PM_(2.5)中OC/EC测定的离线分析法与在线分析法比较
|
摘要
采用离线分析法和在线分析法同步监测了武汉市PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和总碳(TC)的浓度,分析了2种方法的差别。结果表明,离线分析法与在线分析法对TC的测定结果具有很好的可比性,2种方法对TC的测定结果显著相关(r=0.970 9)。离线分析法得到的OC浓度普遍高于在线分析法,前者为后者的1.12倍,造成OC结果差异的主要原因可能是采样系统的差异。2种方法对EC测定的相关性较低(r=0.763 0),且2种方法对EC测定的精密度(相对偏差为13.14%)也不如其对TC和OC测定的精密度(相对偏差分别为3.42%和5.95%),造成EC结果差异的原因较复杂。离线分析法测得的OC/EC值明显高于在线分析法,鉴于OC/EC值在颗粒物源解析研究中具有重要意义,需要规范OC/EC分析方法。
The concentration of organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and total carbon(TC) in fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) of Wuhan city were simultaneously analyzed by off-line analysis and on-line analysis methods. The differences between the results of these two methods were compared. The results showed that the concentration of total carbon(TC) was well correlated with off-line analysis and on-line analysis, with the correlation coefficients r was 0.9709, these two methods were in good agreement with TC determination. The concentration of OC obtained by off-line analysis was generally higher than that of OC obtained by on-line analysis, with the former was 1.12 times higher than the latter. The main reason that the results of OC obtained by off-line analysis was higher than on-line analysis may be due to the difference of sampling system. The correlation between these two methods for EC determination was lower(r=0.7630), and the precision(relative deviation was 13.14%) of these two methods for EC determination was also lower than that for TC and OC determination(relative deviations were 3.42% and 5.95%, respectively). The reasons for the differences in EC results were more complicated. The OC/EC ratio measured by off-line analysis method was obviously higher than on-line analysis method. In view of the significance of OC/EC ratio in source apportionment of particulates, it is need to standardize the OC/EC analysis method.
The concentration of organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and total carbon(TC) in fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) of Wuhan city were simultaneously analyzed by off-line analysis and on-line analysis methods. The differences between the results of these two methods were compared. The results showed that the concentration of total carbon(TC) was well correlated with off-line analysis and on-line analysis, with the correlation coefficients r was 0.9709, these two methods were in good agreement with TC determination. The concentration of OC obtained by off-line analysis was generally higher than that of OC obtained by on-line analysis, with the former was 1.12 times higher than the latter. The main reason that the results of OC obtained by off-line analysis was higher than on-line analysis may be due to the difference of sampling system. The correlation between these two methods for EC determination was lower(r=0.7630), and the precision(relative deviation was 13.14%) of these two methods for EC determination was also lower than that for TC and OC determination(relative deviations were 3.42% and 5.95%, respectively). The reasons for the differences in EC results were more complicated. The OC/EC ratio measured by off-line analysis method was obviously higher than on-line analysis method. In view of the significance of OC/EC ratio in source apportionment of particulates, it is need to standardize the OC/EC analysis method.
引文
[1] BARBARA J T,PRADEEP S,ELISABETH A.Measuring and Simulating Particulate Organics in the Atmosphere:Problems and Prospects[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:2 983-3 013.
[2] HUANG R J,ZHANG Y,BOZZETTI C,et al.High Secondary Aerosol Contribution to Particulate Pollution During Haze Events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7 521):218-222.
[3] NICOLE L B,CHRISTOPHER M L.Critical Review of Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon Source Apportionment in Europe and the United States[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,144:409-427.
[4] LIU Y,YAN C Q,ZHENG M.Source Apportionment of Black Carbon During Winter in Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:531-541.
[5] ANTONELLA M,MIHAELA M,TERESA M G,et al.Fine Carbonaceous Aerosol Characteristics at a Coastal Rural Site in the Central Mediterranean as Given by OCEC Online Measurements[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2013,56:78-87.
[6] 董海燕,古金霞,陈魁,等.天津市区PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):34-38.DONG Haiyan,GU Jinxia,CHEN Kui,et al.Character and Source Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosol in PM2.5 in the Center of Tianjin City[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(1):34-38.
[7] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,CHEN L A,et al.The IMPROVE-A Temperature Protocol for Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis:Maintaining Consistency with a Long-Term Database[J].Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association,2007,57:1 014-1 023.
[8] AMMERLAAN B A J,JEDYNSKA A D,HENZING J S,et al.On a Possible Bias in Elemental Carbon Measurements with the Sunset Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyser Caused by Unstable Laser Signal Short Communication[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:571-576.
[9] MARTINA G,GIULIA C,MASSIMO C,et al.A Comparison Between Thermal- Optical Transmittance Elemental Carbon Measured by Different Protocols in PM2.5 Samples[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,571:195-205.
[10] NICHOLAS J S,NICOLE P H.Comparison of Elemental and Organic Carbon Measurements Between IMPROVE and CSN Before and After Method Transitions[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,178:173-180.
[11] AMMERLAAN B A J,HOLZINGER R,JEDYNSKA A D,et al.Technical Note:Aerosol Light Absorption Measurements with a Carbon Analyser-Calibration and Precision Estimates[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,164:1-7.
[12] 薛瑞,曾立民,吴宇声,等.大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪的研制和应用[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):95-103.XUE Rui,ZENG Limin,WU Yusheng,et al.Development and Application of an On-line Carbonaceous Aerosol Analyzer[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):95-103.
[13] 黄睿,谈静,刘琼玉.PM2.5中有机碳/元素碳测定探讨[J].江汉大学学报:自然科学版,2016,44(1):11-17.HUANG Rui,TAN Jing,LIU Qiongyu.Determination of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5)[J].Journal of Jianghan University (Nat Sci Ed),2016,44(1):11-17.
[14] 中国新闻网.周边城市焚烧秸秆致武汉现大面积雾霾[EB/OL].(2014-06-12)[2018-03-10].http://it.chinanews.com/gn/2014/06-12/6275198.shtml.
[15] 胡敏,邓志强,王轶,等.膜采样离线分析与在线测定大气细粒子中元素碳和有机碳的比较[J].环境科学,2008,29(12):3 297-3 303.HU Min,DENG Zhiqiang,WANG Yi,et al.Comparison of EC/OC in PM2.5 Between Filter Sampling Off-line Analysis and in Situ On-line Measurement[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(12):3 297-3 303.
[16] PARK S S,HARRISON D,PANCRAS J P,et al.Highly Time Resolved Organic and Elemental Carbon Measurements at the Baltimore Supersite in 2002[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110:1 010-1 029.
[17] MADERA B T,SCHAUERB J J,SEINFELDA J H,et al.Sampling Methods used for the Collection of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon During ACE-Asia[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:1 435-1 449.
[18] MINSUK B,JAMES J S,JEFFREY T D,et al.Validation of a Semi-continuous Instrument for Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon Using a Thermal-Optical Method[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:2 885-2 893.
[19] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,LU Z,et al.Descriptive Analysis of PM2.5and PM10 at Regionally Representative Locations During SJVAQAS/AUSPEX[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(12):2 079-2 112.
[20] SCHAUER J J,KLEEMAN M J,CASS G R,et al.Measurement of Emission from Air Pollution Sources C1 Through C3 Organic Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1999,33:1 578-1 180.
[21] SCHAUER J J,KLEEMAN M J,CASS G R,et al.Measurement of Emission from Air Pollution Sources C1-C3 Organic Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicle[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36:1 169-1 587.
[22] SEE S W,BALASUBRAMANIAN R.Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particles Emitted from Different Gas Cooking Methods[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(12):852-862.
[23] 中国环境监测总站.环境空气颗粒物来源解析监测方法指南(试行)[EB/OL].2版.(2014-03-11)[2018-03-10].http://www.cnemc.cn/zzjj/jgsz/fxs/gzdt_fxs/201403/t20140311_646060.shtml.
[24] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,PRITCHETT L C,et al.The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System:Description,Evaluation and Applications in United-States Air-Quality Studies[J].Atmospheric Environment Part A,1993,27A(8):1 185-1 201.
[25] YANG H,YU J Z.Uncertainties in Charring Correction in the Analysis of Elemental and Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Particles by Thermal/Optical Methods[J].Environment Science Technology,2002,36(23):5 199-5 204.
[2] HUANG R J,ZHANG Y,BOZZETTI C,et al.High Secondary Aerosol Contribution to Particulate Pollution During Haze Events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7 521):218-222.
[3] NICOLE L B,CHRISTOPHER M L.Critical Review of Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon Source Apportionment in Europe and the United States[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,144:409-427.
[4] LIU Y,YAN C Q,ZHENG M.Source Apportionment of Black Carbon During Winter in Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:531-541.
[5] ANTONELLA M,MIHAELA M,TERESA M G,et al.Fine Carbonaceous Aerosol Characteristics at a Coastal Rural Site in the Central Mediterranean as Given by OCEC Online Measurements[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2013,56:78-87.
[6] 董海燕,古金霞,陈魁,等.天津市区PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):34-38.DONG Haiyan,GU Jinxia,CHEN Kui,et al.Character and Source Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosol in PM2.5 in the Center of Tianjin City[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(1):34-38.
[7] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,CHEN L A,et al.The IMPROVE-A Temperature Protocol for Thermal/Optical Carbon Analysis:Maintaining Consistency with a Long-Term Database[J].Journal of the Air &Waste Management Association,2007,57:1 014-1 023.
[8] AMMERLAAN B A J,JEDYNSKA A D,HENZING J S,et al.On a Possible Bias in Elemental Carbon Measurements with the Sunset Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyser Caused by Unstable Laser Signal Short Communication[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:571-576.
[9] MARTINA G,GIULIA C,MASSIMO C,et al.A Comparison Between Thermal- Optical Transmittance Elemental Carbon Measured by Different Protocols in PM2.5 Samples[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,571:195-205.
[10] NICHOLAS J S,NICOLE P H.Comparison of Elemental and Organic Carbon Measurements Between IMPROVE and CSN Before and After Method Transitions[J].Atmospheric Environment,2018,178:173-180.
[11] AMMERLAAN B A J,HOLZINGER R,JEDYNSKA A D,et al.Technical Note:Aerosol Light Absorption Measurements with a Carbon Analyser-Calibration and Precision Estimates[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,164:1-7.
[12] 薛瑞,曾立民,吴宇声,等.大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪的研制和应用[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):95-103.XUE Rui,ZENG Limin,WU Yusheng,et al.Development and Application of an On-line Carbonaceous Aerosol Analyzer[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(1):95-103.
[13] 黄睿,谈静,刘琼玉.PM2.5中有机碳/元素碳测定探讨[J].江汉大学学报:自然科学版,2016,44(1):11-17.HUANG Rui,TAN Jing,LIU Qiongyu.Determination of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Fine Particulate Matters (PM2.5)[J].Journal of Jianghan University (Nat Sci Ed),2016,44(1):11-17.
[14] 中国新闻网.周边城市焚烧秸秆致武汉现大面积雾霾[EB/OL].(2014-06-12)[2018-03-10].http://it.chinanews.com/gn/2014/06-12/6275198.shtml.
[15] 胡敏,邓志强,王轶,等.膜采样离线分析与在线测定大气细粒子中元素碳和有机碳的比较[J].环境科学,2008,29(12):3 297-3 303.HU Min,DENG Zhiqiang,WANG Yi,et al.Comparison of EC/OC in PM2.5 Between Filter Sampling Off-line Analysis and in Situ On-line Measurement[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(12):3 297-3 303.
[16] PARK S S,HARRISON D,PANCRAS J P,et al.Highly Time Resolved Organic and Elemental Carbon Measurements at the Baltimore Supersite in 2002[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110:1 010-1 029.
[17] MADERA B T,SCHAUERB J J,SEINFELDA J H,et al.Sampling Methods used for the Collection of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon During ACE-Asia[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37:1 435-1 449.
[18] MINSUK B,JAMES J S,JEFFREY T D,et al.Validation of a Semi-continuous Instrument for Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon Using a Thermal-Optical Method[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:2 885-2 893.
[19] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,LU Z,et al.Descriptive Analysis of PM2.5and PM10 at Regionally Representative Locations During SJVAQAS/AUSPEX[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(12):2 079-2 112.
[20] SCHAUER J J,KLEEMAN M J,CASS G R,et al.Measurement of Emission from Air Pollution Sources C1 Through C3 Organic Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1999,33:1 578-1 180.
[21] SCHAUER J J,KLEEMAN M J,CASS G R,et al.Measurement of Emission from Air Pollution Sources C1-C3 Organic Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicle[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36:1 169-1 587.
[22] SEE S W,BALASUBRAMANIAN R.Chemical Characteristics of Fine Particles Emitted from Different Gas Cooking Methods[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(12):852-862.
[23] 中国环境监测总站.环境空气颗粒物来源解析监测方法指南(试行)[EB/OL].2版.(2014-03-11)[2018-03-10].http://www.cnemc.cn/zzjj/jgsz/fxs/gzdt_fxs/201403/t20140311_646060.shtml.
[24] CHOW J C,WATSON J G,PRITCHETT L C,et al.The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System:Description,Evaluation and Applications in United-States Air-Quality Studies[J].Atmospheric Environment Part A,1993,27A(8):1 185-1 201.
[25] YANG H,YU J Z.Uncertainties in Charring Correction in the Analysis of Elemental and Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Particles by Thermal/Optical Methods[J].Environment Science Technology,2002,36(23):5 199-5 204.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |