性别视角下务农意愿差异比较及其影响因素研究——基于安徽省2073个样本
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摘要
城镇化进程中出现的农业女性化现象将女性农民推向农业发展一线,而女性农民生产意愿问题却被长期忽视。利用安徽省8县15乡(镇)19个行政村的2073个有效样本,通过Logistics模型,围绕个体特征、家庭状况、农业决策、生产条件、外部环境等方面比较了务农意愿的性别差异。研究表明:1)年龄、健康状况、连续务农时长三个变量对两性务农意愿均有显著促进作用;2)女性农民务农意愿明显低于男性,对于农业生产成本、农业生产方式等变量的敏感性明显不如男性;3)土地流转具有显著的性别偏好,女性农民更倾向于流转耕地;4)虽然女性农民生产积极性较差,但她们对于生产决策权却表现出热切关注,以期破除农业生产中的技术性别隔离。在促进小农户与社会化服务相对接的小农经济现代化过程中,关注女性农民的劳动参与、经济贡献与性别价值,将性别意识融入新型职业农民培育体系与农业社会化服务体系之中,有效提升女性农民务农意愿、务农能力与务农信心。
The feminization of agriculture in the process of urbanization has pushed female farmers to the front line of agricultural development,while whether female farmers are willing to farm or not has been ignored for a long time.This study used 2073 samples from 19 administrative villages in 15 townships(towns)in 8 counties of Anhui Province.Through the Logistics model,the gender differences in farmers' willingness are compared around individual characteristics,family status,agricultural decision-making,production conditions,and external environment.The following research results were obtained.First,the three variables of age,health status,and duration of continuous farming have significantly promoted the willingness of both sexes.Second,the willingness of women farmers to farm agriculture is significantly lower than that of men,and the sensitivity to variables such as agricultural production costs and agricultural production methods is obviously inferior to that of men.Third,land transfer has significant gender preferences,and female farmers prefer to transfer to cultivated land.Fourth,although female farmers are less active in farming,they show keen concern for the decision-making power of production in order to break the technical gender segregation in agricultural production.The policy implications of the study are as follows.First,in the process of the modernization of small-scale peasant economy,which connects small-scale peasant households with socialized services,it is necessary to pay attention to the labor participation,economic contribution and gender value of female farmers.Second,actively integrate gender awareness into the new professional farmers' cultivation system and the socialized service system of agriculture.Third,effectively improve the willingness of women farmers to farm,the ability to farm and the confidence of farming.
The feminization of agriculture in the process of urbanization has pushed female farmers to the front line of agricultural development,while whether female farmers are willing to farm or not has been ignored for a long time.This study used 2073 samples from 19 administrative villages in 15 townships(towns)in 8 counties of Anhui Province.Through the Logistics model,the gender differences in farmers' willingness are compared around individual characteristics,family status,agricultural decision-making,production conditions,and external environment.The following research results were obtained.First,the three variables of age,health status,and duration of continuous farming have significantly promoted the willingness of both sexes.Second,the willingness of women farmers to farm agriculture is significantly lower than that of men,and the sensitivity to variables such as agricultural production costs and agricultural production methods is obviously inferior to that of men.Third,land transfer has significant gender preferences,and female farmers prefer to transfer to cultivated land.Fourth,although female farmers are less active in farming,they show keen concern for the decision-making power of production in order to break the technical gender segregation in agricultural production.The policy implications of the study are as follows.First,in the process of the modernization of small-scale peasant economy,which connects small-scale peasant households with socialized services,it is necessary to pay attention to the labor participation,economic contribution and gender value of female farmers.Second,actively integrate gender awareness into the new professional farmers' cultivation system and the socialized service system of agriculture.Third,effectively improve the willingness of women farmers to farm,the ability to farm and the confidence of farming.
引文
[1]黄西谊.中国当代社会变迁中农村妇女经济身份的转换[J].社会学研究,1990(6):60-72.
[2]高小贤.当代中国农村劳动力转移及农业女性化趋势[J].社会学研究,1994(2):83-90.
[3]孟宪范.“男工女耕”与中国农村女性的发展[J].社会科学战线,1995(1):248-251.
[4]谭深.农村劳动力流动的性别差异[J].社会学研究,1997(1):42-47.
[5]金一虹.非农化过程中的农村妇女[J].社会学研究,1998(5):106-114.
[6]WeiliangSu,Tor Eriksson,Liuxiu Zhang,et al.Off-farm employment and time allocation in on-farm work in rural china from gender perspective[J].China Economic Review,2016,41(12):34-45.
[7]LinxinZhang,Alan De Brauw,Scott Rozelle.China's rural labor market development and its gender implications[J].China Economic Review,2004,15(2):230-247.
[8]Alande Brauw,Qicnag Li,Chengfang Liu,et al.Feminization of agriculture in china?myths surrounding women's participation in farming[J].China Quarterly,2008,194(194):327-348.
[9]DEB A,Huang J,Zhang L,et al.The feminisation of agriculture with chinese characteristics[J].Journal of Development Studies,2013,49(5):689-704.
[10]文华成.中国农业劳动力女性化:程度、成因与影响---基于历史宏观截面数据的验证[J].人口学刊,2014,36(4):64-73.
[11]彭代彦,文乐.农村劳动力老龄化、女性化降低了粮食生产效率吗---基于随机前沿的南北方比较分析[J].农业技术经济,2016(2):32-44.
[12]梁栋,吴惠芳.农业女性化的动力机制及其对农村性别关系的影响研究---基于江苏、四川及山西三省的村庄实地调研[J].妇女研究论丛,2017(6):85-97.
[13]聂裕鹏.农业女性化对农村土地流转的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2013,41(10):217-221,225.
[14]蔡弘,黄鹂.农业女性化下农村妇女生产参与及其生产意愿研究---安徽省调查实例[J].人口与发展,2017,23(2):2-13+21.
[15]韩占兵.“新生代农民”分层次务农意愿研究[J].华东经济管理,2014,28(2):34-40.
[16]庄道元,黄贤金.新生代农民工务农意愿影响因素的实证分析[J].统计与决策,2015(23):94-97.
[17]吴易雄.基于二元Logistic模型的新型职业农民农业生产意愿的影响因素及其对策探析[J].当代经济管理,2016,38(11):40-49.
[18]钟涨宝,贺亮.农户生计与农村劳动力职业务农意愿---基于301份微观数据的实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2016(5):1-9,143.
[19]悦中山,李树茁,费尔德曼,等.徘徊在“三岔路口”:两代农民工发展意愿的比较研究[J].人口与经济,2009(6):58-66.
[20]吴惠芳,饶静.农村留守妇女研究综述[J].中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2009(2):18-23.
[21]吕芳.农村留守妇女的社会支持网络构成研究---基于16省66县2414名留守妇女的调查[J].妇女研究论丛,2012(5):36-47.
[22]蔡弘,黄鹂.何谓“农业女性化”:讨论与反思[J].农林经济管理学报,2017,16(5):652-659.
[23]陈锡文.读懂中国农业农村农民(中文版)[M].北京:外文出版社,2018:48-49.
[24]包宗顺,徐志明,高珊,等.农村土地流转的区域差异与影响因素---以江苏省为例[J].中国农村经济,2009(4):23-30,47.
[25]许恒周,郭忠兴.农村土地流转影响因素的理论与实证研究---基于农民阶层分化与产权偏好的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(3):94-98.
(1)指种植业劳动力,不包含林业、牧业、渔业及农林牧渔服务业。
(2)数据通过《1990中国人口普查资料》和《中国2010年人口普查资料》整理获得。
(1)皖北土地承包价格与净收入通过与村民访谈获得。皖南的土地流转价格明显低于皖北,例如,在繁昌县调查中很多村民以每公顷3000元至4500元的价格将土地承包出去,滁州市定远县种粮户Z从自家兄弟家承包土地,价格在4500元/公顷,六安市桃溪镇种粮大户W承包土地的价格也在7500元/公顷以内,这与当地收入结构、土地分布、种植结构等因素有关,土地承包价格并不是绝对的。
(1)来自滁州市定远县青春村访谈对象Z。
[2]高小贤.当代中国农村劳动力转移及农业女性化趋势[J].社会学研究,1994(2):83-90.
[3]孟宪范.“男工女耕”与中国农村女性的发展[J].社会科学战线,1995(1):248-251.
[4]谭深.农村劳动力流动的性别差异[J].社会学研究,1997(1):42-47.
[5]金一虹.非农化过程中的农村妇女[J].社会学研究,1998(5):106-114.
[6]WeiliangSu,Tor Eriksson,Liuxiu Zhang,et al.Off-farm employment and time allocation in on-farm work in rural china from gender perspective[J].China Economic Review,2016,41(12):34-45.
[7]LinxinZhang,Alan De Brauw,Scott Rozelle.China's rural labor market development and its gender implications[J].China Economic Review,2004,15(2):230-247.
[8]Alande Brauw,Qicnag Li,Chengfang Liu,et al.Feminization of agriculture in china?myths surrounding women's participation in farming[J].China Quarterly,2008,194(194):327-348.
[9]DEB A,Huang J,Zhang L,et al.The feminisation of agriculture with chinese characteristics[J].Journal of Development Studies,2013,49(5):689-704.
[10]文华成.中国农业劳动力女性化:程度、成因与影响---基于历史宏观截面数据的验证[J].人口学刊,2014,36(4):64-73.
[11]彭代彦,文乐.农村劳动力老龄化、女性化降低了粮食生产效率吗---基于随机前沿的南北方比较分析[J].农业技术经济,2016(2):32-44.
[12]梁栋,吴惠芳.农业女性化的动力机制及其对农村性别关系的影响研究---基于江苏、四川及山西三省的村庄实地调研[J].妇女研究论丛,2017(6):85-97.
[13]聂裕鹏.农业女性化对农村土地流转的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2013,41(10):217-221,225.
[14]蔡弘,黄鹂.农业女性化下农村妇女生产参与及其生产意愿研究---安徽省调查实例[J].人口与发展,2017,23(2):2-13+21.
[15]韩占兵.“新生代农民”分层次务农意愿研究[J].华东经济管理,2014,28(2):34-40.
[16]庄道元,黄贤金.新生代农民工务农意愿影响因素的实证分析[J].统计与决策,2015(23):94-97.
[17]吴易雄.基于二元Logistic模型的新型职业农民农业生产意愿的影响因素及其对策探析[J].当代经济管理,2016,38(11):40-49.
[18]钟涨宝,贺亮.农户生计与农村劳动力职业务农意愿---基于301份微观数据的实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2016(5):1-9,143.
[19]悦中山,李树茁,费尔德曼,等.徘徊在“三岔路口”:两代农民工发展意愿的比较研究[J].人口与经济,2009(6):58-66.
[20]吴惠芳,饶静.农村留守妇女研究综述[J].中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2009(2):18-23.
[21]吕芳.农村留守妇女的社会支持网络构成研究---基于16省66县2414名留守妇女的调查[J].妇女研究论丛,2012(5):36-47.
[22]蔡弘,黄鹂.何谓“农业女性化”:讨论与反思[J].农林经济管理学报,2017,16(5):652-659.
[23]陈锡文.读懂中国农业农村农民(中文版)[M].北京:外文出版社,2018:48-49.
[24]包宗顺,徐志明,高珊,等.农村土地流转的区域差异与影响因素---以江苏省为例[J].中国农村经济,2009(4):23-30,47.
[25]许恒周,郭忠兴.农村土地流转影响因素的理论与实证研究---基于农民阶层分化与产权偏好的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(3):94-98.
(1)指种植业劳动力,不包含林业、牧业、渔业及农林牧渔服务业。
(2)数据通过《1990中国人口普查资料》和《中国2010年人口普查资料》整理获得。
(1)皖北土地承包价格与净收入通过与村民访谈获得。皖南的土地流转价格明显低于皖北,例如,在繁昌县调查中很多村民以每公顷3000元至4500元的价格将土地承包出去,滁州市定远县种粮户Z从自家兄弟家承包土地,价格在4500元/公顷,六安市桃溪镇种粮大户W承包土地的价格也在7500元/公顷以内,这与当地收入结构、土地分布、种植结构等因素有关,土地承包价格并不是绝对的。
(1)来自滁州市定远县青春村访谈对象Z。
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