黄土塬滑坡地貌演化与水文过程响应机理
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摘要
中国黄土高原地区农业灌溉面积较大,使得地下水位显著上升。在甘肃省黑方台地区,因灌溉引起的黄土滑坡灾害达几十起,通过野外调查和数值模拟对黑方台滑坡灾害与地下水的响应规律进行研究。黑台地区滑坡具有明显的地貌演化特征,在此基础上,建立黑台水文地质数值模型。模拟结果表明,黄土泥流型滑坡的发生会影响地下水系统的边界条件,通过不断扩大的渗透面增加黑台地下水系统的排泄量,同时,因为塬面面积的变小进而减小地下水系统总的补给量。在给定的补给量的条件下,黑台地下水位首先随着滑坡的持续发生达到峰值,然后降低到接近2004年的水位,达到近似稳定状态,此时滑坡的累计体积达到了4 600万m~3。考虑到2004年的地下水位仍然高到足够引发泥流型滑坡灾害,此时黑台的塬面面积将会减少至7.8km~2以下。如果不采取有效的措施,滑坡还会继续发生,研究区的滑坡灾害风险将会持续很长时间。
Due to the large area of agricultural irrigation in the Loess Plateau,the groundwater table in the plateau has been greatly increased and a large number of landslides have been induced.In the Heifangtai region of Gansu Province,dozens of loess landslides caused by irrigation has occurred.This paper studies the response law of landslide hazard and groundwater in Heifangtai region through field investigation and numerical simulation.The landslide in Heifangtai region has obvious geomorphological evolution characteristics.On this basis,the numerical model of Heitai platform hydrogeology is established.The simulation results show that the occurrence of loess landslide will affect the boundary conditions of the groundwater system,and increase the drainage of the Heitai groundwater system through the expanding seepage face.At the same time,because the irrigated area becomes smaller,the total recharge of the groundwater system is reduced.For a fixed recharge amount,the groundwater phreatic level first peaked with the continuation of the landslide,and then decreased to a level close to the 2004 level,and the cumulative volume of the landslide reached 4 600×104 m~3.Considering that the groundwater level in 2004 is still high enough to cause landslides,the area of the Heitai will be reduced by less than 7.8 km~2.If effective measures are not taken,the landslide will continue to occur and the risk of landslide disasters in the study area will continue for a long time.
Due to the large area of agricultural irrigation in the Loess Plateau,the groundwater table in the plateau has been greatly increased and a large number of landslides have been induced.In the Heifangtai region of Gansu Province,dozens of loess landslides caused by irrigation has occurred.This paper studies the response law of landslide hazard and groundwater in Heifangtai region through field investigation and numerical simulation.The landslide in Heifangtai region has obvious geomorphological evolution characteristics.On this basis,the numerical model of Heitai platform hydrogeology is established.The simulation results show that the occurrence of loess landslide will affect the boundary conditions of the groundwater system,and increase the drainage of the Heitai groundwater system through the expanding seepage face.At the same time,because the irrigated area becomes smaller,the total recharge of the groundwater system is reduced.For a fixed recharge amount,the groundwater phreatic level first peaked with the continuation of the landslide,and then decreased to a level close to the 2004 level,and the cumulative volume of the landslide reached 4 600×104 m~3.Considering that the groundwater level in 2004 is still high enough to cause landslides,the area of the Heitai will be reduced by less than 7.8 km~2.If effective measures are not taken,the landslide will continue to occur and the risk of landslide disasters in the study area will continue for a long time.
引文
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[2] GAO G R,Formation and development of the structure of collapsing loess in China[J].Engineering Geology,1988,25(2-4):235-245.DOI:10.1016/0013-7952(88)90029-4.
[3] LIN Z G,WANG S J.Collapsibility and deformation characteristics of deep-seated loess in China[J].Engineering Geology,1988,25(2-4):271-282.DOI:10.1016/0013-7952(88)90032-4.
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[6]马鹏辉，彭建兵，王启耀，等．泾阳南塬典型黄土滑坡成因、堆积及运动特征分析[J]．工程地质学报，2018,26(4):109-117.(MA P H,PENG J B,WANG Q Y,et al.2018.Formation mechanism,deposits and motion characteristics of the typical loess landslide in south Jingyang platform[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2018,26(4):930-938.(in Chinese))DOI:CNKI:SUN:GCDZ.0.2018-04-013.
[7]段钊，彭建兵，王启耀．泾阳南塬多序次黄土滑坡特征参数与成因[J]．山地学报，2016,34(1):71-76.(DUAN Z,PENG J B,WANG Q Y.Characteristic parameter and formation mechanism of repeatedly failure Loess Landslides[J].Mountain Research.2016,34(1):71-76.(in Chinese))DOI:10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.000102.
[8]许元珺，谷天峰，王家鼎，等．黄土裂隙的漫灌效应对斜坡稳定性的影响分析[J]．水文地质工程地质，2017.44(4):153-159.(XU Y J,GU T F,WANG J D,et al.An analysis of the influence of the loess fissures flooding effect on slope stability[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017.44(4):153-159.(in Chinese))DOI:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2017.04.23.
[9] XU L,DAI FC,TU XB,et al.Landslides in a loess platform,North-West China[J].Landslides,2014,11(6):993-1005.DOI:10.1007/s10346-013-0445-x.
[10] PENG J B,MA P H,WANG Q Y,et al.Interaction between landsliding materials and the underlying erodible bed in a loess flowslide[J].Eng Geol.2018,234(21):38-49.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.01.001.
[11]许强，彭大雷，亓星，等．2015年4.29甘肃黑方台党川2滑坡基本特征与成因机理研究[J]．工程地质学报，2016,24(2):167-180.(XU Q,PENG D L,QI X,et al.Dangchuan 2#landslide of April 29,2015in Heifangtai Area of Gansu Province:Characteristices and failure mechanism[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2016,167-180.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2016.02.001.
[12] XU L,DAI F C,GONG Q M,et al..Irrigation-induced loess flow failure in Heifangtai Platform,North-West China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,66(6):1707-1713.DOI:10.1007/s12665-011-0950-y.
[13] MIRUS B B,SMITH J B,BAUM R L.Hydrologic impacts of landslide disturbances:Implications for remobilization and hazard persistence[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53:8250-8265,DOI:10.1002/2017WR020842.
[14] QIU H J,CUI P,REGMI AD,et al.The effects of slope length and slope gradient on the size distributions of loess slides:field observations and simulations[J].Geomorphology 2018,300:69-76.DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.10.020.
[15] ZHUANG J Q,PENG J B,WANG G H,et al.Distribution and characteristics of landslide in Loess Plateau:A case study in Shaanxi province[J].Engineering Geology,2017:S0013795217303538.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.001.
[16] DERBYSHIRE E.Landslides in the thick loess terrain of north-west China[M].DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.03438.x.
[17]张茂省，李同录．黄土滑坡诱发因素及其形成机理研究[J]．工程地质学报，2011,19(4):530-540.(ZHANG M S,LI T L.Triggering factors and forming mechanism of loess landslides[J].Journal of Engineering Geology.2007,15(4):530-540.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2011.04.014.
[18]张茂省，朱立峰，胡炜，等．灌溉引起的地质环境变化与黄土地质灾害———以甘肃黑方台罐区为例[M]．北京：科学出版社，2017.(ZHANG M S,ZHU L F,HU W,et al.Geological environment changes and loess disater caused by irrigation:A case study of Heifangtai irrigation district in Gansu province[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017.(in Chinese))
[19]董英，贾俊，张茂省，等．甘肃永靖黑方台地区灌溉诱发作用与黄土滑坡响应[J]．地质通报，2013.32(6):893-898.(DONG Y,JIA J,ZHANG M S,et al.An analysis of the inducing effects of irrigation and the responses of loess landslides in Heifangtai area[J].Geological Bulletin of China.2013.32(6):893-898.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2013.06.011.
[20] QI X,XU Q,LIU FZ.Analysis of retrogressive loess flowslides in Heifangtai,China[J].Engineering Geology,2018.236(26):119-128.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.028.
[21]许领．灌溉诱发黄土滑坡机理研究[D]．北京：中国科学院大学，2010.(XU L.The mechanism of irrigation triggered loess landslide[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.(in Chinese))
[22]许领，戴福初，邝国麟，等．台缘裂缝发育特征、成因机制及其对黄土滑坡的意义[J]．地质论评，2009,55(1):85-90.(XU L,DAI F C,KUANG G L,et al.Characteristics and forming mechanisms of the plateau-edge cracks and their significance to loess landslides[J].Geologica l Review,2009,55(1):85-90.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.i ssn:0371-5736.2009.01.010.
[23]许领，戴福初，邝国麟，等．黄土滑坡典型工程地质问题分析[J]．岩土工程学报．2009,31(2):287-293.(XU L,DAI F C,KUANG G L,et al.Analysis of some special engineering-geological problems of loess landslide[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2009,31(2):287-293.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2009.02.024
[24]王念秦，张倬元．黄土滑坡灾害研究[M]．兰州：兰州大学出版社．2006.(WANG N Q,ZHANG Z Y.Study on loess landslide[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,2006.(in Chinese))
[25]吴伟江，王念秦．甘肃滑坡灾害[M]．兰州：兰州大学出版社，2006.(WU W J,WANG N Q.Gansu landslide disaster[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press.2006.(in Chinese))
[26] FAN X M,XU Q,SCARINGI GV,et al.A chemo-mechanicalinsight into the failure mechanism of frequently occurred landslidesin the loess plateau,Gansu Province,China[J].Engineering Geology,2017(228):337-345.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.003.
[2] GAO G R,Formation and development of the structure of collapsing loess in China[J].Engineering Geology,1988,25(2-4):235-245.DOI:10.1016/0013-7952(88)90029-4.
[3] LIN Z G,WANG S J.Collapsibility and deformation characteristics of deep-seated loess in China[J].Engineering Geology,1988,25(2-4):271-282.DOI:10.1016/0013-7952(88)90032-4.
[4] ZHANG F,WANG G,KAMAI T,et al.Undrained shear behavior of loess saturated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution[J].Engineering Geology,2013,155:69-79.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.12.018.
[5] ZHOU Y F,THAM L G,YAN W M,et al.Laboratory study on soil behavior in loess slope subjected to infiltration[J].Engineering Geology,2014,183:31-38.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.09.010.
[6]马鹏辉，彭建兵，王启耀，等．泾阳南塬典型黄土滑坡成因、堆积及运动特征分析[J]．工程地质学报，2018,26(4):109-117.(MA P H,PENG J B,WANG Q Y,et al.2018.Formation mechanism,deposits and motion characteristics of the typical loess landslide in south Jingyang platform[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2018,26(4):930-938.(in Chinese))DOI:CNKI:SUN:GCDZ.0.2018-04-013.
[7]段钊，彭建兵，王启耀．泾阳南塬多序次黄土滑坡特征参数与成因[J]．山地学报，2016,34(1):71-76.(DUAN Z,PENG J B,WANG Q Y.Characteristic parameter and formation mechanism of repeatedly failure Loess Landslides[J].Mountain Research.2016,34(1):71-76.(in Chinese))DOI:10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.000102.
[8]许元珺，谷天峰，王家鼎，等．黄土裂隙的漫灌效应对斜坡稳定性的影响分析[J]．水文地质工程地质，2017.44(4):153-159.(XU Y J,GU T F,WANG J D,et al.An analysis of the influence of the loess fissures flooding effect on slope stability[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017.44(4):153-159.(in Chinese))DOI:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2017.04.23.
[9] XU L,DAI FC,TU XB,et al.Landslides in a loess platform,North-West China[J].Landslides,2014,11(6):993-1005.DOI:10.1007/s10346-013-0445-x.
[10] PENG J B,MA P H,WANG Q Y,et al.Interaction between landsliding materials and the underlying erodible bed in a loess flowslide[J].Eng Geol.2018,234(21):38-49.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.01.001.
[11]许强，彭大雷，亓星，等．2015年4.29甘肃黑方台党川2滑坡基本特征与成因机理研究[J]．工程地质学报，2016,24(2):167-180.(XU Q,PENG D L,QI X,et al.Dangchuan 2#landslide of April 29,2015in Heifangtai Area of Gansu Province:Characteristices and failure mechanism[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2016,167-180.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13544/j.cnki.jeg.2016.02.001.
[12] XU L,DAI F C,GONG Q M,et al..Irrigation-induced loess flow failure in Heifangtai Platform,North-West China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,66(6):1707-1713.DOI:10.1007/s12665-011-0950-y.
[13] MIRUS B B,SMITH J B,BAUM R L.Hydrologic impacts of landslide disturbances:Implications for remobilization and hazard persistence[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53:8250-8265,DOI:10.1002/2017WR020842.
[14] QIU H J,CUI P,REGMI AD,et al.The effects of slope length and slope gradient on the size distributions of loess slides:field observations and simulations[J].Geomorphology 2018,300:69-76.DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.10.020.
[15] ZHUANG J Q,PENG J B,WANG G H,et al.Distribution and characteristics of landslide in Loess Plateau:A case study in Shaanxi province[J].Engineering Geology,2017:S0013795217303538.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.001.
[16] DERBYSHIRE E.Landslides in the thick loess terrain of north-west China[M].DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.03438.x.
[17]张茂省，李同录．黄土滑坡诱发因素及其形成机理研究[J]．工程地质学报，2011,19(4):530-540.(ZHANG M S,LI T L.Triggering factors and forming mechanism of loess landslides[J].Journal of Engineering Geology.2007,15(4):530-540.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2011.04.014.
[18]张茂省，朱立峰，胡炜，等．灌溉引起的地质环境变化与黄土地质灾害———以甘肃黑方台罐区为例[M]．北京：科学出版社，2017.(ZHANG M S,ZHU L F,HU W,et al.Geological environment changes and loess disater caused by irrigation:A case study of Heifangtai irrigation district in Gansu province[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017.(in Chinese))
[19]董英，贾俊，张茂省，等．甘肃永靖黑方台地区灌溉诱发作用与黄土滑坡响应[J]．地质通报，2013.32(6):893-898.(DONG Y,JIA J,ZHANG M S,et al.An analysis of the inducing effects of irrigation and the responses of loess landslides in Heifangtai area[J].Geological Bulletin of China.2013.32(6):893-898.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2013.06.011.
[20] QI X,XU Q,LIU FZ.Analysis of retrogressive loess flowslides in Heifangtai,China[J].Engineering Geology,2018.236(26):119-128.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.028.
[21]许领．灌溉诱发黄土滑坡机理研究[D]．北京：中国科学院大学，2010.(XU L.The mechanism of irrigation triggered loess landslide[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.(in Chinese))
[22]许领，戴福初，邝国麟，等．台缘裂缝发育特征、成因机制及其对黄土滑坡的意义[J]．地质论评，2009,55(1):85-90.(XU L,DAI F C,KUANG G L,et al.Characteristics and forming mechanisms of the plateau-edge cracks and their significance to loess landslides[J].Geologica l Review,2009,55(1):85-90.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.i ssn:0371-5736.2009.01.010.
[23]许领，戴福初，邝国麟，等．黄土滑坡典型工程地质问题分析[J]．岩土工程学报．2009,31(2):287-293.(XU L,DAI F C,KUANG G L,et al.Analysis of some special engineering-geological problems of loess landslide[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.2009,31(2):287-293.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-4548.2009.02.024
[24]王念秦，张倬元．黄土滑坡灾害研究[M]．兰州：兰州大学出版社．2006.(WANG N Q,ZHANG Z Y.Study on loess landslide[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,2006.(in Chinese))
[25]吴伟江，王念秦．甘肃滑坡灾害[M]．兰州：兰州大学出版社，2006.(WU W J,WANG N Q.Gansu landslide disaster[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press.2006.(in Chinese))
[26] FAN X M,XU Q,SCARINGI GV,et al.A chemo-mechanicalinsight into the failure mechanism of frequently occurred landslidesin the loess plateau,Gansu Province,China[J].Engineering Geology,2017(228):337-345.DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.003.
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