三峡库区腹地万州段农村自来水厂卫生管理现状研究
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摘要
目的研究三峡库区腹地万州段农村自来水厂卫生管理现状及饮水危害因素。方法选择三峡库区腹地万州段93家农村自来水厂作为研究对象,于2017年对其水厂基本情况与卫生管理现状进行调查,对其出厂水开展卫生监测。结果 93家水厂中,日供水能力<500 m3/d的占82.80%,不具备处理工艺的占10.75%,偶尔消毒的占20.43%,未开展水质检测的占69.89%;无卫生许可证的占56.99%,其出厂水消毒指标合格率为71.70%,而持卫生许可证的消毒指标合格率为97.50%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ~ 2=10.654,P<0.01)。结论持卫生许可证的水厂卫生管理良好,部分水厂存在偶尔消毒且不具备水处理现象,大部分水厂无水质检测能力,水质监测合格率较低,危害因素有三氯甲烷、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、铝和锰,尤以总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和铝超标突出,同时部分水质浑浊和消毒剂不合格。建议水厂应强化业务培训,提高卫生管理水平,消除饮水危害因素,防止介水疾病发生。
OBJECTIVE To study the current situation and risk factors of health management of rural waterworks in the Three Gorges reservoir area. METHODS A total of 93 rural waterworks in the Wanzhou Section of the Three Gorges reservoir area were selected. The basic situation,the status of health management of the waterworks and the sanitary monitoring of the factory water were investigated in 2017. RESULTS Among the 93 waterworks,the daily water supply capacity <500 m3/d accounted for 82.80%,without the capacity of treated process accounted for 10.75%, the disinfected seldomly accounted for 20.43%, 69.89% did not carry out water quality monitoring;56.99% without sanitation permission,and the water quality monitoring pass rate was 71.70%,and the pass rate of water quality monitoring with sanitation permission was 97.50%. The difference was statistically significant(χ2=10.654,P<0.01). CONCLUSION The water factory with sanitation permission has better health management. Few waterworks have occasional disinfection and no water treatment.Most waterworks have no water quality monitoring capability and the qualified rate of water samples is relatively low. The hazard factors are chloroform,total coliform,heat-resistant coliform,aluminum,manganese,especially total coliform,heat-resistant coliform,aluminum protrusion,and some water quality turbidity and disinfectant unqualified. It is suggested that waterworks should strengthen business training,improve health management,eliminate drinking water hazards and prevent water-borne diseases.
OBJECTIVE To study the current situation and risk factors of health management of rural waterworks in the Three Gorges reservoir area. METHODS A total of 93 rural waterworks in the Wanzhou Section of the Three Gorges reservoir area were selected. The basic situation,the status of health management of the waterworks and the sanitary monitoring of the factory water were investigated in 2017. RESULTS Among the 93 waterworks,the daily water supply capacity <500 m3/d accounted for 82.80%,without the capacity of treated process accounted for 10.75%, the disinfected seldomly accounted for 20.43%, 69.89% did not carry out water quality monitoring;56.99% without sanitation permission,and the water quality monitoring pass rate was 71.70%,and the pass rate of water quality monitoring with sanitation permission was 97.50%. The difference was statistically significant(χ2=10.654,P<0.01). CONCLUSION The water factory with sanitation permission has better health management. Few waterworks have occasional disinfection and no water treatment.Most waterworks have no water quality monitoring capability and the qualified rate of water samples is relatively low. The hazard factors are chloroform,total coliform,heat-resistant coliform,aluminum,manganese,especially total coliform,heat-resistant coliform,aluminum protrusion,and some water quality turbidity and disinfectant unqualified. It is suggested that waterworks should strengthen business training,improve health management,eliminate drinking water hazards and prevent water-borne diseases.
引文
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[13]刘荣,吴和岩,张建鹏,等.广东省2011年农村饮用水水质监测结果分析[J].现代预防医学,2013,40(15):2929-2932.
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[15]邢宏,刘岚岚,王志霞,等.关于夏季水库水锰超标的原因探讨[J].中国供水卫生,2001,9(2):15-16.
[16]罗华,高大勇,陶勇,等.三峡库区万州段居民饮用水源水水质卫生状况分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2017,34(4):356-358.
[2]张琦,陈国良,陶勇.我国部分地区农村集中式供水单位卫生现状调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2015,32(5):412-414.
[3]Australian Government.National Health and Medical Research Council,Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council.Australian drinking water guideline[EB/OL].(2011-10-28)[2019-03-04].http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/eh52.
[4]原国家卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T5750-2006:生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法.2007-08-01.
[5]原国家卫生部,国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T5749-2006:生活饮用水卫生标准.2007-07-01.
[6]罗华,赵天荣,付荣生.三峡库区农村居民环境卫生现状调查及对策探讨[J].中华预防医学杂志,2008,42(5):375-376.
[7]张琦,陶勇.农村集中式供水设施供水率及其影响因素分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(3):249-251.
[8]罗华,吴波,李川,等.重庆市万州区二次供水现状及饮用水质调查分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2009,25(10):839-842.
[9]王占生,刘文君.微污染水源饮用水处理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999:32-34.
[10]程英惠,徐红霞,黄莉莉,等.孕期氯化消毒副产物三卤甲烷暴露对新生儿出生体重的影响[J].环境与健康杂志,2017,34(9):782-785.
[11]何健,蔡美,杨海霞,等.2008-2012年甘肃省农村地区集中式供水水质卫生调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2014,31(8):728-729.
[12]李雯婷,唐振柱,钟格梅,等.2008-2012年广西农村集中式供水卫生监测结果分析[J].应用预防医学,2014(1):1-5.
[13]刘荣,吴和岩,张建鹏,等.广东省2011年农村饮用水水质监测结果分析[J].现代预防医学,2013,40(15):2929-2932.
[14]罗华,李瑞恒,李洪兴,等.三峡库区腹地万州段居民饮用水风险因素研究[J].现代预防医学,2019,46(2):230-246.
[15]邢宏,刘岚岚,王志霞,等.关于夏季水库水锰超标的原因探讨[J].中国供水卫生,2001,9(2):15-16.
[16]罗华,高大勇,陶勇,等.三峡库区万州段居民饮用水源水水质卫生状况分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2017,34(4):356-358.
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