生态与常规种植对土壤养分、微生物及重金属的影响
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摘要
为探讨生态种植模式对土壤环境的影响,以四川成都府南河上游地区安龙村生态农业和传统农业为研究对象,比较分析了生态种植与常规种植模式对土壤养分、微生物及重金属的影响。结果表明:除细菌含量外,生态种植的土壤中微生物碳含量及真菌、放线菌数量均高于常规种植,生态种植改善了土壤中微生物群落结构;生态种植土壤中重金属Cr、Pb、Hg和As含量均低于常规种植,Cd含量相差不大,生态种植带入的重金属较少;生态种植土壤中总氮、总磷、有效氮及有效钾的含量均高于常规种植,但总钾和有效磷的含量低于常规种植,这与两种种植方式下农业投入品不同密切相关。研究表明,生态种植能一定程度提升土壤养分,改善土壤微生物群落结构,并有效减少种植带入的重金属。
We compared the traditional agriculture and ecological agriculture in Anlong Village, which located near Chengdu, Sichuan, to compare the effects of ecological and conventional planting pattern on soil nutrients, microbes and heavy metals. The results showed:While the quantity of bacteria was lower, the quantity of microbial carbon, fungus and actinomycetes in ecological planting soil was higher than in conventional planting soil, which revealed the structure of microbial community got improved in ecological agriculture; The contents of heavy metal, such as Cr, Pb, Hg and As, were much lower in the soil with ecological agriculture, which indicated that the heavy metals brought by ecological planting were less; With ecological farming the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil increased, but the levels of total potassium and available phosphorus decrensed, which were closely related to the different agricultural inputs. The quality of soil improved by transfering traditional agriculture to ecological agriculture in 3～10 years later. Furthermore, ecological farmers noticed that manure might cause the problem of heavy metals, so they used manure, biogas slurry as well as compost, which eased the heavy metal risk.
We compared the traditional agriculture and ecological agriculture in Anlong Village, which located near Chengdu, Sichuan, to compare the effects of ecological and conventional planting pattern on soil nutrients, microbes and heavy metals. The results showed:While the quantity of bacteria was lower, the quantity of microbial carbon, fungus and actinomycetes in ecological planting soil was higher than in conventional planting soil, which revealed the structure of microbial community got improved in ecological agriculture; The contents of heavy metal, such as Cr, Pb, Hg and As, were much lower in the soil with ecological agriculture, which indicated that the heavy metals brought by ecological planting were less; With ecological farming the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil increased, but the levels of total potassium and available phosphorus decrensed, which were closely related to the different agricultural inputs. The quality of soil improved by transfering traditional agriculture to ecological agriculture in 3～10 years later. Furthermore, ecological farmers noticed that manure might cause the problem of heavy metals, so they used manure, biogas slurry as well as compost, which eased the heavy metal risk.
引文
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[14]杨劲峰,韩晓日,阴红彬,等.不同施肥条件对玉米生长季耕层土壤微生物量碳的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2006, 22(1):173-175.YANG Jin-feng, HAN Xiao-ri, YIN Hong-bin, et al. Effect of differ?ent fertilization treatment on the soil microbial biomass carbon of maize[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2006, 22(1):173-175.
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[16]张永春,汪吉东,沈明星,等.长期不同施肥对太湖地区典型土壤酸化的影响[J].土壤学报, 2010, 47(3):465-472.ZHANG Yong-chun, WANG Ji-dong, SHEN Ming-xing, et al. Ef?fects of long-term fertilization on soil acidification in Taihu Lake re?gion[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2010, 47(3):465-472.
[17]刘付程,史学正,于东升.近20年来太湖流域典型地区土壤酸度的时空变异特征[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2006, 15(6):740-744.LIU Fu-cheng, SHI Xue-zheng, YU Dong-sheng. Spatial and tempo?ral variability of soil acidity in typical areas of Taihu Lake region in the last 20 years[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2006, 15(6):740-744.
[18] Guo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y, et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5968):1008-1010.
[19]张伟,陈洪松,苏以荣,等.不同作物和施肥方式对新垦石灰土土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤通报, 2013, 44(4):925-930.ZHANG Wei, CHEN Hong-song, SU Yi-rong, et al. Effects of recla?mation and fertilization on calcareous soil fertility in the initial period of cultivation[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2013, 44(4):925-930.
[20]王立刚,李维炯,邱建军,等.生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2004(5):12-16.WANG Li-gang, LI Wei-jiong, QIU Jian-jun, et al. Effect of biologi?cal organic fertilizer on crops growth, soil fertility and yield[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences, 2004(5):12-16.
[21]林葆,林继雄.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 1994, 1(1):6-18.LIN Bao, LIN Ji-xiong. The changes of crop yield and soil fertility with long-term fertilizer application[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 1994, 1(1):6-18.
[2] Ye X J, Wang Z Q, Li Q S. The ecological agriculture movement in modern China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2002, 92(2/3):261-281.
[3] Wells A T, Chan K Y, Cornish P S. Comparison of conventional and al?ternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2000,80(1):47-60.
[4] Edmeades D C. The long-term effects of manures and fertilisers on soil productivity and quality:A review[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosys?tems, 2003, 66(2):165-180.
[5] Aref S, Wander M M. Long-term trends of corn yield and soil organic matter in different crop sequences and soil fertility treatments on the morrow plots[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 1998, 62:153-197.
[6] Arnold P W, Hunter F, Gonzalezfernandez P. Long-term grassland ex?periments at Cockle Park[J]. Annales Agronomiques, 1976, 27(5/6):1027-1042.
[7] Blake L, Mercik S, Koerschens M, et al. Phosphorus content in soil, up?take by plants and balance in three European long-term field experi?ments[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2000, 56(3):263-275.
[8] Clark M S, Horwath W R, Shennan C, et al. Changes in soil chemical properties resulting from organic and low-input farming practices[J].Agronomy Journal, 1998, 90(5):662-671.
[9] Dick R P. A review:Long-term effects of agricultural systems on soil biochemical and microbial parameters[J]. Agriculture ecosystems&En?vironment, 1992, 40(1/2/3/4):25-36.
[10]王起超,麻壮伟.某些市售化肥的重金属含量水平及环境风险[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2004, 20(2):62-64.WANG Qi-chao, MA Zhuang-wei. Heavy metals in chemical fertiliz?er and environmental risks[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environ?ment, 2004, 20(2):62-64
[11]陈林华,倪吾钟,李雪莲,等.常用肥料重金属含量的调查分析[J].浙江理工大学学报, 2009, 26(2):223-227.CHEN Lin-hua, NI Wu-zhong, LI Xue-lian, et al. Investigation and analysis of the content of heavy metals in common fertilizer[J]. Jour?nal of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 2009, 26(2):223-227.
[12]宇万太,赵鑫,姜子绍,等.不同施肥制度对潮棕壤微生物量碳的影响[J].生态学杂志, 2007, 26(10):1574-1578.YU Wan-tai, ZHAO Xin, JIANG Zi-shao, et al. Effects of different fertilization system on microbial biomass carbon in aquic brown soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(10):1574-1578.
[13]胡诚,曹志平,罗艳蕊,等.长期施用生物有机肥对土壤肥力及微生物生物量碳的影响[J].中国生态农业学报, 2007, 15(3):48-51.HU Cheng, CAO Zhi-ping, LUO Yan-rui, et al. Effect of long-term application of microorganismic compost or vermicompost on soil fertil?ity and microbial biomass carbon[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agricul?ture, 2007, 15(3):48-51.
[14]杨劲峰,韩晓日,阴红彬,等.不同施肥条件对玉米生长季耕层土壤微生物量碳的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2006, 22(1):173-175.YANG Jin-feng, HAN Xiao-ri, YIN Hong-bin, et al. Effect of differ?ent fertilization treatment on the soil microbial biomass carbon of maize[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2006, 22(1):173-175.
[15]曹铁华,梁烜赫,高洪军,等.不同施肥模式下土壤-玉米中重金属累积规律及安全性分析[J].吉林农业科学, 2015, 40(5):37-41.CAO Tie-hua, LIANG Xuan-he, GAO Hong-jun, et al. Accumula?tion and risk analysis of heavy metals in soil-maize cropping system under different fertilization[J]. Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2015, 40(5):37-41.
[16]张永春,汪吉东,沈明星,等.长期不同施肥对太湖地区典型土壤酸化的影响[J].土壤学报, 2010, 47(3):465-472.ZHANG Yong-chun, WANG Ji-dong, SHEN Ming-xing, et al. Ef?fects of long-term fertilization on soil acidification in Taihu Lake re?gion[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2010, 47(3):465-472.
[17]刘付程,史学正,于东升.近20年来太湖流域典型地区土壤酸度的时空变异特征[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2006, 15(6):740-744.LIU Fu-cheng, SHI Xue-zheng, YU Dong-sheng. Spatial and tempo?ral variability of soil acidity in typical areas of Taihu Lake region in the last 20 years[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2006, 15(6):740-744.
[18] Guo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y, et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5968):1008-1010.
[19]张伟,陈洪松,苏以荣,等.不同作物和施肥方式对新垦石灰土土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤通报, 2013, 44(4):925-930.ZHANG Wei, CHEN Hong-song, SU Yi-rong, et al. Effects of recla?mation and fertilization on calcareous soil fertility in the initial period of cultivation[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2013, 44(4):925-930.
[20]王立刚,李维炯,邱建军,等.生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2004(5):12-16.WANG Li-gang, LI Wei-jiong, QIU Jian-jun, et al. Effect of biologi?cal organic fertilizer on crops growth, soil fertility and yield[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences, 2004(5):12-16.
[21]林葆,林继雄.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力变化[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 1994, 1(1):6-18.LIN Bao, LIN Ji-xiong. The changes of crop yield and soil fertility with long-term fertilizer application[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 1994, 1(1):6-18.
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