紫金矿山生态影响与生态修复效果研究
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摘要
矿山开发过程不可避免带来生态环境的破坏,生态恢复是实现矿山可持续利用与健康发展的必然途径。通过对紫金山金铜矿的系统研究,调查分析了矿区工程占地、生态恢复措施实施和生态恢复效果。结果表明,矿区工程实际占地面积为1 187. 79 hm~2,景观格局分析表明景观破碎化程度增加,景观空间异质性加大。工程建设及运营对占地范围内的植被、土壤造成一定程度的破坏,局部改变了地形地貌及自然景观,但工程实行分期开采、分期征占地,较大限度地减少对自然植被的破坏。实施一系列生态保护与恢复措施,遥感解译结果揭示矿区植被恢复面积总计244. 16 hm~2,调查的17块恢复样地植被覆盖度均大于80%,矿区早期生态恢复的马尾松林平均生物量较高,矿区生态环境影响得到缓解。结合实地调查结果对矿山恢复提出了建议与对策。
Mine development will inevitably bring about the destruction of ecological environment.Ecological restoration is the inevitable way to realize the sustainable use and healthy development of mines.Through systematic research on the Zijinshan gold-copper mine,the land occupation of the mining area,implementation of ecological restoration measures and ecological restoration effects were investigated.The results showed that the actual area of the mining project was 1 187. 79 hm~2.Landscape pattern analysis showed that the degree of landscape fragmentation and the spatial heterogeneity of landscape increased.The construction and operation of the project had caused some damage to the vegetation and soil within the occupied area,and changed the landform and natural landscape locally.However,the project implemented the phased mining and land acquisition in stages,which greatly reduced the destruction of natural vegetation. A series of ecological protection and restoration measures were implemented.The results of remote sensing interpretation revealed the total area of vegetation restoration in the mining area was 244. 16 hectares.The vegetation coverage of the 17 surveyed restoration plots were greater than 80%.The average biomass of the masson pine forest in the early ecological restoration of the mine was relatively high.The impact on the ecological environment of the mining area was alleviated.Combined with the results of field investigation,suggestions and countermeasures were put forward for mine ecological restoration.
Mine development will inevitably bring about the destruction of ecological environment.Ecological restoration is the inevitable way to realize the sustainable use and healthy development of mines.Through systematic research on the Zijinshan gold-copper mine,the land occupation of the mining area,implementation of ecological restoration measures and ecological restoration effects were investigated.The results showed that the actual area of the mining project was 1 187. 79 hm~2.Landscape pattern analysis showed that the degree of landscape fragmentation and the spatial heterogeneity of landscape increased.The construction and operation of the project had caused some damage to the vegetation and soil within the occupied area,and changed the landform and natural landscape locally.However,the project implemented the phased mining and land acquisition in stages,which greatly reduced the destruction of natural vegetation. A series of ecological protection and restoration measures were implemented.The results of remote sensing interpretation revealed the total area of vegetation restoration in the mining area was 244. 16 hectares.The vegetation coverage of the 17 surveyed restoration plots were greater than 80%.The average biomass of the masson pine forest in the early ecological restoration of the mine was relatively high.The impact on the ecological environment of the mining area was alleviated.Combined with the results of field investigation,suggestions and countermeasures were put forward for mine ecological restoration.
引文
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[18]张鸿龄,孙丽娜,孙铁珩,等.矿山废弃地生态修复过程中基质改良与植被重建研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(2):460-467.
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[2]曾智英,李晓青,夏宁丽.湖南省锡矿山锑矿开采的生态环境破坏及其生态恢复研究[J].长沙大学学报,2013,27(5):91-93.
[3]樊振辉,庞少静.试论矿山环评中的生态恢复评价问题[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000,13(3):14-16.
[4]孟猛,宗美娟.矿山生态恢复原理与技术[J].中国矿业,2010,19(9):60-62.
[5]马彦卿.矿山土地复垦与生态恢复[J].有色金属工程,1999,51(3):23-25.
[6]刘珊珊,谢桂芳.探讨矿山废弃地生态恢复治理技术---以紫金山金铜矿为例[J].低碳世界,2016(13):102-103.
[7]闫德民.我国矿山废弃地生态恢复限制因素及恢复策略[J].林业调查规划,2015,40(4):83-87.
[8]杨复东.废弃矿山的生态恢复与景观营造[J].海峡科技与产业,2017(7):206-208.
[9]冯宗炜.中国森林生态系统的生物量和生产力[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[10]张漪,田朋朋,王鹏飞.洛阳栾川县矿山废弃地生态恢复对策研究[J].环境影响评价,2017,39(3):89-93.
[11]陈波.矿山排土场生态恢复实践---以德兴铜矿水龙山为例[J].江西建材,2017(22):278-279.
[12]陈博.浅谈有色金属矿山生态恢复的难点及恢复技术[J].能源与节能,2017(4):88-89.
[13]NTSHOTSHO P,REYERS B,ESLER K J.Assessing the evidence base for restoration in south africa[J].Restoration Ecology,2011,19(5):578-586.
[14]JIAO J,ZHANG Z,BAI W,et al.Assessing the ecological success of restoration by afforestation on the Chinese loess plateau[J].Restoration Ecology,2012,20(2):240-249.
[15]PETURSDOTTIR T,ARADOTTIR A L,BENEDIKTSSONK.An evaluation of the short-term progress of restoration combining ecological assessment and public perception[J].Restoration Ecology,2013,21(1):75-85.
[16]HOLL K D.Long-term vegetation recovery on reclaimed coal surface mines in the eastern USA[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,39(6):960-970.
[17]DAMIGOS D,KALIAMPAKOS D.Assessing the benefits of reclaiming urban quarries:a CVM analysis[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2003,64(4):249-258.
[18]张鸿龄,孙丽娜,孙铁珩,等.矿山废弃地生态修复过程中基质改良与植被重建研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(2):460-467.
[19]赵亮,任虹.山西省矿山生态环境补偿机制建设研究[J].环境科学与管理,2017,42(5):158-161.
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