2015年冬季京津冀两次重污染天气过程气象成因
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摘要
为了分析京津冀地区2015年11月27日～12月1日和12月19日～25日这2次重污染过程,从环流形势、大气稳定度条件、动力条件、水汽条件、近地层风场输送等几个方面对重污染天气的形成机制展开分析,结果表明:这2次重污染天气过程均属于静稳型,津京冀各地重度以上污染时长均超过50%.在大范围静稳形势存在时,过程一期间边界层内的垂直扩散条件较过程二偏弱,过程一期间地面辐合线位置偏北且维持不动,过程二期间辐合线位置偏南且略微南北摆动,导致了2次过程重污染区域和污染增长速率的不同.对北京而言,过程一前期降雪融化提供了有利水汽条件,弱偏南风有利于污染物和水汽的输送,混合层高度持续异常偏低(京津冀平均混合层高度339m)、过程期间伴随弱下沉运动(0～2Pa/s)、多层逆温(且厚度大)造成日变化不明显,地面辐合线在北京中部维持等多重因素,使得污染浓度极高,北京地区PM_(2.5)峰值浓度达593μg/m~3.过程二前期采取了减排措施,能见度和PM_(2.5)日变化大、污染发展较过程一前期平缓;后期不利气象条件叠加污染排放,导致了PM_(2.5)爆发式增长,其中邢台PM_(2.5)峰值浓度达70μg/m~3,增长率超过7.2μg/(m~3·h).
In order to analyze the two heavy pollution processes in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area from November 27 to December 1(process 1) and December 19 to 25(process 2), 2015, the formation mechanism of heavy pollution weather was analyzed from circulation situation, atmospheric stability condition, dynamic condition, water vapor condition and near-surface wind field transportation. These two heavy polluted weather processes belonged to stationary type, and the duration of heavy polluted weather in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was more than 50%. In the presence of large-scale static and stable situation, the vertical diffusion condition in the boundary layer during process 1 was weaker than that of process 2. During the first period of the process, the position of the surface convergence line was northward and remains unchanged, while the position of the convergence line was south and slightly north-south oscillation during the second process, which resulted in the difference of heavy pollution area and pollution growth rate between two processes. For Beijing, snowfall melting provided favorable water vapor conditions in the early stage of process 1. Weak southerly wind was beneficial to the transport of pollutants and water vapor. The height of mixing layer remained abnormally low(the average height of mixing layer in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was 339 m), accompanied by weak subsidence movement(0～2 Pa/s) and multi-layer inversion(and thickness) during the process, which caused no obvious diurnal variation. Simultaneously, the surface convergence line maintained in central Beijing. Due to these multiple factors, Beijing was seriously polluted in process 1 with peak concentration of PM2.5 reached to 593μg/m3. In the early stage of process 2, emission reduction measures were adopted, visibility and PM2.5 changed greatly, and pollution development was more gentle than that of process 1. In the later stage of process 2, adverse meteorological conditions combined with pollution emissions resulted in the explosive growth of PM2.5, with the peak concentration of PM2.5 in Xingtai reaching 700μg/m3 and the growth rate exceeding 7.2μg/(m3·h).
In order to analyze the two heavy pollution processes in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area from November 27 to December 1(process 1) and December 19 to 25(process 2), 2015, the formation mechanism of heavy pollution weather was analyzed from circulation situation, atmospheric stability condition, dynamic condition, water vapor condition and near-surface wind field transportation. These two heavy polluted weather processes belonged to stationary type, and the duration of heavy polluted weather in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was more than 50%. In the presence of large-scale static and stable situation, the vertical diffusion condition in the boundary layer during process 1 was weaker than that of process 2. During the first period of the process, the position of the surface convergence line was northward and remains unchanged, while the position of the convergence line was south and slightly north-south oscillation during the second process, which resulted in the difference of heavy pollution area and pollution growth rate between two processes. For Beijing, snowfall melting provided favorable water vapor conditions in the early stage of process 1. Weak southerly wind was beneficial to the transport of pollutants and water vapor. The height of mixing layer remained abnormally low(the average height of mixing layer in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was 339 m), accompanied by weak subsidence movement(0～2 Pa/s) and multi-layer inversion(and thickness) during the process, which caused no obvious diurnal variation. Simultaneously, the surface convergence line maintained in central Beijing. Due to these multiple factors, Beijing was seriously polluted in process 1 with peak concentration of PM2.5 reached to 593μg/m3. In the early stage of process 2, emission reduction measures were adopted, visibility and PM2.5 changed greatly, and pollution development was more gentle than that of process 1. In the later stage of process 2, adverse meteorological conditions combined with pollution emissions resulted in the explosive growth of PM2.5, with the peak concentration of PM2.5 in Xingtai reaching 700μg/m3 and the growth rate exceeding 7.2μg/(m3·h).
引文
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[25]Nozaki K Y.Mixing depth model vsing hourly surface observations.report7053[Z].USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center,1973.
[26]李军,游松财,黄敬峰.基于GIS的中国陆地表面粗糙度长度的空间分布[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2006,24(2):185-189.Li J,You S C,Huang J F.Spatial distribution of ground roughness length based on GIS in China[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science),2006,24(2):185-189.
[27]张恒德,吕梦瑶,张碧辉,等.2014年2月下旬京津冀持续重污染过程的静稳天气及传输条件分析[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4340-4351.Zhang H D,Lv M Y,Zhang B H,et al.Analysis of the stagnant meteorological situation and the transmission condition of continuous heavy pollution course from February 20 to 26,2014 in BeijingTianjin-Hebei[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4340-4351.
[28]翟华,朱彬,赵雪婷,等.长江三角洲初冬一次重污染天气成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(11):4001-4009.Zhai H,Zhu B,Zhao X T,et al.Analysis of a heavy air pollution event in early winter in the Yangtze River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(11):4001-4009.
[29]李二杰,刘晓慧,李洋,等.一次重污染过程及其边界层气象特征量分析[J].干旱气象,2015,33(5):856-860.Li E J,Liu X H,Li Y,et al.Analysis of boundary layer meteorology characteristic parameters during a continuous heavy pollution event[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2015,33(5):856-860.
[30]Sun Y L,Wei D,Fu P Q,et al.Primary and secondary aerosols in Beijing in winter:Sources,variations and processes[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2016,16(13):1-41.
[31]李琦,银燕,顾雪松,等.南京夏季气溶胶吸湿增长因子和云凝结核的观测研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):337-346.Li Q,Yin Y,Gu X S,et al.An observational study of aerosol hygroscopic growth factor and cloud condensation nuclei in Nanjing in summer[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(2):337-346.
[32]廖晓农,张小玲,王迎春,等.北京地区冬夏季持续性雾-霾发生的环境气象条件对比分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2031-2044.Liao X N,Zhang X L,Wang Y C,et al.Comparative analysis on meteorological condition for persistent haze cases in summer and winter in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2031-2044.
[2]Sun Y L,Jiang Q,Wang Z F,et al.Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe haze pollution in Beijing in January2013[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2014,119(7):4380-4398.
[3]江琪,王飞,张恒德,等.2013~2015年北京市PM2.5、反应性气体和气溶胶粒径的特性分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3647-3657.Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al.The characteristics of PM2.5、Reactive gas and aerosol Size Distributions of Beijing from 2013 to2015[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(10):3647-3657.
[4]徐祥德,周丽,周秀骥,等.城市环境大气重污染过程周边源影响域[J].中国科学:地球科学,2004,34(10):958-966.Xu X D,Zhou L,Zhou X J,et al.Peripheral source influence area of urban environmental atmospheric heavy pollution process[J].Science in China,Ser.D,2004,34(10):958-966.
[5]Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Fu P Q,et al.Aerosol composition,sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2013,13(1):2077-2123.
[6]Meng Z Y,Lin W L,Jiang X M,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric ammonia over Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(12):6139-6151.
[7]Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Fu P,et al.The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:927-934.
[8]赵晨曦,王云琦,王玉杰,等.北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):418-426.Zhao C X,Wang Y Q,Wang Y J,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution status and the correlation of particulate matters and meteorological factors during winter and spring in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):418-426.
[9]杨志文,元洁,吴琳,等.2015年2月天津市大气颗粒物数浓度变化及其与气象条件的关系[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(7):4125-4132.Yang Z W,Yuan J,Wu L,et al.Characteristics of particle number concentration during February in 2015 in Tianjin and their relationship with meteorological conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(7):4125-4132.
[10]Zhao C X,Wang Y Q,Wang Y J,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution status and the correlation of particulate matters and meteorological factors during winter and spring in Beijing][J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):418-427.
[11]Wang G J,Ogawa A S.Effects of meteorological conditions on PM2.5concentrations in Nagasaki,Japan[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2015,12(8):9089-9101.
[12]张恒德,张碧辉,吕梦瑶,等.北京地区静稳天气综合指数的初步构建及其在环境气象中的应用[J].气象,2017,43(8):998-1004.Zhang H D,Zhang B H,Lv M Y,et al.Development and application of stable weather index of Beijing in environmental meteorology[J].Meteorological Monthly,2017,43(8):998-1004.
[13]Sun Y L,Wang Z F,Dong H B,et al.Characterization of summer organic and inorganic aerosols in Beijing,China with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,51:250-259.
[14]Jietai M,Chengcai L.Observation study of aerosol radiative properities over China[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,2006,20(3):306-321.
[15]Pasch A N,Macdonald C P,Gilliam R C,et al.Meteorological characteristics associated with PM2.5 air pollution in Cleveland,Ohio,during the 2009~2010 Cleveland Multiple Air Pollutants Study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(39):7026-7035.
[16]Liu X G,Li J,Qu Y,et al.Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze:a case study in the megacity Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13,9(2013-05-02),2013,13(9):4501-4514.
[17]Tran H N Q,M?Lders N.Investigations on meteorological conditions for elevated PM2.5 in Fairbanks,Alaska[J].Atmospheric Research,2011,99(1):39-49.
[18]江琪,王飞,张恒德,等.北京市PM2.5和反应性气体浓度的变化特征及其与气象条件的关系[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):829-837.Jiang Q,Wang F.Zhang H D,et al.Analysis of temporal variation characteristics and meteorological conditions of reactive gas and PM2.5in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):829-837.
[19]薛文博,付飞,王金南,等.中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1361-1368.Fu W B,Fu F,Wang J N,et al.Numerical study on the characteristics of regional transport of PM2.5 in China[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(6):1361-1368.
[20]王丛梅,杨永胜,李永占,等.2013年1月河北省中南部严重污染的气象条件及成因分析[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(7):695-702.Wang C M,Yang Y S,Li Y Z,et al.Analysis on the meteorological condition and formation mechanism of serious pollution in South Hebei Province in January 2013[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(7):695-702.
[21]苏福庆,高庆先,张志刚,等.北京边界层外来污染物输送通道[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):26-29.Su F Q,Gao Q X,Zhang Z G,et al.Transport pathways of pollutants from outside in atmosphere boundary layer[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):26-29.
[22]任阵海,万本太,虞统,等.不同尺度大气系统对污染边界层的影响及其水平流场输送[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):7-13.Ren Z H,Wan B T,Yu T,et al.Influence of weather system of different scales on pollution boundary layer and the transport in horizontal current field[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):7-13.
[23]史宝忠,郑方成.对大气混合层高度确定方法的比较分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),1997,(2):138-141.Shi B Z,Zheng F C.On the determination of mixed layer height[J].Journal of Xian University of Architecture&Technology,1997,(2):138-141.
[24]马金,郑向东.混合层厚度的经验计算及与探空观测对比分析[J].应用气象学报,2011,22(5):567-576.Ma J,Zheng X D.Comparisons of boundary mixing layer depths determined by the empirical calculation and radiosonde profiles[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2011,22(5):567-576.
[25]Nozaki K Y.Mixing depth model vsing hourly surface observations.report7053[Z].USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center,1973.
[26]李军,游松财,黄敬峰.基于GIS的中国陆地表面粗糙度长度的空间分布[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2006,24(2):185-189.Li J,You S C,Huang J F.Spatial distribution of ground roughness length based on GIS in China[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science),2006,24(2):185-189.
[27]张恒德,吕梦瑶,张碧辉,等.2014年2月下旬京津冀持续重污染过程的静稳天气及传输条件分析[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4340-4351.Zhang H D,Lv M Y,Zhang B H,et al.Analysis of the stagnant meteorological situation and the transmission condition of continuous heavy pollution course from February 20 to 26,2014 in BeijingTianjin-Hebei[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4340-4351.
[28]翟华,朱彬,赵雪婷,等.长江三角洲初冬一次重污染天气成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(11):4001-4009.Zhai H,Zhu B,Zhao X T,et al.Analysis of a heavy air pollution event in early winter in the Yangtze River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(11):4001-4009.
[29]李二杰,刘晓慧,李洋,等.一次重污染过程及其边界层气象特征量分析[J].干旱气象,2015,33(5):856-860.Li E J,Liu X H,Li Y,et al.Analysis of boundary layer meteorology characteristic parameters during a continuous heavy pollution event[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2015,33(5):856-860.
[30]Sun Y L,Wei D,Fu P Q,et al.Primary and secondary aerosols in Beijing in winter:Sources,variations and processes[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2016,16(13):1-41.
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