趋向水环境保护的城市小流域土地利用生态化——生态实践路径、空间规划策略与开发断面模式
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摘要
解析城市小流域土地利用与河流水环境的相互关系,可以帮助我们深刻理解土地利用规划与水环境管理的内在关联,为趋向水环境保护的城市土地利用生态规划提供科学依据。通过梳理前人实证性研究的相关结论,本文总结凝练小流域土地利用和水环境相互关系的规律性认知;探讨水环境管理目标对土地利用的约束和引导;提出整合水环境管理目标的城市小流域生态实践路径;从城市小流域的土地利用规模控制、类型引导和形态布局三个方面,提出提升水环境绩效的空间规划策略;针对强约束、中等约束、弱约束等三种不同约束类型的城市小流域,采用断面梯度分析法,提出从河源到河口纵向梯度的三种典型的城市小流域开发断面概念模式。探索将量化水环境目标转译为空间规划策略,可为改善城市河流水环境质量提供空间框架,有助于采用规划手段有效地应对城市水环境问题。
By analyzing the correlation between land use and water environment at the urban watershed, we can deeply understand the inter-relationships of land use planning and control to water environment management, and provide scientific basis of ecological land use planning for water environment protection. This paper summarizes the previous empirical results on the relationship between land use and water environment, discusses the restriction and guidance of water environment objectives on land use. Based on those results, this paper proposes the ecological practice approaches for urban watershed, which integrate water environment objectives to ecological land use planning. Furthermore, it puts forward spatial planning strategies for improving water environment performance,from three aspects,(non-)construction land use proportion, land use type and layout at the urban watershed. Lastly, from stream source to outlet, it proposes three conceptual models of ecological transect, aiming at three kinds of urban watershed with different degree of restriction. Exploring to translate quantitative water environment objectives into spatial planning strategies, can provide a spatial framework for improving water quality of urban streams, and also, help us to use land use planning tools to effectively cope with urban water environmental problems.
By analyzing the correlation between land use and water environment at the urban watershed, we can deeply understand the inter-relationships of land use planning and control to water environment management, and provide scientific basis of ecological land use planning for water environment protection. This paper summarizes the previous empirical results on the relationship between land use and water environment, discusses the restriction and guidance of water environment objectives on land use. Based on those results, this paper proposes the ecological practice approaches for urban watershed, which integrate water environment objectives to ecological land use planning. Furthermore, it puts forward spatial planning strategies for improving water environment performance,from three aspects,(non-)construction land use proportion, land use type and layout at the urban watershed. Lastly, from stream source to outlet, it proposes three conceptual models of ecological transect, aiming at three kinds of urban watershed with different degree of restriction. Exploring to translate quantitative water environment objectives into spatial planning strategies, can provide a spatial framework for improving water quality of urban streams, and also, help us to use land use planning tools to effectively cope with urban water environmental problems.
引文
[1]ALI M,KHAN S J.Simulation of the impacts of land-use change on surface runoff of Lai Nullah Basin in Islamabad,Pakistan[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,102(4):271-279.
[2]徐光来,许有鹏,徐宏亮.城市化水文效应研究进展[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2171-2177.
[3]颜文涛,韩易,何强.城市径流污染特征分析[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2011,33(3):136-142.
[4]颜文涛,周勤,叶林.城市土地使用规划与水环境效应:研究综述[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,29(3):35-41.
[5]颜文涛,萧敬豪,胡海,等.城市空间结构的环境绩效:进展与思考[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):50-59.
[6]颜文涛,萧敬豪.城乡规划法规与环境绩效--环境绩效视角下城乡规划法规体系的若干思考[J].城市规划,2015(11):39-47.
[7]LEE S W,HWANG S J,LEE S B,et al.Landscape ecological approach to the relationships of land use patterns in watersheds to water quality characteristics[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,92:80-89.
[8]张殷俊,陈爽,相景昌.河流近域土地利用格局与水质相关性分析--以巢湖流域为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(9):1054-1060.
[9]ALBERTI M,BOOTH D,HILL K,et al.The impact of urban patterns on aquatic ecosystems:an empirical analysis in Puget lowland sub-basins[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,80:345-361.
[10]刘丽娟,李小玉,何兴元.流域尺度上的景观格局与河流水质关系研究进展[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5460-5465.
[11]杨莎莎,汤萃文,刘丽娟,等.流域尺度上河流水质与土地利用的关系[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):1953-1961.
[12]ARNOLD C L,GIBBONS C J.Impervious surface coverage:the emergence of a key environmental indicator[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1996,62(2):243-258.
[13]BRUN S E,BAND L E.Simulating runoff behavior in an urbanizing watershed[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2000,24(1):5-22
[14]HOLLIS G E.The effect of urbanization on floods of different recurrence interval[J].Water Resources Research,1975,11(3):431-435.
[15]LEOPOLD L B.Hydrology for urban land planning:a guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use[C].US Geological Survey Circular 554,1968.
[16]刘珍环,曾祥坤.深圳市不透水表面扩展对径流量的影响[J].水资源保护,2013,29(3):44-50.
[17]陈雯.流域土地利用分区空间管制研究与初步实践--以太湖流域为例[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(1):1-8.
[18]岳隽,王仰麟,李贵才,等.基于水环境保护的流域景观格局优化理念初探[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(3),38-45.
[19]KLEIN R D.Urbanization and stream quality impairment[J].Water Resources Bulletin,1979,15(4):948-963.
[20]TODD D A,BENIENT P B,HAASBEEK J F,et al.Impact of land use and NPS loads on lake quality[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1989,115(3):633-649.
[21]BOOTH D.Urbanization and the natural drainage system:impacts,solutions and prognoses[J].Northwest Environmental Journal,1991,7(1):93-118.
[22]BHADURI B,HARBOR J,ENGEL B,et al.Assessing watershed-scale,long-term hydrologic impacts of land-use change using a GIS-NPS model[J].Environmental Management,2000,26(6):643-658.
[23]Center for Watershed Protection.Impacts of impervious cover on aquatic systems[R].Watershed Protection Research Monograph No.1.Ellicott City,Maryland,2003.
[24]岳隽,王仰麟,李正国,等.河流水质时空变化及其受土地利用影响的研究--以深圳市主要河流为例[J].水科学进展,2006,17(3):359-364.
[25]廖义善,卓慕宁,李定强,等.基于“径流-地类”参数的非点源氮磷负荷估算方法[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(8):2126-2132.
[26]傅伯杰,张立伟.土地利用变化与生态系统服务:概念、方法与进展[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(4):441-446.
[27]邹锦,颜文涛,曹静娜,等.绿色基础设施实施的规划学途径--基于与传统规划技术体系融合的方法[J].中国园林,2014(9):92-95.
[28]XIANG W N.Ecophronesis:the ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016(155):53-60.
[29]颜文涛,王正,韩贵锋,等.低碳生态城规划指标及实施途径[J].城市规划学刊,2011(3):39-50.
[30]颜文涛,王云才,象伟宁.城市雨洪管理实践需要生态实践智慧的引导[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):4926-4928.
[31]颜文涛,象伟宁,袁琳.探索传统人类聚居的生态智慧--以世界文化遗产区都江堰灌区为例[J].国际城市规划,2017(4):1-9.
[32]DUANY A,TALEN E.Transect planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2002,68(3):245-266.
(1)城市小流域是指以分水岭和城市河道出口断面为界,以城市溪流为地貌特征的一个集水区域,集水面积在10~100 km2左右。城市建设区与小流域空间单元密切相关——城市建设区可以位于小流域单元中,或由若干个小流域单元构成城市建设区。转引自:龚清宇,王林超,唐远平.中小流域尺度内雨水湿地规模模拟与设计引导,建筑学报, 2009(2):48.
(2)城市河流水环境绩效是指实现水环境目标的程度,即河流水环境绩效=河流水环境质量的实现指标/河流水环境的规划指标。绩效大于1表示规划实施后水环境质量达到并超过规划目标,绩效小于1表示规划实施后水环境质量没有达到规划目标。衡量水环境绩效的水质指标包括化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、悬浮物(TSS)等,以及地表径流总量、径流峰值、径流时间、径流系数、地下水储存量等水量指标,以及水系结构、河网形态等指标,这些指标可以表征城市河流水环境的健康程度。
(3)各类建设用地的不透水表面系数,美国高密度居住区(high density residential area,3~7住宅单位/英亩)不透水表面系数为0.20~0.40,多户家庭居住区(multifamily area,7~30住宅单位/英亩)不透水表面系数为0.35~0.60,普通商业用地不透水表面系数为0.85,工业用地不透水表面系数为0.75,购物中心不透水表面系数为0.95。转引自Soil Conservation Service, 1975。
(4)由于城市规划管理技术规定存在差异,不同类型建设用地的不透水表面系数不同(颜文涛&何强, 2016)。需要依据采样统计结果,计算不同类型建设用地的不透水表面系数。采用算式(式中为第i类建设用地面积,为第i类建设用地不透水表面率,为第i类建设用地不透水表面的面积,为建设用地不透水表面的总面积),可以将建设用地面积转化为不透水表面面积。
(1)该部分结论引用自“十二五”国家科技重大专项课题“重庆两江新区城市水系统构建技术研究与示范”研究报告(2016),课题负责人:颜文涛、何强。
[2]徐光来,许有鹏,徐宏亮.城市化水文效应研究进展[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2171-2177.
[3]颜文涛,韩易,何强.城市径流污染特征分析[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2011,33(3):136-142.
[4]颜文涛,周勤,叶林.城市土地使用规划与水环境效应:研究综述[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,29(3):35-41.
[5]颜文涛,萧敬豪,胡海,等.城市空间结构的环境绩效:进展与思考[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):50-59.
[6]颜文涛,萧敬豪.城乡规划法规与环境绩效--环境绩效视角下城乡规划法规体系的若干思考[J].城市规划,2015(11):39-47.
[7]LEE S W,HWANG S J,LEE S B,et al.Landscape ecological approach to the relationships of land use patterns in watersheds to water quality characteristics[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,92:80-89.
[8]张殷俊,陈爽,相景昌.河流近域土地利用格局与水质相关性分析--以巢湖流域为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(9):1054-1060.
[9]ALBERTI M,BOOTH D,HILL K,et al.The impact of urban patterns on aquatic ecosystems:an empirical analysis in Puget lowland sub-basins[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,80:345-361.
[10]刘丽娟,李小玉,何兴元.流域尺度上的景观格局与河流水质关系研究进展[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5460-5465.
[11]杨莎莎,汤萃文,刘丽娟,等.流域尺度上河流水质与土地利用的关系[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):1953-1961.
[12]ARNOLD C L,GIBBONS C J.Impervious surface coverage:the emergence of a key environmental indicator[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1996,62(2):243-258.
[13]BRUN S E,BAND L E.Simulating runoff behavior in an urbanizing watershed[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2000,24(1):5-22
[14]HOLLIS G E.The effect of urbanization on floods of different recurrence interval[J].Water Resources Research,1975,11(3):431-435.
[15]LEOPOLD L B.Hydrology for urban land planning:a guidebook on the hydrologic effects of urban land use[C].US Geological Survey Circular 554,1968.
[16]刘珍环,曾祥坤.深圳市不透水表面扩展对径流量的影响[J].水资源保护,2013,29(3):44-50.
[17]陈雯.流域土地利用分区空间管制研究与初步实践--以太湖流域为例[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(1):1-8.
[18]岳隽,王仰麟,李贵才,等.基于水环境保护的流域景观格局优化理念初探[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(3),38-45.
[19]KLEIN R D.Urbanization and stream quality impairment[J].Water Resources Bulletin,1979,15(4):948-963.
[20]TODD D A,BENIENT P B,HAASBEEK J F,et al.Impact of land use and NPS loads on lake quality[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1989,115(3):633-649.
[21]BOOTH D.Urbanization and the natural drainage system:impacts,solutions and prognoses[J].Northwest Environmental Journal,1991,7(1):93-118.
[22]BHADURI B,HARBOR J,ENGEL B,et al.Assessing watershed-scale,long-term hydrologic impacts of land-use change using a GIS-NPS model[J].Environmental Management,2000,26(6):643-658.
[23]Center for Watershed Protection.Impacts of impervious cover on aquatic systems[R].Watershed Protection Research Monograph No.1.Ellicott City,Maryland,2003.
[24]岳隽,王仰麟,李正国,等.河流水质时空变化及其受土地利用影响的研究--以深圳市主要河流为例[J].水科学进展,2006,17(3):359-364.
[25]廖义善,卓慕宁,李定强,等.基于“径流-地类”参数的非点源氮磷负荷估算方法[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(8):2126-2132.
[26]傅伯杰,张立伟.土地利用变化与生态系统服务:概念、方法与进展[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(4):441-446.
[27]邹锦,颜文涛,曹静娜,等.绿色基础设施实施的规划学途径--基于与传统规划技术体系融合的方法[J].中国园林,2014(9):92-95.
[28]XIANG W N.Ecophronesis:the ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2016(155):53-60.
[29]颜文涛,王正,韩贵锋,等.低碳生态城规划指标及实施途径[J].城市规划学刊,2011(3):39-50.
[30]颜文涛,王云才,象伟宁.城市雨洪管理实践需要生态实践智慧的引导[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):4926-4928.
[31]颜文涛,象伟宁,袁琳.探索传统人类聚居的生态智慧--以世界文化遗产区都江堰灌区为例[J].国际城市规划,2017(4):1-9.
[32]DUANY A,TALEN E.Transect planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2002,68(3):245-266.
(1)城市小流域是指以分水岭和城市河道出口断面为界,以城市溪流为地貌特征的一个集水区域,集水面积在10~100 km2左右。城市建设区与小流域空间单元密切相关——城市建设区可以位于小流域单元中,或由若干个小流域单元构成城市建设区。转引自:龚清宇,王林超,唐远平.中小流域尺度内雨水湿地规模模拟与设计引导,建筑学报, 2009(2):48.
(2)城市河流水环境绩效是指实现水环境目标的程度,即河流水环境绩效=河流水环境质量的实现指标/河流水环境的规划指标。绩效大于1表示规划实施后水环境质量达到并超过规划目标,绩效小于1表示规划实施后水环境质量没有达到规划目标。衡量水环境绩效的水质指标包括化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、悬浮物(TSS)等,以及地表径流总量、径流峰值、径流时间、径流系数、地下水储存量等水量指标,以及水系结构、河网形态等指标,这些指标可以表征城市河流水环境的健康程度。
(3)各类建设用地的不透水表面系数,美国高密度居住区(high density residential area,3~7住宅单位/英亩)不透水表面系数为0.20~0.40,多户家庭居住区(multifamily area,7~30住宅单位/英亩)不透水表面系数为0.35~0.60,普通商业用地不透水表面系数为0.85,工业用地不透水表面系数为0.75,购物中心不透水表面系数为0.95。转引自Soil Conservation Service, 1975。
(4)由于城市规划管理技术规定存在差异,不同类型建设用地的不透水表面系数不同(颜文涛&何强, 2016)。需要依据采样统计结果,计算不同类型建设用地的不透水表面系数。采用算式(式中为第i类建设用地面积,为第i类建设用地不透水表面率,为第i类建设用地不透水表面的面积,为建设用地不透水表面的总面积),可以将建设用地面积转化为不透水表面面积。
(1)该部分结论引用自“十二五”国家科技重大专项课题“重庆两江新区城市水系统构建技术研究与示范”研究报告(2016),课题负责人:颜文涛、何强。
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