黔江区污水处理厂污泥中重金属生态风险评价与健康风险评估
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摘要
采用ICP,AAS,AFS法测定了重庆市黔江排水有限公司污水处理厂终端污泥中9种重金属(Zn,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,As,Cd,Hg)的质量分数,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、 Hakanson潜在生态危害法、 Muller地累积指数法对污泥中9种重金属生态风险进行评价,同时,基于US EPA健康风险评价模型对5种重金属(Zn,Cu,Mn,Pb,Hg)进行非致癌健康风险评估,对另外4种重金属(Cr,Ni,As,Cd)进行致癌健康风险评估.生态风险评价表明, Ni,Cr,Pb无污染,生态危害程度很低,但Muller地累积指数法分析显示Cu,Zn,Hg,As存在一定生态危害风险,同时, Hakanson潜在生态危害风险评价和Muller地累积指数法评价均表明, Cd生态危害程度较高;健康风险评估表明该厂污泥中重金属基本不存在非致癌健康风险和致癌健康风险,但Cu,Mn的非致癌总风险相对较高,且各重金属经手口摄入途径产生最高非致癌健康风险,儿童所承受的非致癌健康风险高于成人约5.9倍,但儿童所承受的总致癌健康风险略低于成人.
Systematic measurement was made of the contents of 9 heavy metals(Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Cd and Hg) in the final sludge of the Sewage Treatment Plant of Qianjiang Drainage Co., Ltd. in Chongqing. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, Hankanson potential ecological risk assessment and Muller geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate the ecological risk of the 9 heavy metals. Based on the health risk assessment of US EPA, non-carcinogenic health risk assessment and carcinogenic health risk assessment were made, respectively, of 5 non-carcinogenic heavy metals(Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and Hg) and 4 carcinogenic heavy metals(Cr, Ni, As and Cd). Ecological risk evaluation indicated low pollution and no ecological hazard of Ni, Cr and Pb, but Hankanson potential ecological risk assessment demonstrated a certain degree of ecological hazard of Cu, Zn, Hg and As. Both Hankanson potential ecological risk assessment and Muller geoaccumulation index method revealed a rather high ecological risk of Cd. Health risk assessment showed virtually nonexistent non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk of the heavy metals in the sludge of the sewage treatment plant, but Cu and Mn generated relatively high non-carcinogenic risks, and the hand mouth intake exposure pathway produced relatively high non-carcinogenic risk. In addition, the total non-carcinogenic risk superimposed on children was about 5.9 times higher than that superimposed on adults, but the total carcinogenic risk superimposed on children was slightly lower than that superimposed on adults.
Systematic measurement was made of the contents of 9 heavy metals(Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Cd and Hg) in the final sludge of the Sewage Treatment Plant of Qianjiang Drainage Co., Ltd. in Chongqing. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, Hankanson potential ecological risk assessment and Muller geoaccumulation index were used to evaluate the ecological risk of the 9 heavy metals. Based on the health risk assessment of US EPA, non-carcinogenic health risk assessment and carcinogenic health risk assessment were made, respectively, of 5 non-carcinogenic heavy metals(Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and Hg) and 4 carcinogenic heavy metals(Cr, Ni, As and Cd). Ecological risk evaluation indicated low pollution and no ecological hazard of Ni, Cr and Pb, but Hankanson potential ecological risk assessment demonstrated a certain degree of ecological hazard of Cu, Zn, Hg and As. Both Hankanson potential ecological risk assessment and Muller geoaccumulation index method revealed a rather high ecological risk of Cd. Health risk assessment showed virtually nonexistent non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk of the heavy metals in the sludge of the sewage treatment plant, but Cu and Mn generated relatively high non-carcinogenic risks, and the hand mouth intake exposure pathway produced relatively high non-carcinogenic risk. In addition, the total non-carcinogenic risk superimposed on children was about 5.9 times higher than that superimposed on adults, but the total carcinogenic risk superimposed on children was slightly lower than that superimposed on adults.
引文
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[22]李如忠,潘成荣,陈婧,等.铜陵市区表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2261-2270.
[23]张文超,吕森林,刘丁,等.宣威街道中重金属的分布特征及其健康风险评估[J].环境科学,2015,5(36):1810-1817.
[24]MONDAL D,ROLYA D A.Rice is a Major Exposure Route for Arsenic in Chakdaha Block,Nadia District,West Bengal,India:A Probabilistic Risk Assessment[J].Applied Geochemistry,2008,23(11):2987-2998.
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[28]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[29]王喆,刘少卿,陈晓明,等.健康环境评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.
[30]段小丽,聂静,王宗爽,等.健康风险评价中人体暴露参数的国内外研究概况[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(4):370-373.
[31]王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1164-1170.
[32]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.
[33]中华人民共和国卫生部.中国卫生统计年鉴[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2007:207-208.
[34]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[R/OL].http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=3806f9efc8b4c2ac3163bdbd1786ee40&site=xueshu_se.
[35]LIM H S,LEE J S,CHON H T,et al.Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of the Abandoned Songcheon Au-Ag mine in Korea[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2008,96(2/3):223-230.
[2]姚金铃,王海燕,于云江,等.城市污水处理厂污泥重金属污染状况及特征[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(6):696-702.
[3]CAI Q Y,MO C H,WU Q T,et al.Concentration and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Six Different Sewage Sludge-Composts[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,147(3):1063-1072.
[4]刘朋超,麻泽浩,魏鹏刚,等.长江流域重金属污染特征及综合防治研究进展[J].三峡生态环境监测,2018,3(3):33-37.
[5]OLAWOYIN R,OYEWOLE S A,GRAYSON R L.Potential Risk Effect from Elevated Levels of Soil Heavy Metals on Human Health in the Niger Delta.[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,85:120-130.
[6]REYNDERS H,BERVOETS L,GELDERS M,et al.Accumulation and Effects of Metals in Caged Carp and Resident Roach Along a Metal Pollution Gradient.[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,391(1):82-95.
[7]谢辉,陈卓,杨阳,等.贵阳市南明河城区底泥中的重金属与有机质研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,25(4):44-47.
[8]文竹,李江,王兴,等.贵州省污水处理厂污泥中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险评价[J].中国农村水利水电,2006(12):67-73,78.
[9]刘敬勇,孙水裕,许燕滨,等.广州城市污泥中重金属的存在特征及其农用生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(12):2545-2556.
[10]涂剑成,赵庆良,杨倩倩.东北地区城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属的形态分布及其潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(3):689-695.
[11]胡子梅,王军,陶征楷,等.上海市PM2.5重金属污染水平与健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(12):3399-3406.
[12]张永江,邓茂,黄晓容,等.典型生态旅游城市黔江区大气污染物分析及健康风险评估[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,42(4):81-87.
[13]郭念,江韬,魏世强,等.典型工业退役场地土壤重金属污染及风险评价[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,39(5):118-125.
[14]李莹莹,张永江,邓茂,等.武陵山区域典型生态保护城市饮用水源地水质人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(2):282-290.
[15]王济,王世杰.土壤中重金属环境污染元素的来源及作物效应[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(2):113-120.
[16]ALVAREZ E A,MOCHN M C,SNCHEZ J C J,et al.Heavy Metal Extractable Forms in Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants[J].Chemosphere,2002,47(7):765-775.
[17]ZHANG W,FENG H,CHANG J,et al.Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface Sediments of Yangtze River Intertidal Zone:An Assessment from Different Indexes[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1533-1543.
[18]HAKANSON L.An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control.A Sedimentological Approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[19]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1995:82-91.
[20]何绪文,房增强,王宇翔,等.北京某污水处理厂污泥重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(3):1092-1098.
[21]成杭新,李括,李敏,等.中国城市土壤化学元素的背景值与基准值[J].地学前缘,2014,21(3):265-306.
[22]李如忠,潘成荣,陈婧,等.铜陵市区表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2261-2270.
[23]张文超,吕森林,刘丁,等.宣威街道中重金属的分布特征及其健康风险评估[J].环境科学,2015,5(36):1810-1817.
[24]MONDAL D,ROLYA D A.Rice is a Major Exposure Route for Arsenic in Chakdaha Block,Nadia District,West Bengal,India:A Probabilistic Risk Assessment[J].Applied Geochemistry,2008,23(11):2987-2998.
[25]FERREIRA-BAPTISTA L,MIGUEL E D.Geochemistry and Risk Assessment of Street Dust in Luanda,Angola:ATropical Urban Environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[26]DE MIGUEL E,IRIBARREN I,CHACN E,et al.Risk-Based Evaluation of the Exposure of Children to Trace Elements in Playgrounds in Madrid(Spain)[J].Chemosphere,2007,66(3):505-513.
[27]IVAN G,RABIA A G.Potential Health Risk Assessment for Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in the Central Zone of Belgrade(Serbia)[J].Journal of the Serbia Chemical Society,2008,73(8/9):923-934.
[28]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[29]王喆,刘少卿,陈晓明,等.健康环境评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.
[30]段小丽,聂静,王宗爽,等.健康风险评价中人体暴露参数的国内外研究概况[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(4):370-373.
[31]王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1164-1170.
[32]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.
[33]中华人民共和国卫生部.中国卫生统计年鉴[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2007:207-208.
[34]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites[R/OL].http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=3806f9efc8b4c2ac3163bdbd1786ee40&site=xueshu_se.
[35]LIM H S,LEE J S,CHON H T,et al.Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of the Abandoned Songcheon Au-Ag mine in Korea[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2008,96(2/3):223-230.
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