficients of winter wheat straw. The relationship between the CO_2 emission rates from the soil with root residue and straw added and enzyme activity can be explained by the natural logarithmic models.
引文
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BANDICK A K,DICK R P,1999.Field management effects on soil enzyme activities[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,31(11):1471-1479.
CALDWELL B A,2005.Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity:a review[J].Pedobiologia,49(6):637-644.
CHENG L,BOOKER F L,TU C,2012.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase organic carbon decomposition under elevated CO2[J].Science,337(6098):1084-1087.
CHENG L,ZHANG N,YUAN M,et al.,2017.Warming enhances old organic carbon decomposition through altering functional microbial communities[J].The ISME Journal,11(8):1825-1835.
CORNELISSEN J H C,THOMPSON K,1997.Functional leaf attributes predict litter decomposition rate in herbaceous plants[J].New Phytologist,135(1):109-114.
DE DEYN G B,CORNELISSEN J H,BARDGETT R D,2008.Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomass[J].Ecology Letters,11(5):516-531.
DORMANN C F,WOODIN S J,2002.Climate change in the arctic:using plant functional types in a meta-analysis of field experiments[J].Functional Ecology,16(1):4-17.
GIASSON M A,AVERILL C,FINZI A C,2014.Correction factors for dissolved organic carbon extracted from soil,measured using the Mn(III)-pyrophosphate colorimetric method adapted for a microplate reader[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,78:284-287.
GU Y,WANG P,KONG C H,2009.Urease,invertase,dehydrogenase and polyphenoloxidase activities in paddy soil influenced by allelopathic rice variety[J].Eurpean Journal of Soil Biology,45(5-6):436-441.
HUANG Y,ZOU J W,ZHENG X H,et al.,2004.Nitrous oxide emissions as influenced by amendment of plant residues with different C:N ratios[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,36(6):973-981.
IPCC,2013.Climate change 2013:Thephysical science basis Working groups I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change[R].Sweden:Stockholm.
JANSSENS I A,DIELEMAN W,LUYSSAERT S,et al.,2010.Reduction of forest soil respiration in response to nitrogen deposition[J].Nature Geoscience,3(5):315-322.
KUMAR K,GOH K M,2003.Nitrogen release from crop residues and organic amendments as affected by biochemical composition[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,34(17-18):2441-2460.
KUZYAKOV Y,2002.Review:Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition&Soil Science,165(4):382-396.
KUZYAKOV Y,2010.Priming effects:interactions between living and dead organic matter[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,42(9):1363-1371.
LI G Y,HAN H Y,DU Y,et al.,2017.Effects of warming and increased precipitation on net ecosystem productivity:A long-term manipulative experiment in a semi-arid grassland[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,232:359-366.
LING D J,HUANG Q C,OUYANG Y,2010.Impacts of simulated acid rain on soil enzyme activities in a latosol[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,73(8):1914-1918.
LIU,L.,HU,C S,YANG P P,et al.,2016.Experimental warming-driven soil drying reduced N2O emissions from fertilized crop rotations of winter wheat-soybean/fallow,2009?2014[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,219:71-82.
LIU Y C,LIU S R,WAN S Q,et al.,2017.Effects of experimental throughfall reduction and soil warming on fine root biomass and its decomposition in a warm temperate oak forest[J].Science of The Total Environment,574:1448-1455.
LUO Y Q,WAN S Q,HUI D F,et al.,2001.Acclimatization of soil respiration to warming in a tall grass prairie[J].Nature,413(6856):622-625.
LUO Y Q,GERTEN D,LE MAIRE G,et al.,2008.Modelled interactive effects of precipitation,temperature,and CO2 on ecosystem carbon and water dynamics in different climatic zones[J].Global Change Biology,14:1986-1999.
RUSTAD L E,CAMPBELL J L,MARION G M,et al.,2001.Ameta-analysis of the response of soil respiration,net nitrogen mineralization,and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming[J].Oecologia,126(4):543-562.
SILVER W L,MIYA R K,2001.Global patterns in root decomposition,comparisons of climate and litter quality effects[J].Oecologia,129(3):407-419.
ST?PNIEWSKA Z,WOLI?SKA A,ZIOMEK J,2009.Response of soil catalase activity to chromium contamination[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,21(8):1142-1147.
SUSEELA V,CONANT R T,WALLENSTEIN M D,et al.,2012.Effects of soil moisture on the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration vary seasonally in an old-field climate change experiment[J].Global Change Biology,18(1):336-348.
SUSEELA V,THARAYIL N,XING B,et al.,2013.Labile compounds in plant litter reduce the sensitivity of decomposition to warming and altered precipitation[J].New Phytologist,200(1):122-133.
THANGARAJAN R,BOLAN N S,TIAN G L,et al.,2013.Role of organic amendment application on greenhouse gas emission from soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,465(6):72-96.
WAN S Q,NORBY R J,LEDFORD J,et al.,2007.Responses of soil respiration to elevated CO2,air warming,and changing soil water availability in a model old-field grassland[J].Global Change Biology,13(11):2411-2424.
WAN S Q,XIA J Y,LIU W X,et al.,2009.Photosynthetic overcompensation under nocturnal warming enhances grassland carbon sequestration[J].Ecology,90(10):2700-2710.
WU Z T,DIJKSTRA P,KOCH G W,et al.,2011.Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change:a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation[J].Global Change Biology,17(2):927-942.
XIA J Y,HAN Y,ZHANG Z,et al.,2009.Effects of diurnal warming on soil respiration are not equal to the summed effects of day and night warming in a temperate steppe[J].Biogeosciences,6(1):1361-1370.
ZHOU X H,WAN S Q,LUO Y Q,2007.Source components and interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux under experimental warming and clipping in a grassland ecosystem[J].Global Change Biology,13(4):661-775.
黄继川,彭智平,于俊红,等,2010.施用玉米秸秆堆肥对盆栽芥菜土壤酶活性和微生物的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,16(2):348-353.HUANG J C,PENG Z P,YU J H,et al.,2010.Impacts of applying corn-straw compost on microorganisms and enzyme activities in pot soil cultivated with mustard[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,16(2):348-353.
金婷,2017.稻麦秸秆全量还田对土壤性状和水稻产量的影响[D].扬州:扬州大学:11-12.JIN T.2017.Effects of whole straw of rice and wheat manuring method on soil characteristics and rice production[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University:11-12.
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