基于GIS的凯江流域农田重金属污染评价研究
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摘要
采用单因子污染指数法(P_i)对四川盆地丘陵区凯江流域农田耕层土壤(0～20 cm)中4种重金属污染风险进行评价,并基于GIS平台,结合反比距离权重法(IDW)、径向基函数法(RBF)、普通克里格法(OK)、析取克里格法(DK)和概率克里格法(PK)分析研究区重金属的空间分布特征。结果表明,凯江流域土壤Cd、Hg、As和Pb平均含量分别为0.35、0.10、7.77 mg·kg~(-1)和22.54 mg·kg~(-1),在空间分布上土壤Cd、As和Pb总体呈现以两个高值为中心向四周递减的趋势,土壤Hg则呈现西部高、东部低的特征。单因子污染指数评价结果表明,土样Cd、As、Hg和Pb的污染超标率(P_i≥1)分别为7.5%、0.5%、0和0。前4种空间插值的分级面积统计结果表明,研究区域土壤Pb、Hg和As均无污染超标,土壤Cd超标面积(P_i≥1)为0.14%～1.06%;概率克里格法风险评估结果表明,土壤Hg、Pb分别在P_i>0.3和P_i>0.2条件下无高风险概率,在阈值为1.0条件下,受到As污染的高概率(0.8～1.0)区域有1.05%,0.16%的区域面积有Cd污染超标风险(P=1.0)。因此,该区部分农田土壤主要受到Cd污染。
Evaluation of heavy metal pollution is important for planning of regional-soil heavy metal contamination control and implementation of remediation projects.In this study,we employed a single-factor pollution index method(P_i)to assess the pollution of farmland topsoil(0～20 cm)of the Kaijiang watershed in the hilly area of the Sichuan basin by heavy metals.The inverse distance weighted method(IDW),radial basis function method(RBF),ordinary kriging method(OK),disjunctive kriging method(DK),and probability kriging method(PK)were applied to analyze the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the soil.The average contents of soil cadmium(Cd),mercury(Hg),arsenic(As),and lead(Pb)were 0.35,0.10,7.77 mg·kg~(-1),and 22.54 mg·kg~(-1),respectively.With respect to the spatial distribution,soil Cd,As and Pb showed a decreasing trend from two high-value centers,and the soil Hg content was higher in the west and lower in the east.Statistical evaluation of single-factor P_(i )of all sampling points demonstrated that the over-standard rates(P_i≥1)of soil Cd,As,Hg and Pb were 7.5%,0.5%,0,and 0,respectively.The area ratios of spatial interpolation based on the IDW,RBF,OK,and DK methods indicated that the soil Pb,Hg and As had no over-standard area,whereas the percentages of the soil Cd over-standard area(P_i≥1)were in the range of 0.14%～1.06%.According to the risk assessment of probability kriging,soil Hg(P_i>0.3)and Pb(P_i>0.2)had no area with high-risk probability.When the threshold value of P_(i )was set to 1.0,1.05% of the research area had high probabilities(0.8～1.0)of being polluted by As,and 0.16% of the soil in the survey zones carried a risk of Cd pollution(P=1.0).Therefore,some farmlands in the watershed were mainly polluted by Cd.
Evaluation of heavy metal pollution is important for planning of regional-soil heavy metal contamination control and implementation of remediation projects.In this study,we employed a single-factor pollution index method(P_i)to assess the pollution of farmland topsoil(0～20 cm)of the Kaijiang watershed in the hilly area of the Sichuan basin by heavy metals.The inverse distance weighted method(IDW),radial basis function method(RBF),ordinary kriging method(OK),disjunctive kriging method(DK),and probability kriging method(PK)were applied to analyze the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the soil.The average contents of soil cadmium(Cd),mercury(Hg),arsenic(As),and lead(Pb)were 0.35,0.10,7.77 mg·kg~(-1),and 22.54 mg·kg~(-1),respectively.With respect to the spatial distribution,soil Cd,As and Pb showed a decreasing trend from two high-value centers,and the soil Hg content was higher in the west and lower in the east.Statistical evaluation of single-factor P_(i )of all sampling points demonstrated that the over-standard rates(P_i≥1)of soil Cd,As,Hg and Pb were 7.5%,0.5%,0,and 0,respectively.The area ratios of spatial interpolation based on the IDW,RBF,OK,and DK methods indicated that the soil Pb,Hg and As had no over-standard area,whereas the percentages of the soil Cd over-standard area(P_i≥1)were in the range of 0.14%～1.06%.According to the risk assessment of probability kriging,soil Hg(P_i>0.3)and Pb(P_i>0.2)had no area with high-risk probability.When the threshold value of P_(i )was set to 1.0,1.05% of the research area had high probabilities(0.8～1.0)of being polluted by As,and 0.16% of the soil in the survey zones carried a risk of Cd pollution(P=1.0).Therefore,some farmlands in the watershed were mainly polluted by Cd.
引文
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[2]Niu L L,Yang F X,Xu C,et al.Status of metal accumulation in farmland soils across China:From distribution to risk assessment[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,176:55-62.
[3]宋波,张云霞,庞瑞,等.广西西江流域农田土壤重金属含量特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2018,39(9):4317-4326.SONG Bo,ZHANG Yun-xia,PANG Rui,et al.Analysis of characteristics and sources of heavy metals in farmland soils in the Xijiang River draining of Guangxi[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(9):4317-4326.
[4]JoséM N,JoséP,Sergi D.Assessment of heavy metal pollution,spatial distribution and origin in agricultural soils along the SinúRiver Basin,Colombia[J].Environmental Research,2017,154:380-388.
[5]Guan Q Y,Wang F F,Xu C Q,et al.Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF:A case study in Hexi Corridor,northwest China[J].Chemosphere,2018,193:189-197.
[6]尹国庆,江宏,王强,等.安徽省典型区农用地土壤重金属污染成因及特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):96-104.YIN Guo-qing,JIANG Hong,WANG Qiang,et al.Analysis of the sources and characteristics of heavy metals in farmland soil from a typical district in Anhui Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(1):96-104.
[7]尚二萍,许尔琪,张红旗,等.中国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属时空变化与污染源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(10):4670-4683.SHANG Er-ping,XU Er-qi,ZHANG Hong-qi,et al.Spatial-temporal trends and pollution source analysis for heavy metal contamination of cultivated soils in five major grain producing regions of China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(10):4670-4683.
[8]严明书,张茂忠,唐将,等.重庆都市经济圈土壤Cd元素含量分布特征与评价[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(11):118-124.YAN Ming-shu,ZHANG Mao-zhong,TANG Jiang,et al.Distribution characteristics and assessment of Cd contents in the Chongqing metropolitan economic zone[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2011,33(11):118-124.
[9]刘洁,张世熔,李婷,等.基于GIS和GPS的沱江中游土壤镉和铅空间变异研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(10):2035-2041.LIU Jie,ZHANG Shi-rong,LI Ting,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of soil cadmium and lead in the middle reaches of Tuojiang River basin based on GIS and GPS[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(10):2035-2041.
[10]Yang Q Q,Li Z Y,Lu X N,et al.A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China:Pollution and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,642:690-700.
[11]Zhang Z Y,Li J Y,Mamat Z,et al.Sources identification and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Bortala River,northwest China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,126:94-101.
[12]宋凤敏,张兴昌,王彦民,等.汉江上游铁矿尾矿库区土壤重金属污染分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(9):1707-1714.SONG Feng-min,ZHANG Xing-chang,WANG Yan-min,et al.Heavy metal pollution in soils surrounding an iron tailings in upstream areas of Hanjiang River,Shanxi Province[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2015,34(9):1707-1714.
[13]赵杰,罗志军,赵越,等.环鄱阳湖区农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(6):2475-2485.ZHAO Jie,LUO Zhi-jun,ZHAO yue,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in farmland soils in Poyang Lake area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(6):2475-2485.
[14]Pan L B,Ma J,Wang X L,et al.Heavy metals in soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province,China:Levels,sources and spatial distribution[J].Chemosphere,2016,148:248-254.
[15]李春芳,王菲,曹文涛,等.龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1018-1027.LI Chun-fang,WANG Fei,CAO Wen-tao,et al.Source analysis,spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sewage irrigation area farmland soils of Longkou City[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1018-1027.
[16]戴彬,吕建树,战金成,等.山东省典型工业城市土壤重金属来源、空间分布及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):507-515.DAI Bin,LüJian-shu,ZHAN Jin-cheng,et al.Assessment of sources,spatial distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals in soils in a typical industry-based city of Shandong Province,eastern China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):507-515.
[17]秦鱼生,喻华,冯文强,等.成都平原北部水稻土重金属含量状况及其潜在生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6335-6344.QIN Yu-sheng,YU Hua,FENG Wen-qiang,et al.Assessment on heavy metal pollution status in paddy soils in the northern Chengdu Plain and their potential ecological risk[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(19):6335-6344.
[18]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准:GB 15618-2018[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China.Soil environmental quality-Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land in soil environment quality:GB 15618-2018[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2018.
[19]中华人民共和国农业部.土壤质量总汞、总砷、总铅的测定原子荧光法:GB/T 22105-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.The Ministry of Agriculture of the People′s Republic of China.Soil quality:Analysis of total mercury,arsenic and lead contents in soilsAtomic fluorescence spectrometry:GB/T 22105-2008[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2008.
[20]Johnston K,Hoef V J M,Krivoruchko K,et al.Using ArcGIS geostatistical analyst[M].America:ESRI,2001:113-159.
[21]刘硕,吴泉源,曹学江,等.龙口煤矿区土壤重金属污染评价与空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):270-279.LIU Shuo,WU Quan-yuan,CAO Xue-jiang,et al.Pollution assessment and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soils of coal mining area in Longkou City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):270-279.
[22]Bai Y R,Wang Y K.Spatial variability of soil chemical properties in a jujube slope on the loess plateau of China[J].Soil Science,2011,176(10):550-558.
[23]黄春雷,宋金秋,潘卫丰.浙东沿海某地区大气干湿沉降对土壤重金属元素含量的影响[J].地质通报,2011,30(9):1434-1441.HUANG Chun-lei,SONG Jin-qiu,PAN Wei-feng.Impact of dry and387wet atmospheric deposition on content of heavy metals in soils along coastal areas of eastern Zhejiang Province[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2011,30(9):1434-1441.
[24]秦先燕,李运怀,孙跃,等.环巢湖典型农业区土壤重金属来源解析[J].地球与环境,2017,45(4):455-463.QIN Xian-yan,LI Yun-huai,SUN Yue,et al.Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in typically agricultural region around Chaohu Lake,China[J].Earth and Environment,2017,45(4):455-463.
[25]宋金茜,朱权,姜小三,等.基于GIS的农业土壤重金属风险评价研究:以南京市八卦洲为例[J].土壤学报,2017,54(1):81-91.SONG Jin-xi,ZHU Quan,JIANG Xiao-san,et al.GIS-based heavy metals risk assessment of agricultural soils:A case study of Baguazhou,Nanjing[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(1):81-91.
[26]Xie Y F,Chen T B,Lei M,et al.Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods:Accuracy and uncertainty analysis[J].Chemosphere,2011,82:468-476.
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