市售面粉及面制品中镉的人体健康风险研究
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摘要
对非吸烟人群,饮食是镉暴露的首要途径.近年来农产品镉含量超标问题在我国的不同类型重金属污染区被广泛报道,严重危害人体健康.但以往研究多关注大米中镉的人体健康风险,目前对我国市场上销售的面粉及面制品镉含量及健康风险的系统报道还较缺乏.本研究从我国不同省份采集了16份白面粉、16份全麦面粉、16份小麦麸皮及10份全麦面包样品,测定样品中镉的含量;采用体外生理原理提取法(Physiologically Based Extraction Test,PBET)的胃液提取阶段测定样品中镉的人体生物可给性,并基于镉生物可给性评价了面粉及面制品中镉的人体健康风险.白面粉、全麦面粉、小麦麸皮、全麦面包样品中镉的含量分别为6.8—24.9、8.4—50.2、21.8—199.6、13.8—28.0μg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为15.6±5.1、25.7±11.8、64.7±43.5、17.5±4.0μg·kg~(-1),所有白面粉、全麦面粉和面包样品中镉含量均远低于国家安全限定值100μg·kg~(-1).镉含量的整体趋势为白面粉<全麦面粉和全面面包<小麦麸皮,表明了镉在小麦麸皮中富集浓度要显著高于胚乳部分.基于PBET胃液提取,全麦面粉中镉的生物可给性为60.9%—69.8%(平均值63.6%±3.1%),显著高于麸皮中镉的生物可给性18.5%—61.1%(平均值50.2%±13.5%).基于镉的人体生物可给性,成人摄入面粉及面制品导致的镉摄入量(0.02—0.13μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1))远低于Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA)规定的每日允许的最大镉暴露剂量0.5μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1),表明了我国市面上销售的面粉及面制品可以安全食用.本研究通过对市场销售面粉及面制品中镉的含量、人体生物可给性的测定及健康风险的评价,为人们对面粉及面制品品牌及种类的选择提供建议,为规避食品镉危害做出重要贡献.
For non-smokers, dietary pathway is the primary route of cadmium(Cd) exposure. Elevated Cd level in crops at various heavy metals contaminated areas was widely reported in China, and severely endangers the health of local residents. However, previous studies mainly focused on the health risk of Cd in rice, with limited attention to the wheat flour and associated products. In this study, samples of white flours(n=16), whole wheat flours(n=16), wheat bran(n=16), and whole wheat breads(n=10) were collected from different production areas across China. The total Cd concentration was measured, and the samples of high-Cd content were selected for analysis of Cd bioaccessibility based on the gastric fluid extraction using the PBET(Physiologically Based Extraction Test) in vitro assay. The health risk of Cd in flour and bread samples was assessed using the Cd bioaccessibility. Results showed that Cd concentration was 6.8—24.9, 8.4—50.2, 21.8—199.6, and 13.8—28.0 μg·kg~(-1) in white flour, whole wheat flour, wheat bran, and whole wheat bread samples, respectively, with average of 15.6±5.1, 25.7±11.8, 64.7±43.5, and 17.5±4.0 μg·kg~(-1). Cd concentration in all samples of white flour, whole wheat flour, and whole wheat bread is far lower than the Chinese national limit of 100 μg·kg~(-1) of Cd in flour. Among the different type flours, white flour contained the lowest Cd concentration, while wheat bran had the highest Cd concentration. Based on the PBET assay, Cd bioaccessibility in the 9 whole wheat flour samples ranged from 60.9%—69.8% with average of 63.6%±3.1%, being significantly higher than that of the 8 wheat bran samples, i.e., 18.5%—61.1% with average of 50.2%±13.5%. Based on the Cd bioaccessibility, consumption of white flour, whole wheat flour, and whole wheat bread samples would lead to daily Cd intake of 0.02—0.13 μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1) for adults, significantly lower than the tolerable Cd intake of 0.5 mg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1) proposed by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA), suggesting that the commercial flour and associated products in this study are safe to be consumed. This study provides recommendations on the selection of brands and types of flours and flour products to avoid adverse health effects of Cd exposure.
For non-smokers, dietary pathway is the primary route of cadmium(Cd) exposure. Elevated Cd level in crops at various heavy metals contaminated areas was widely reported in China, and severely endangers the health of local residents. However, previous studies mainly focused on the health risk of Cd in rice, with limited attention to the wheat flour and associated products. In this study, samples of white flours(n=16), whole wheat flours(n=16), wheat bran(n=16), and whole wheat breads(n=10) were collected from different production areas across China. The total Cd concentration was measured, and the samples of high-Cd content were selected for analysis of Cd bioaccessibility based on the gastric fluid extraction using the PBET(Physiologically Based Extraction Test) in vitro assay. The health risk of Cd in flour and bread samples was assessed using the Cd bioaccessibility. Results showed that Cd concentration was 6.8—24.9, 8.4—50.2, 21.8—199.6, and 13.8—28.0 μg·kg~(-1) in white flour, whole wheat flour, wheat bran, and whole wheat bread samples, respectively, with average of 15.6±5.1, 25.7±11.8, 64.7±43.5, and 17.5±4.0 μg·kg~(-1). Cd concentration in all samples of white flour, whole wheat flour, and whole wheat bread is far lower than the Chinese national limit of 100 μg·kg~(-1) of Cd in flour. Among the different type flours, white flour contained the lowest Cd concentration, while wheat bran had the highest Cd concentration. Based on the PBET assay, Cd bioaccessibility in the 9 whole wheat flour samples ranged from 60.9%—69.8% with average of 63.6%±3.1%, being significantly higher than that of the 8 wheat bran samples, i.e., 18.5%—61.1% with average of 50.2%±13.5%. Based on the Cd bioaccessibility, consumption of white flour, whole wheat flour, and whole wheat bread samples would lead to daily Cd intake of 0.02—0.13 μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1) for adults, significantly lower than the tolerable Cd intake of 0.5 mg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1) proposed by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA), suggesting that the commercial flour and associated products in this study are safe to be consumed. This study provides recommendations on the selection of brands and types of flours and flour products to avoid adverse health effects of Cd exposure.
引文
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[4] 张红振,骆永明,章海波,等.土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究V.镉在土壤-作物系统中的富集规律与农产品质量安全[J].土壤学报,2010,47(4):628-638.ZHANG H Z,LUO Y M,ZHANG H B,et al.Study on soil environmental quality guidelines and standards V.modeling of cadmium uptake in soil-crop systems for human food safety in China[J].Acta Pedolgica Sinica,2010,47(4):628-638 (in Chinese).
[5] 丁龙,李冬冬,汪承润,等.土壤镉诱导赤子爱胜蚓的氧化损伤、防御反应及其致毒阈值[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1115-1122.DING L,LI D D,WANG C R,et al.Oxidative damage,defense response and toxicity threshold in Eisenia foetida exposed to cadmium-polluted soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1115-1122 (in Chinese).
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[7] RIEDERER A M,BELOVA A,GEORGE B J,et a.Urinary cadmium in the 1999-2008 U.S.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47,137-1147.
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[14] ZHENG J,CHEN K H,YAN X,et al.Heavy metals in food,house dust,and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2013,96:205-212.
[15] 张良运,李恋卿,潘根兴.南方典型产地大米Cd、Zn、Se含量变异及其健康风险探讨[J].环境科学,2009,30(9):2792-2797.ZHANG L Y,LI L Q,PAN G X.Variation in Cd,Zn and Se contents of polished rice and the potential health risk for subsistence 2 diet farmers from typical areas of South China[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(9):2792-2797 (in Chinese).
[16] HU Y A,CHENG H F,TAO,S.The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China:A critical review[J].Environment International,2016,92-93:515-532.
[17] WILLIAMS P N,LEI M.;SUN G X et al.Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium,arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice:Hunan,China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43:637-642.
[18] FU J J,ZHANG A Q,WANG T,et al.Influence of e-waste dismantling and its regulations:Temporal trend,spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains,and its potential health risk[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47:7437-7445.
[19] CHEN H P,TANG Z,WANG P,et al.Geographical variations of cadmium and arsenic concentrations and arsenic speciation in Chinese rice[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,238:482-490.
[20] ARAO T,KAWASAKI A,BABA K,et al.Effects of water management on cadmium and arsenic accumulation and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations in Japanese rice[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43:9361-9367.
[21] 林于廉,龙腾锐,夏之宁,等.干湿交替模式下土壤中镉的释放特征[J].环境化学,2008,27(5):624-628.LIN Y Q,LONG T Y,XIA Z N,et al.The characteristics of the cadmium release from soil under the wet-dry cycle condition[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(5):624-628 (in Chinese).
[22] ZHAO D,JUHASZ A L,LUO J,et al.Mineral dietary supplement to decrease cadmium relative bioavailability in rice based on a mouse bioassay[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51:12123-12130.
[23] U.S.EPA.Method 3050B:Acid Digestion of Sediments,Sludges,and Soils[S],1996.http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/3050b.pdf.
[24] RUBY M V,DAVIS A,SCHOOF R et al.Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test[J].Environmental Science & Technology,1996,30:422-430.
[25] ZHAO F J,STROUD J L,EAGLING T,et al.Accumulation,distribution,and speciation of arsenic in wheat grain[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44:5464-5468.
[26] 中华人民共和国卫生部.中华人民共和国国家标准 GB 2762—2012.食品安全国家标准.食品中污染物限量[S].2013.Ministry of Health of the People′s Republic of China.National Standard of the People′s Republic of China GB 2762—2012.National Food Safety Standard.Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Food[S].2013.
[27] OLIVER D F,GORE P J,MOSS H J,et al.Cadmium in wheat-grain and milling products from some Australian flour mills[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1993,44:1-11.
[28] 查燕,杨居荣,刘虹,等.污染稻麦籽实中镉和铅的分布及其存在形态[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(2):268-273.ZHA Y,YANG J R,LIU H,et al.Distribution and existing forms of cadmium and lead in polluted seeds of rice wheat [J].Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science),2000,36 (2):268-273 (in Chinese).
[29] 陈凤莲,方桂珍,胡波.黑龙江地区小麦麸皮化学组成分析[J].粮食加工,2005,21(4):464-466.CHEN F L,FANG G Z,HU B.Analysis of chemical compositions of wheat bran from Heilongjiang[J].Grain Processing,2005,21(4):464-466 (in Chinese).
[30] 付瑾,崔岩山.食物中营养物及污染物的生物可给性研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2011,6(2):113-120.FU J,CUI Y S.Advances in bioaccessibiliy of nutrients and pollutants in food[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2011,6(2):113-120 (in Chinese).
[31] JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.WHO Food Additives Series No.63,Prepared by the Seventy-second Meeting of JECFA[R].World Health Organization,Geneva,2011.
[2] RANDY L J,MICHAL K S.Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility[J].Nature,2007,8:253-265.
[3] MEHARG A A,NORTON,G,DEACON C,et al.Variation in rice cadmium related to human exposure[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47:5613-5618.
[4] 张红振,骆永明,章海波,等.土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究V.镉在土壤-作物系统中的富集规律与农产品质量安全[J].土壤学报,2010,47(4):628-638.ZHANG H Z,LUO Y M,ZHANG H B,et al.Study on soil environmental quality guidelines and standards V.modeling of cadmium uptake in soil-crop systems for human food safety in China[J].Acta Pedolgica Sinica,2010,47(4):628-638 (in Chinese).
[5] 丁龙,李冬冬,汪承润,等.土壤镉诱导赤子爱胜蚓的氧化损伤、防御反应及其致毒阈值[J].环境化学,2014,33(7):1115-1122.DING L,LI D D,WANG C R,et al.Oxidative damage,defense response and toxicity threshold in Eisenia foetida exposed to cadmium-polluted soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(7):1115-1122 (in Chinese).
[6] ENGST?M A,MICHA?LSSON K.,SUWAZONO Y,et al.Long term cadmium exposure and the association with bone mineral density and fractures in a population-based study among women[J].Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,2011,26:486-495.
[7] RIEDERER A M,BELOVA A,GEORGE B J,et a.Urinary cadmium in the 1999-2008 U.S.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47,137-1147.
[8] BERNARD A.Confusion about cadmium risks:The unrecognized limitations of an extrapolated paradigm[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2016,124:1-5.
[9] SATARUG S,GARRETT S H,SENS M A,et al.Cadmium,environmental exposure,and health outcomes[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2010,118:182-190.
[10] MENKE A,MUNTNER P,SILBERGELD E K,et al.Cadmium levels in urine and mortality among U.S.adults[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2009,117:190-196.
[11] GALLAGHER C M,MELIKER J R.Blood and urine cadmium,blood pressure,and hypertension:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2010,118:1676-1684.
[12] GARCIA-ESQUINAS E,POLLAN M,TELLEZ-PLAZA M,et al.Cadmium exposure and cancer mortality in a prospective cohort:The strong heart study[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2014,122:363-370.
[13] ZHAO D,LIU R Y,XIANG P,et al.Applying cadmium relative bioavailability to assess dietary intake from rice to predict cadmium urinary excretion in nonsmokers[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51:6756-6764.
[14] ZHENG J,CHEN K H,YAN X,et al.Heavy metals in food,house dust,and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2013,96:205-212.
[15] 张良运,李恋卿,潘根兴.南方典型产地大米Cd、Zn、Se含量变异及其健康风险探讨[J].环境科学,2009,30(9):2792-2797.ZHANG L Y,LI L Q,PAN G X.Variation in Cd,Zn and Se contents of polished rice and the potential health risk for subsistence 2 diet farmers from typical areas of South China[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(9):2792-2797 (in Chinese).
[16] HU Y A,CHENG H F,TAO,S.The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China:A critical review[J].Environment International,2016,92-93:515-532.
[17] WILLIAMS P N,LEI M.;SUN G X et al.Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium,arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice:Hunan,China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43:637-642.
[18] FU J J,ZHANG A Q,WANG T,et al.Influence of e-waste dismantling and its regulations:Temporal trend,spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains,and its potential health risk[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47:7437-7445.
[19] CHEN H P,TANG Z,WANG P,et al.Geographical variations of cadmium and arsenic concentrations and arsenic speciation in Chinese rice[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,238:482-490.
[20] ARAO T,KAWASAKI A,BABA K,et al.Effects of water management on cadmium and arsenic accumulation and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations in Japanese rice[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2009,43:9361-9367.
[21] 林于廉,龙腾锐,夏之宁,等.干湿交替模式下土壤中镉的释放特征[J].环境化学,2008,27(5):624-628.LIN Y Q,LONG T Y,XIA Z N,et al.The characteristics of the cadmium release from soil under the wet-dry cycle condition[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(5):624-628 (in Chinese).
[22] ZHAO D,JUHASZ A L,LUO J,et al.Mineral dietary supplement to decrease cadmium relative bioavailability in rice based on a mouse bioassay[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51:12123-12130.
[23] U.S.EPA.Method 3050B:Acid Digestion of Sediments,Sludges,and Soils[S],1996.http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/3050b.pdf.
[24] RUBY M V,DAVIS A,SCHOOF R et al.Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test[J].Environmental Science & Technology,1996,30:422-430.
[25] ZHAO F J,STROUD J L,EAGLING T,et al.Accumulation,distribution,and speciation of arsenic in wheat grain[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44:5464-5468.
[26] 中华人民共和国卫生部.中华人民共和国国家标准 GB 2762—2012.食品安全国家标准.食品中污染物限量[S].2013.Ministry of Health of the People′s Republic of China.National Standard of the People′s Republic of China GB 2762—2012.National Food Safety Standard.Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Food[S].2013.
[27] OLIVER D F,GORE P J,MOSS H J,et al.Cadmium in wheat-grain and milling products from some Australian flour mills[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1993,44:1-11.
[28] 查燕,杨居荣,刘虹,等.污染稻麦籽实中镉和铅的分布及其存在形态[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(2):268-273.ZHA Y,YANG J R,LIU H,et al.Distribution and existing forms of cadmium and lead in polluted seeds of rice wheat [J].Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science),2000,36 (2):268-273 (in Chinese).
[29] 陈凤莲,方桂珍,胡波.黑龙江地区小麦麸皮化学组成分析[J].粮食加工,2005,21(4):464-466.CHEN F L,FANG G Z,HU B.Analysis of chemical compositions of wheat bran from Heilongjiang[J].Grain Processing,2005,21(4):464-466 (in Chinese).
[30] 付瑾,崔岩山.食物中营养物及污染物的生物可给性研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2011,6(2):113-120.FU J,CUI Y S.Advances in bioaccessibiliy of nutrients and pollutants in food[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2011,6(2):113-120 (in Chinese).
[31] JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants.WHO Food Additives Series No.63,Prepared by the Seventy-second Meeting of JECFA[R].World Health Organization,Geneva,2011.
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