雷州半岛桉树人工林凋落物量和养分循环研究
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摘要
为了解雷州半岛地区桉树人工林凋落物量和养分归还特征,对不同林龄人工林凋落物量和养分动态连续12个月进行监测。结果表明,桉树人工林的凋落物总量为5 a>9 a>7 a,5 a生桉树人工林的凋落物总量显著高于7和9 a生林分,且7和9 a生林分间没有显著差异。不同林龄桉树人工林凋落物总量具有明显的季节变化,均呈双峰型,峰值出现在雨季初期和末期。林分结构因子同凋落物量相关性不显著,但气候因子中的月均温与凋落物量存在显著正相关关系。不同林龄桉树人工林的养分年循环量由凋落物量和凋落物养分含量共同决定,氮、磷、钾元素的养分年归还总量为9 a>7 a>5 a,且彼此间达到显著差异。凋落物养分元素归还高峰期集中在雨季前后,以冬季养分归还量较低。因此,为增加桉树人工林产量且利于人工林地力恢复,桉树人工林应适当增加种植年限,且采伐季节选择在冬季。
In order to understand the changes in litterfall and nutrient cycling of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis plantations with different ages on Leizhou Peninsula, the litterfall amount and nutrient return of Eucalyptus plantations with different ages were surveyed continued for 12 months. The results showed that the annual contents of litterfall of Eucalyptus plantations were in the order of 5 a>9 a>7 a, the total litterfall of 5 a plantation was significantly higher than that of 7 a and 9 a plantations, but there was no significant difference between later plantations. The litterfall contents of Eucalyptus plantations with different ages showed obvious seasonal changes with bimodal pattern, and the peak values appeared in the early or late rainy season. There was no significant correlation between forest structure factors and amount of litterfall, but there was a significant positive correlation between the monthly average temperature and litterfall amount. The annual nutrient flux of different forest ages was dominated by amount of litterfall and nutrient content. The annual nutrient flux of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Eucalyptus plantations was in the order of 9 a>7 a>5 a, and there were significant differences among them. The peak period of nutrient restitution was concentrated around the rainy season, while the amount of nutrient restitution in winter was low. Therefore, in order to increase the yield of Eucalyptus plantation and facilitate the recovery of plantation soil fertility, the planting years of Eucalyptus plantation should be increased and the cutting season should be in winter.
In order to understand the changes in litterfall and nutrient cycling of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis plantations with different ages on Leizhou Peninsula, the litterfall amount and nutrient return of Eucalyptus plantations with different ages were surveyed continued for 12 months. The results showed that the annual contents of litterfall of Eucalyptus plantations were in the order of 5 a>9 a>7 a, the total litterfall of 5 a plantation was significantly higher than that of 7 a and 9 a plantations, but there was no significant difference between later plantations. The litterfall contents of Eucalyptus plantations with different ages showed obvious seasonal changes with bimodal pattern, and the peak values appeared in the early or late rainy season. There was no significant correlation between forest structure factors and amount of litterfall, but there was a significant positive correlation between the monthly average temperature and litterfall amount. The annual nutrient flux of different forest ages was dominated by amount of litterfall and nutrient content. The annual nutrient flux of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Eucalyptus plantations was in the order of 9 a>7 a>5 a, and there were significant differences among them. The peak period of nutrient restitution was concentrated around the rainy season, while the amount of nutrient restitution in winter was low. Therefore, in order to increase the yield of Eucalyptus plantation and facilitate the recovery of plantation soil fertility, the planting years of Eucalyptus plantation should be increased and the cutting season should be in winter.
引文
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[13]WANG Z C,DU A P,CHEN S X.Tree growth and soil organic matter characteristics under different soil preparation methods in young Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis stands[J].Eucalypt Sci Technol,2014,31(4):38-42.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3172.2014.04.008.王志超,杜阿朋,陈少雄.3种整地措施下尾巨桉幼林生长及土壤有机质变化特征研究[J].桉树科技,2014,31(4):38-42.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3172.2014.04.008.
[14]TSIKNIA M,TZANAKAKIS V A,OIKONOMIDIS D,et al.Effects of olive mill wastewater on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling[J].Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2014,98(6):2739-2749.doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5272-4.
[15]LU R K.Soil Argrochemistry Analysis Protocoes[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Science Press,1999.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[16]LIU C J,HANNU I,BJ?RN B,et al.Aboveground litterfall in Eurasian forests[J].J For Res,2003,14(1):27-34.doi:10.1007/BF02856758.
[17]LIN Y,ZHANG Y,HUANG X Y,et al.Litterfall and decomposition of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis plantation in coastal sandy soil[J].JNE For Univ,2014,42(3):11-14.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2014.03.003.林宇,张勇,黄秀勇,等.滨海沙地尾巨桉人工林凋落物及其分解[J].东北林业大学学报,2014,42(3):11-14.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2014.03.003.
[18]LIU Y,ZHANG J,FENG M S.Dynamics of litter production,nutrient return and decomposition of four Eucalyptus grandis plantation[J].Sci Silv Sin,2006,42(7):1-10.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2006.07.001.刘洋,张健,冯茂松.巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态[J].林业科学,2006,42(7):1-10.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2006.07.001.
[19]CIZUNGU L,STAELENS J,HUYGENS D,et al.Litterfall and leaf litter decomposition in a central African tropical mountain forest and Eucalyptus plantation[J].For Ecol Manag,2014,326:109-116.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.015.
[20]WENG H,LI Z A,TU M Z,et al.The production and nutrient contents of litter in forests of Ding Hu Shan mountain[J].Acta Phytoecol Geobot Sin,1993,17(4):299-304.翁轰,李志安,屠梦照,等.鼎湖山森林凋落物量及营养元素含量研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1993,17(4):299-304.
[21]LIN B,LIU Q,WU Y,et al.Advances in the studies of forest litter[J].Chin J Ecol,2004,23(1):60-64.林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):60-64.
[22]ERKAN N,COMEZ A,AYDIN A C,et al.Litterfall in relation to stand parameters and climatic factors in Pinus brutia forests in Turkey[J].Scand J For Res,2018,33(4):338-346.doi:10.1080/02827581.2017.1406135.
[23]ZHANG X P,WANG X P,ZHU B,et al.Litter fall production in relation to environmental factors in northeast China’s forests[J].J Plant Ecol,2008,32(5):1031-1040.doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008.张新平,王襄平,朱彪,等.我国东北主要森林类型的凋落物产量及其影响因素[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(5):1031-1040.doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008.
[24]LI X F,HAN S J,LI Y W,et al.Litterfall in main forest ecosystems of northeast China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2005,16(5):783-788.李雪峰,韩士杰,李玉文,等.东北地区主要森林生态系统凋落量的比较[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(5):783-788.
[25]XU W M,YAN W D,LI J B,et al.Amount and dynamic characteristics of litterfall in four forest types in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2013,33(23):7570-7575.doi:10.5846/stxb201102210194.徐旺明,闫文德,李洁冰,等.亚热带4种森林凋落物量及其动态特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(23):7570-7575.doi:10.5846/stxb201102210194.
[26]ZHAO G,DING X D,WANG R P,et al.Phosphorus absorption of two different Eucalyptus cultivars at different tree ages in the Leizhou Peninsula[J].J Zhejiang Agric For Univ,2012,29(3):407-411.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.03.013.赵贵,丁效东,王荣萍,等.雷州半岛桉树不同品种和树龄对磷吸收的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报,2012,29(3):407-411.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.03.013.
[2]POLGLASE P J,ATTIWILL P M,ADAMS M A.Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalypus regnans F.Muell:II.N mineralization and nitrification[J].Plant Soil,1992,142(2):167-176.doi:10.1007/BF00010963.
[3]BERNHARDREVERSAT F.Litterfall,litter quality and decomposition changes with eucalypt hybrids and plantation age.[J].Thermochim Acta,1982,53(2):175-182.doi:10.1016/0040-6031(82)85006-5.
[4]da SILVA C F,do CARMOéR,MARTINS M A,et al.Deposition and nutritional quality of the litter of pure stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium[J].Biosci J,2015,31(4):1081-1091.doi:10.14393/BJ-v31n4a2015-26297.
[5]OYEDEJI S,ANIMASAUN D A,OGUKUNLE C O,et al.Influence of tree characters and climate on litter characteristics in Daniellia oliveri(Rolfe)Hutch.&Dalziel[J].J Appl Sci Environ Manag,2014,18(1):85-90.doi:10.4314/jasem.v18i1.12.
[6]YANY C D.Decline of quantity and quality of soil organic matter is the key factor restricting the growth of plantation in China[J].Sci Silv Sin,2016,52(12):1-12.doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20161201.杨承栋.我国人工林土壤有机质的量和质下降是制约林木生长的关键因子[J].林业科学,2016,52(12):1-12.doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20161201.
[7]BAI X F,XU F L,WANG W L.Research advance on soil degradation and fertilization of larch plantations in China[J].World For Res,2016,29(1):75-79.doi:10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2016.01.009.白小芳,徐福利,王渭玲.我国落叶松人工林地力衰退与施肥研究综述[J].世界林业研究,2016,29(1):75-79.doi:10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2016.01.009.
[8]XIE Y J.Primary studies on sustainable management strategy of eucalyptus plantation in China[J].World For Res,2003,16(5):59-64.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4241.2003.05.013.谢耀坚.中国桉树人工林可持续经营战略初探[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(5):59-64.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4241.2003.05.013.
[9]LIAO G R.Review of researches on soil problems of eucalyptus plantation sites in China[J].Ecol Environ,2003,12(1):119-121.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2003.01.029.廖观荣.我国桉树人工林立地土壤问题研究概况[J].生态环境学报,2003,12(1):119-121.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2003.01.029.
[10]RONG Y.Study on dynamics of litter production,quality and decomposition of E.urophylla×E.grandis and Acacia crassicarpa plantations[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2009.doi:10.7666/d.y1599336.荣薏.尾巨桉和厚荚相思人工林凋落物产量、性质及其分解动态的研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2009.doi:10.7666/d.y1599336.
[11]LIU W F,FAN H B,GAO C F,et al.Litter production and its nutrient fluxes in an age sequence of Eucalyptus plantations[J].Chin J Ecol,2009,28(10):1928-1934.刘文飞,樊后保,高春芬,等.连续年龄序列桉树人工林凋落物量及养分通量[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(10):1928-1934.
[12]XU Y X,WANG Z C,ZHU W K,et al.Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil C,N,P,and K in three types of plantations on the Leizhou Peninsula[J].J Zhejiang Agric For Univ,2018,35(1):35-42.doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.005.许宇星,王志超,竹万宽,等.雷州半岛3种速生人工林下土壤生态化学计量特征[J].浙江农林大学学报,2018,35(1):35-42.doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.005.
[13]WANG Z C,DU A P,CHEN S X.Tree growth and soil organic matter characteristics under different soil preparation methods in young Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis stands[J].Eucalypt Sci Technol,2014,31(4):38-42.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3172.2014.04.008.王志超,杜阿朋,陈少雄.3种整地措施下尾巨桉幼林生长及土壤有机质变化特征研究[J].桉树科技,2014,31(4):38-42.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3172.2014.04.008.
[14]TSIKNIA M,TZANAKAKIS V A,OIKONOMIDIS D,et al.Effects of olive mill wastewater on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling[J].Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2014,98(6):2739-2749.doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5272-4.
[15]LU R K.Soil Argrochemistry Analysis Protocoes[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Science Press,1999.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[16]LIU C J,HANNU I,BJ?RN B,et al.Aboveground litterfall in Eurasian forests[J].J For Res,2003,14(1):27-34.doi:10.1007/BF02856758.
[17]LIN Y,ZHANG Y,HUANG X Y,et al.Litterfall and decomposition of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis plantation in coastal sandy soil[J].JNE For Univ,2014,42(3):11-14.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2014.03.003.林宇,张勇,黄秀勇,等.滨海沙地尾巨桉人工林凋落物及其分解[J].东北林业大学学报,2014,42(3):11-14.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5382.2014.03.003.
[18]LIU Y,ZHANG J,FENG M S.Dynamics of litter production,nutrient return and decomposition of four Eucalyptus grandis plantation[J].Sci Silv Sin,2006,42(7):1-10.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2006.07.001.刘洋,张健,冯茂松.巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态[J].林业科学,2006,42(7):1-10.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7488.2006.07.001.
[19]CIZUNGU L,STAELENS J,HUYGENS D,et al.Litterfall and leaf litter decomposition in a central African tropical mountain forest and Eucalyptus plantation[J].For Ecol Manag,2014,326:109-116.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.015.
[20]WENG H,LI Z A,TU M Z,et al.The production and nutrient contents of litter in forests of Ding Hu Shan mountain[J].Acta Phytoecol Geobot Sin,1993,17(4):299-304.翁轰,李志安,屠梦照,等.鼎湖山森林凋落物量及营养元素含量研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1993,17(4):299-304.
[21]LIN B,LIU Q,WU Y,et al.Advances in the studies of forest litter[J].Chin J Ecol,2004,23(1):60-64.林波,刘庆,吴彦,等.森林凋落物研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):60-64.
[22]ERKAN N,COMEZ A,AYDIN A C,et al.Litterfall in relation to stand parameters and climatic factors in Pinus brutia forests in Turkey[J].Scand J For Res,2018,33(4):338-346.doi:10.1080/02827581.2017.1406135.
[23]ZHANG X P,WANG X P,ZHU B,et al.Litter fall production in relation to environmental factors in northeast China’s forests[J].J Plant Ecol,2008,32(5):1031-1040.doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008.张新平,王襄平,朱彪,等.我国东北主要森林类型的凋落物产量及其影响因素[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(5):1031-1040.doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.008.
[24]LI X F,HAN S J,LI Y W,et al.Litterfall in main forest ecosystems of northeast China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2005,16(5):783-788.李雪峰,韩士杰,李玉文,等.东北地区主要森林生态系统凋落量的比较[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(5):783-788.
[25]XU W M,YAN W D,LI J B,et al.Amount and dynamic characteristics of litterfall in four forest types in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2013,33(23):7570-7575.doi:10.5846/stxb201102210194.徐旺明,闫文德,李洁冰,等.亚热带4种森林凋落物量及其动态特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(23):7570-7575.doi:10.5846/stxb201102210194.
[26]ZHAO G,DING X D,WANG R P,et al.Phosphorus absorption of two different Eucalyptus cultivars at different tree ages in the Leizhou Peninsula[J].J Zhejiang Agric For Univ,2012,29(3):407-411.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.03.013.赵贵,丁效东,王荣萍,等.雷州半岛桉树不同品种和树龄对磷吸收的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报,2012,29(3):407-411.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.03.013.
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