我国采煤沉陷区治理实践与对策分析
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摘要
采煤沉陷区治理利用是煤矿区生态文明建设和解决土地资源紧张的重要措施,笔者在介绍采煤沉陷区治理研究新进展、工程实践与政策法规现状的基础上,对目前存在的法律体系不完善、组织机构不健全、治理资金难落实、有效治理技术缺乏等一系列突出问题进行了较为深入的剖析。针对上述问题,从政府主导、综合治理、规划引领、理清责任、制度保证等方面总结分析了采煤沉陷区治理中应遵循的基本原则,重点提出了城市周边采煤沉陷区、积水采煤沉陷区、远离城市采煤沉陷区、西部干旱半干旱采煤沉陷区治理以及煤炭低损害开采、资源枯竭矿山地上地下空间转型利用开发的关键技术与预期成果,同时,详细论述了健全完善采煤沉陷区治理相关政策。最后对国内采煤沉陷区治理方面取得的成果予以总结和肯定,并展望了采煤沉陷区治理领域的发展方向和研究重点,为推动采煤沉陷区治理利用及其相关领域科学研究提供了思路。
The control and utilization of the coal mining subsidence area would be important measures to build the ecological civilization of the mine area and to solve the tension of the land resources. Based on an introduction on a new progress of the control study on the coal mining subsidence area,the engineering practices and the policy and regulation status,a detail analysis was conducted on the present existed imperfect legal system,the unsound organization structure,difficulty implemented control funds,lack of the effective control technology and other series of the prominent problems. According to the above problems,from the government main leading,the comprehensive control the planning leadership,the responsibility clearing up,the system insurance and other aspects,the paper summarized and analyzed the basic principles abided in the control of the coal mining subsidence areas and focused and provided the control of the coal mining subsidence area around the city,the coal mining subsidence area with water pool,the coal mining subsidence area far distance from the city and the coal mining subsidence area in the arid and semi-arid area of Western China as well as the key technology and expected achievements of the low damage coal mining and the utilization and development of the surface and underground space transformation in the resource exhausted mine. Meanwhile,the paper had a detail statement on the related policies of the perfect and improved coal mining subsidence area control. Finally,the summarization and definition were made on the achievements from the control aspects of the coal mining subsidence areas in China. The paper had a prospect on the development orientation and study key points to control the coal mining subsidence area in order to provide the idea to promote the control and utilization of the coal mining subsidence area and to scientifically study on related area.
The control and utilization of the coal mining subsidence area would be important measures to build the ecological civilization of the mine area and to solve the tension of the land resources. Based on an introduction on a new progress of the control study on the coal mining subsidence area,the engineering practices and the policy and regulation status,a detail analysis was conducted on the present existed imperfect legal system,the unsound organization structure,difficulty implemented control funds,lack of the effective control technology and other series of the prominent problems. According to the above problems,from the government main leading,the comprehensive control the planning leadership,the responsibility clearing up,the system insurance and other aspects,the paper summarized and analyzed the basic principles abided in the control of the coal mining subsidence areas and focused and provided the control of the coal mining subsidence area around the city,the coal mining subsidence area with water pool,the coal mining subsidence area far distance from the city and the coal mining subsidence area in the arid and semi-arid area of Western China as well as the key technology and expected achievements of the low damage coal mining and the utilization and development of the surface and underground space transformation in the resource exhausted mine. Meanwhile,the paper had a detail statement on the related policies of the perfect and improved coal mining subsidence area control. Finally,the summarization and definition were made on the achievements from the control aspects of the coal mining subsidence areas in China. The paper had a prospect on the development orientation and study key points to control the coal mining subsidence area in order to provide the idea to promote the control and utilization of the coal mining subsidence area and to scientifically study on related area.
引文
[1]李树志.我国采煤沉陷土地损毁及其复垦技术现状与展望[J].煤炭科学技术,2014,42(1):93-97.LI Suzhi. Present status and outlook on land damage and reclamation technology of mining subsidence area in China[J].Coal Science and Technology,2014,42(1):93-97.
[2]李凤明.我国采煤沉陷区治理技术现状及发展趋势[J].煤矿开采,2011,16(3):8-10.LI Fengming. Curret status and development tendency of coal mining subsidence area treatment technology in China[J]. Coal Mining Technology,2011,16(3):8-10.
[3]李斯佳,王金满,万德鹏,等.采煤沉陷地微地形改造及其应用研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(6):1612-1619.LI Sijia,WANG Jinman,WAN Depeng,et al.Micro-landform modification and its application in coal-mining subsidence area[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2018,37(6):1612-1619.
[4]黄元仿,张世文,张立平,等.露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):72-82.HUANG Yuanfang,ZHANG Shiwen,ZHANG Liping,et al.Research progress on conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of coal mine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):72-82.
[5]中国煤炭学会.煤矿区土地复垦与生态修复学科发展报告:2016—2017[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2018.
[6]胡振琪,赵艳玲,赵姗,等.矿区土地复垦工程可垦性分析[J].农业工程学报,2004(4):264-267.HU Zhenqi,ZHAO Yanling,ZHAO Shan,et al. Analysis of reclamation feasibility in land reclamation planning[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004(4):264-267.
[7]胡振琪,张光灿,魏忠义,等.煤矸石山的植物种群生长及其对土壤理化特性的影响[J].中国矿业大学学报,2003,32(5):25-29,33.HU Zhenqi,ZHANG Guangcan,WEI Zhongyi. et al. Vegetation growth and its effect on soil physical and chemical properties in coal waste plies[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2003,32(5):25-29,33.
[8]胡振琪,戚家忠,司继涛.不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):214-218.HU Zhenqi,QI Jiazhong,SI Jitao.Contamination and assessment of heavy metals in fly ash reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2003,19(2):214-218.
[9]王双明,范立民,黄庆享,等.榆神矿区煤水地质条件及保水开采[J].西安科技大学学报,2010,30(1):1-6.WANG Shuangming,FAN Limin,HUANG Qingxiang,et al. Coal water geological conditions and water conserving mining for Yushen Coal Mine Area[J]. Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology,2010,30(1):1-6.
[10]王双明,范立民,黄庆享,等.陕北生态脆弱矿区煤炭与地下水组合特征及保水开采[J].金属矿山,2009(S1):697-702,707.WANG Shuangming,FAN Limin,HUANG Qingxiang,et al. Study on coal mining for protecting ecological water level in the ecological fragile mining area[J]. Metal Mine,2009(S1):697-702,707.
[11]顾大钊.能源“金三角”煤炭现代开采水资源及地表生态保护技术[J].中国工程科学,2013,15(4):102-107.GU Dazhao. Water resource and surface ecology protection technology of modern coal mining in China’s energy“Golden Triangle”[J].Engineering Sciences,2013,15(4):102-107.
[12]顾大钊,张建民.西部矿区现代煤炭开采对地下水赋存环境的影响[J].煤炭科学技术,2012,40(12):114-117.GU Dazhao,ZHANG Jianmin.Modern coal mining affected to underground water deposit environment in west China mining area[J].Coal Science and Technology,2012,40(12):114-117.
[13]毕银丽,解文武,李少朋,等.不同条件下的硅酸盐细菌C6X菌株释钾效果[J].科技导报,2015,33(8):18-23.BI Yinli,XIE Wenwu,LI Shaopeng,et al. Potassium-dissolving effects of silicate bacteria C6X strain under different conditions[J].Science&Technology Review,2015,33(8):18-23.
[14]毕银丽,王瑾,冯颜博,等.菌根对干旱区采煤沉陷地紫穗槐根系修复的影响[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1758-1764.BI Yinli,WANG Jin,FENG Yanbo,et al.Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza on root self-repairing action of Amorpha fruticosa L. in coal mining subsidence land in arud areas[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1758-1764.
[15]毕银丽,陈书琳,孔维平,等.接种微生物对大豆生长及其根际土壤的影响[J].生态科学,2014,33(1):121-126.BI Yinli,CHEN Shulin,KONG Weiping,et al. Effect of microorganism inoculation on growth of soybean and its rhizosphere soil[J].Ecological Science,2014,33(1):121-126.
[16]李树志,刁乃勤.矿业城市生态建设规划与沉陷区湿地构建技术研究及应用[J].矿山测量,2016,44(3):65-69.LI Shuzhi,DIAO Naiqin.Research and application of ecological construction in mining industrial cities and wetlands construction in mining subsidence areas[J].Mine Surveying,2016,44(3):65-69.
[17]李树志.采煤沉陷区城市建设关键技术研究与应用[J].煤矿开采,2016,21(2):73-77.LI Shuzhi. Studying and application of key technology of urban construction in mining subsidence area[J].Coal Mining Technology,2016,21(2):73-77.
[18]白中科,郧文聚.矿区土地复垦与复垦土地的再利用:以平朔矿区为例[J].资源与产业,2008(5):32-37.BAI Zhongke,YUN Wenju. A case study on Pingshuo Mining Area:land rehabilitation and reutilization in mining districts[J].Resources&Industries,2008(5):32-37.
[19]毕银丽,邹慧,彭超,等.采煤沉陷对沙地土壤水分运移的影响[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(S2):490-496.BI Yinli,ZOU Hui,PENG Chao,et al. Effects of mining subsidence on soil water movement in sandy area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(S2):490-496.
[20]李晶,韩颖,杨震,等.基于温度植被干旱指数的兖州煤田煤炭开采影响边界遥感提取[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(19):258-265.LI Jing,HAN Ying,YANG Zhen,et al. Identification of boundary by coal-mining influence on ecology by remote sensing in Yanzhou coalfield based on temperature vegetation drought index[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(19):258-265.
[21]陈俊杰,邹友峰,郭文兵.厚松散层下下沉系数与采动程度关系研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(2):250-254.CHEN Junjie,ZOU Youfeng,GUO Wenbing. Study on the relationship between subsidence coefficient and mining degree under a thick alluvium stratum[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(2):250-254.
[22]李树志,高荣久.塌陷地复垦土壤特性变异研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(5):792-794.LI Shuzhi,GAO Rongjiu.Variability of reclaimed soil properties in subsided land[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2006,25(5):792-794.
[23]鲁叶江,李树志.近郊采煤沉陷积水区人工湿地构建技术:以唐山南湖湿地建设为例[J].金属矿山,2015(4):56-60.LU Yjiang,LI Shuzhi.Constructed wetlands technologies in syburb mining subsidence seeper area:a case study in south lake of Tangshan[J].Metal Mine,2015(4):56-60.
[24]李树志,白国良,田迎斌.煤矸石回填地基的环境效应研究[J].地球科学与环境学报,2011,33(4):412-415,420.LI Shuzhi,BAI Guoliang,TIAN Yingbin. Study on environmental effect of foundation backfill with coal gangue[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2011,33(4):412-415,420.
[25]郭友红,李树志,高均海.不同年度复垦土壤微生物研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(16):8575-8576,8647.GUO Youhong,LI Shuzhi,GAO Junhai.Study on microorganism of reclaimed soil in different years[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(16):8575-8576,8647.
[26]陈利生,李学良.采煤塌陷区煤矸石回填复垦技术[J].金属矿山,2014(9):137-141.CHEN Lisheng,LI Xueliang.Techniques of gangue backfilling and reclamation in subsidence region of coal mined[J].Metal Mine,2014(9):137-141.
[27]鲁叶江.压实处理对矸石充填复垦土壤水分的影响[J].煤炭科学技术,2010,38(11):125-128.LU Yejiang.Compaction treatment affected to moisture content of coal reject backfilling reclaimed land[J].Coal Science and Technology,2010,38(11):125-128.
[28]姜升,刘立忠.动态沉陷区建筑复垦技术实践[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(12):1622-1625.JIANG Sheng,LIU Lizhong.Practice of land reclamation technique by constructing buildings in dynamic subsidence area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(12):1622-1625.
[2]李凤明.我国采煤沉陷区治理技术现状及发展趋势[J].煤矿开采,2011,16(3):8-10.LI Fengming. Curret status and development tendency of coal mining subsidence area treatment technology in China[J]. Coal Mining Technology,2011,16(3):8-10.
[3]李斯佳,王金满,万德鹏,等.采煤沉陷地微地形改造及其应用研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(6):1612-1619.LI Sijia,WANG Jinman,WAN Depeng,et al.Micro-landform modification and its application in coal-mining subsidence area[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2018,37(6):1612-1619.
[4]黄元仿,张世文,张立平,等.露天煤矿土地复垦生物多样性保护与恢复研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):72-82.HUANG Yuanfang,ZHANG Shiwen,ZHANG Liping,et al.Research progress on conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of coal mine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):72-82.
[5]中国煤炭学会.煤矿区土地复垦与生态修复学科发展报告:2016—2017[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2018.
[6]胡振琪,赵艳玲,赵姗,等.矿区土地复垦工程可垦性分析[J].农业工程学报,2004(4):264-267.HU Zhenqi,ZHAO Yanling,ZHAO Shan,et al. Analysis of reclamation feasibility in land reclamation planning[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004(4):264-267.
[7]胡振琪,张光灿,魏忠义,等.煤矸石山的植物种群生长及其对土壤理化特性的影响[J].中国矿业大学学报,2003,32(5):25-29,33.HU Zhenqi,ZHANG Guangcan,WEI Zhongyi. et al. Vegetation growth and its effect on soil physical and chemical properties in coal waste plies[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2003,32(5):25-29,33.
[8]胡振琪,戚家忠,司继涛.不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):214-218.HU Zhenqi,QI Jiazhong,SI Jitao.Contamination and assessment of heavy metals in fly ash reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2003,19(2):214-218.
[9]王双明,范立民,黄庆享,等.榆神矿区煤水地质条件及保水开采[J].西安科技大学学报,2010,30(1):1-6.WANG Shuangming,FAN Limin,HUANG Qingxiang,et al. Coal water geological conditions and water conserving mining for Yushen Coal Mine Area[J]. Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology,2010,30(1):1-6.
[10]王双明,范立民,黄庆享,等.陕北生态脆弱矿区煤炭与地下水组合特征及保水开采[J].金属矿山,2009(S1):697-702,707.WANG Shuangming,FAN Limin,HUANG Qingxiang,et al. Study on coal mining for protecting ecological water level in the ecological fragile mining area[J]. Metal Mine,2009(S1):697-702,707.
[11]顾大钊.能源“金三角”煤炭现代开采水资源及地表生态保护技术[J].中国工程科学,2013,15(4):102-107.GU Dazhao. Water resource and surface ecology protection technology of modern coal mining in China’s energy“Golden Triangle”[J].Engineering Sciences,2013,15(4):102-107.
[12]顾大钊,张建民.西部矿区现代煤炭开采对地下水赋存环境的影响[J].煤炭科学技术,2012,40(12):114-117.GU Dazhao,ZHANG Jianmin.Modern coal mining affected to underground water deposit environment in west China mining area[J].Coal Science and Technology,2012,40(12):114-117.
[13]毕银丽,解文武,李少朋,等.不同条件下的硅酸盐细菌C6X菌株释钾效果[J].科技导报,2015,33(8):18-23.BI Yinli,XIE Wenwu,LI Shaopeng,et al. Potassium-dissolving effects of silicate bacteria C6X strain under different conditions[J].Science&Technology Review,2015,33(8):18-23.
[14]毕银丽,王瑾,冯颜博,等.菌根对干旱区采煤沉陷地紫穗槐根系修复的影响[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1758-1764.BI Yinli,WANG Jin,FENG Yanbo,et al.Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza on root self-repairing action of Amorpha fruticosa L. in coal mining subsidence land in arud areas[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1758-1764.
[15]毕银丽,陈书琳,孔维平,等.接种微生物对大豆生长及其根际土壤的影响[J].生态科学,2014,33(1):121-126.BI Yinli,CHEN Shulin,KONG Weiping,et al. Effect of microorganism inoculation on growth of soybean and its rhizosphere soil[J].Ecological Science,2014,33(1):121-126.
[16]李树志,刁乃勤.矿业城市生态建设规划与沉陷区湿地构建技术研究及应用[J].矿山测量,2016,44(3):65-69.LI Shuzhi,DIAO Naiqin.Research and application of ecological construction in mining industrial cities and wetlands construction in mining subsidence areas[J].Mine Surveying,2016,44(3):65-69.
[17]李树志.采煤沉陷区城市建设关键技术研究与应用[J].煤矿开采,2016,21(2):73-77.LI Shuzhi. Studying and application of key technology of urban construction in mining subsidence area[J].Coal Mining Technology,2016,21(2):73-77.
[18]白中科,郧文聚.矿区土地复垦与复垦土地的再利用:以平朔矿区为例[J].资源与产业,2008(5):32-37.BAI Zhongke,YUN Wenju. A case study on Pingshuo Mining Area:land rehabilitation and reutilization in mining districts[J].Resources&Industries,2008(5):32-37.
[19]毕银丽,邹慧,彭超,等.采煤沉陷对沙地土壤水分运移的影响[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(S2):490-496.BI Yinli,ZOU Hui,PENG Chao,et al. Effects of mining subsidence on soil water movement in sandy area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(S2):490-496.
[20]李晶,韩颖,杨震,等.基于温度植被干旱指数的兖州煤田煤炭开采影响边界遥感提取[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(19):258-265.LI Jing,HAN Ying,YANG Zhen,et al. Identification of boundary by coal-mining influence on ecology by remote sensing in Yanzhou coalfield based on temperature vegetation drought index[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(19):258-265.
[21]陈俊杰,邹友峰,郭文兵.厚松散层下下沉系数与采动程度关系研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(2):250-254.CHEN Junjie,ZOU Youfeng,GUO Wenbing. Study on the relationship between subsidence coefficient and mining degree under a thick alluvium stratum[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(2):250-254.
[22]李树志,高荣久.塌陷地复垦土壤特性变异研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(5):792-794.LI Shuzhi,GAO Rongjiu.Variability of reclaimed soil properties in subsided land[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2006,25(5):792-794.
[23]鲁叶江,李树志.近郊采煤沉陷积水区人工湿地构建技术:以唐山南湖湿地建设为例[J].金属矿山,2015(4):56-60.LU Yjiang,LI Shuzhi.Constructed wetlands technologies in syburb mining subsidence seeper area:a case study in south lake of Tangshan[J].Metal Mine,2015(4):56-60.
[24]李树志,白国良,田迎斌.煤矸石回填地基的环境效应研究[J].地球科学与环境学报,2011,33(4):412-415,420.LI Shuzhi,BAI Guoliang,TIAN Yingbin. Study on environmental effect of foundation backfill with coal gangue[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2011,33(4):412-415,420.
[25]郭友红,李树志,高均海.不同年度复垦土壤微生物研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(16):8575-8576,8647.GUO Youhong,LI Shuzhi,GAO Junhai.Study on microorganism of reclaimed soil in different years[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(16):8575-8576,8647.
[26]陈利生,李学良.采煤塌陷区煤矸石回填复垦技术[J].金属矿山,2014(9):137-141.CHEN Lisheng,LI Xueliang.Techniques of gangue backfilling and reclamation in subsidence region of coal mined[J].Metal Mine,2014(9):137-141.
[27]鲁叶江.压实处理对矸石充填复垦土壤水分的影响[J].煤炭科学技术,2010,38(11):125-128.LU Yejiang.Compaction treatment affected to moisture content of coal reject backfilling reclaimed land[J].Coal Science and Technology,2010,38(11):125-128.
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