长江口典型盐沼植物对持续淹水胁迫的响应
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摘要
以长江口滨海湿地典型盐沼植物海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为研究对象,通过人工模拟潮汐控制实验,比较了不同持续淹水时间处理(3 h·d~(-1),4 h·d~(-1),5 h·d~(-1)和6 h·d~(-1))对三种盐沼植物存活、营养生长及繁殖的影响,从而比较未来海平面上升情景下,本地物种海三棱藨草、芦苇及外来物种互花米草对持续淹水胁迫的适应性.研究结果表明:(1)三种长江口典型盐沼植物的存活率随着日均持续淹水时间的延长呈下降趋势,持续淹水大于3 h·d~(-1)时,三种植物的存活率由高到低依次为:互花米草>海三棱藨草>芦苇;(2)三种植物的株高及生物量累积量均随着日均持续淹水时间的延长呈先增加后下降的趋势,持续淹水为4 h·d~(-1)时,株高均达到最大值;持续淹水分别为4. 84 h·d~(-1),4. 55 h·d~(-1)和3. 67 h·d~(-1)时,三种植物的地上生物量累积量达到最大值;(3)三种植物的繁殖状况受日均持续淹水时间的延长影响(P <0. 05),三种盐沼植物的分蘖数随淹水时间处理延长呈先增加后下降的趋势,在持续淹水4 h·d~(-1)时分蘖数达到最大值;而结穗率则表现为随着淹水时间的持续增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;(4)外来入侵物种较本地物种对于持续淹水胁迫具有更强的耐受性,未来海平面上升将加剧对本地物种海三棱藨草和芦苇的影响.研究结果为探讨全球变化对滨海湿地生态系统的影响提供了理论依据,并为长江口滨海湿地保护、修复和管理提供了数据支撑,具有重要的意义.
We focused on three vascular plants,two native Scirpus mariqueter and Phragmites australis,an invasive Spartina alterniflora as study objects. The effects of different continuous flooding treatments( 3 h·d~(-1),4 h·d~(-1),5 h·d~(-1)and 6 h·d~(-1)) on the survival,growth and reproduction of three salt marsh species were compared. The responses mechanism of S. mariqueter,S. alterniflora and P. australis to flooding duration stress under sea level rise in the future were explored. The results were as follows:( 1) the survival rate of S. mariqueter,S. alterniflora and P. australis declined with the increase of daily flooding duration. When the flooding duration was greater than 3 h·d~(-1),the survival rate of three species were: S. alterniflora > S. mariqueter > P. australis;( 2)the plant height and biomass accumulation of three species increased first and then decreased with the increase of daily flooding duration,and the plant height reached the maximum value at 4 h · d~(-1),and the maximum aboveground biomass accumulation at 4. 84 h·d~(-1),4. 55 h·d~(-1),and 3. 67 h·d~(-1),respectively;( 3) the increase of the flooding duration significantly affected the reproductive status of the three species. The number of tillers increased first and then decreased with the increase of flooding duration( the maximum at 4 h·d~(-1)).However,the ear setting percentage of three salt marsh species decreased gradually with the increase of flooding duration;( 4) Invasive species are more tolerant to continuous flooding stress than native species,and the sea level rise in the future will have more serious impacts on the native species S. mariqueter and P. australis. These results could provide the scientific supports for the global change researches,and coastal zone protection,restoration and comprehensive management in the Yangtze Estuary.
We focused on three vascular plants,two native Scirpus mariqueter and Phragmites australis,an invasive Spartina alterniflora as study objects. The effects of different continuous flooding treatments( 3 h·d~(-1),4 h·d~(-1),5 h·d~(-1)and 6 h·d~(-1)) on the survival,growth and reproduction of three salt marsh species were compared. The responses mechanism of S. mariqueter,S. alterniflora and P. australis to flooding duration stress under sea level rise in the future were explored. The results were as follows:( 1) the survival rate of S. mariqueter,S. alterniflora and P. australis declined with the increase of daily flooding duration. When the flooding duration was greater than 3 h·d~(-1),the survival rate of three species were: S. alterniflora > S. mariqueter > P. australis;( 2)the plant height and biomass accumulation of three species increased first and then decreased with the increase of daily flooding duration,and the plant height reached the maximum value at 4 h · d~(-1),and the maximum aboveground biomass accumulation at 4. 84 h·d~(-1),4. 55 h·d~(-1),and 3. 67 h·d~(-1),respectively;( 3) the increase of the flooding duration significantly affected the reproductive status of the three species. The number of tillers increased first and then decreased with the increase of flooding duration( the maximum at 4 h·d~(-1)).However,the ear setting percentage of three salt marsh species decreased gradually with the increase of flooding duration;( 4) Invasive species are more tolerant to continuous flooding stress than native species,and the sea level rise in the future will have more serious impacts on the native species S. mariqueter and P. australis. These results could provide the scientific supports for the global change researches,and coastal zone protection,restoration and comprehensive management in the Yangtze Estuary.
引文
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[22]GE Z M,WANG H,CAO H B,et al.Responses of eastern Chinese coastal salt marshes to sea-level rise combined with vegetative and sedimentary processes[J].Scientific Reports,2016(6):28466.
[23]SPEELMANS M,VANTHUYNE D R,LOCK K,et al.Influence of flooding,salinity and inundation time on the bioavailability of metals in wetlands[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,380(1):144.
[24]JANOUSEK C N,MAYO C.Plant responses to increased inundation and salt exposure:interactive effects on tidal marsh productivity[J].Plant Ecology,2013,214(7):917-928.
[25]肖强,郑海雷,叶文景,等.水淹对互花米草生长及生理的影响[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(9):1025-1028.
[26]陈鹭真,王文卿,林鹏.潮汐淹水时间对秋茄幼苗生长的影响[J].海洋学报,2005,27(2):141-147.
[27]SNEDDEN G A,CRETINI K,PATTON B.Inundation and salinity impacts to above-and belowground productivity in Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in the Mississippi River deltaic plain:Implications for using river diversions as restoration tools[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,81:133-139.
[28]CALL B C,BELMONT P,SCHMIDT J C,et al.Changes in floodplain inundation under nonstationary hydrology for an adjustable,alluvial river channel[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(5):3811-3834.
[29]崔保山,贺强,赵欣胜.水盐环境梯度下翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的生态阈值[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1408-1418.
[30]BRACHO N A,KNOTHE N M,COSTA W R,et al.Root anoxia effects on physiology and emissions of volatile organic compounds(VOC)under short-and longterm inundation of trees from Amazonian floodplains[J].Springerplus,2012,1(1):9.
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[32]QIU C,ZHU J.Assessing the influence of sea level rise on salt transport processes and estuarine circulation in the Changjiang River Estuary[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2015,31(3):661-670.
[33]YUAN R,ZHU J,WANG B.Impact of sea-level rise on saltwater intrusion in the Pearl River Estuary[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2015,31(2):477-487.
[2]LEE S Y,DUNN R J K,YOUNG R A,et al.Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure and function[J].Austral Ecology,2010,31(2):149-163.
[3]TEMMERMAN S,MEIRE P,BOUMA T J,et al.Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change[J].Nature,2013,504(7478):79-83.
[4]YUAN L,GE Z M,FAN X Z,et al.Ecosystem-based coastal zone management:A comprehensive assessment of coastal ecosystems in the Yangtze Estuary coastal zone[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2014,95(95):63-71.
[5]WOO I,TAKEKAWA J Y.Will inundation and salinity levels associated with projected sea level rise reduce the survival,growth,and reproductive capacity of Sarcocornia pacifica,(pickleweed)?[J].Aquatic Botany,2012,102:8-14.
[6]KIRWAN M L,GUNTENSPERGEN G R.Feedbacks between inundation,root production,and shoot growth in a rapidly submerging brackish marsh[J].Journal of Ecology,2012,100(3):764-770.
[7]GE Z M,CAO H B,CUI L F,et al.Future vegetation patterns and primary productionin the coastal wetlands of East China under sea level rise,sediment reduction and saltwater intrusion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2015,120(10):1923-1940.
[8]XUE L,LI X Z,YAN Z Z,et al.Native and non-native halophytes resiliency against sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion[J].Hydrobiologia,2018,806(1):47
[9]陈中义,李博,陈家宽.长江口崇明东滩土壤盐度和潮间带高程对外来种互花米草生长的影响[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2005,2(2):6-9.
[10]梁贝,高芳磊,郭宏宇,等.不同淹水梯度对芦苇实生苗生长和部分生理特性的影响[J].天津师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,35(4):62-66.
[11]袁连奇,张利权.调控淹水对互花米草生理影响的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(2):175-179.
[12]LOWE B J,WATTS R J,ROBERTS J,et al.The effect of experimental inundation and sediment deposition on the survival and growth of two herbaceous riverbank plant species[J].Plant Ecology,2010,209(1):57-69.
[13]崔保山,赵欣胜,杨志峰,等.黄河三角洲芦苇种群特征对水深环境梯度的响应[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1533-1541.
[14]王摆,韩家波,周遵春,等.大凌河口湿地水盐梯度下翅碱蓬的生态阈值[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(1):71-75.
[15]WANG C,WANG Q,MEIR E D,et al.Biogeomorphic feedback between plant growth and flooding causes alternative stable states in an experimental floodplain[J].Advances in Water Resources,2015,93:223-235.
[16]肖强,郑海雷,叶文景,等.水淹对互花米草生长及生理的影响[J].生态学杂志.2005.24(9):1025-1028.
[17]曹浩冰,葛振鸣,祝振昌,等.崇明东滩盐沼植被扩散格局及其形成机制[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3944-3952.
[18]丁文慧,姜俊彦,李秀珍,等.崇明东滩南部盐沼植被空间分布及影响因素分析[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(7):704-716.
[19]ZHENG Z S,ZHOU Y X,TIAN B.The spatial relationship between salt marsh vegetation patterns,soil elevation and tidal channels using remote sensing at Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve,China[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2016,35(4):26-34.
[20]ZHU Z C,ZHANG L Q,WANG N,et al.Interactions between the range expansion of saltmarsh vegetation and hydrodynamic regimes in the Yangtze Estuary,China[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2012,96(1):273-279.
[21]李蕙,袁琳,张利权,等.长江口滨海湿地潮间带生态系统的多稳态特征[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):327-336.
[22]GE Z M,WANG H,CAO H B,et al.Responses of eastern Chinese coastal salt marshes to sea-level rise combined with vegetative and sedimentary processes[J].Scientific Reports,2016(6):28466.
[23]SPEELMANS M,VANTHUYNE D R,LOCK K,et al.Influence of flooding,salinity and inundation time on the bioavailability of metals in wetlands[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,380(1):144.
[24]JANOUSEK C N,MAYO C.Plant responses to increased inundation and salt exposure:interactive effects on tidal marsh productivity[J].Plant Ecology,2013,214(7):917-928.
[25]肖强,郑海雷,叶文景,等.水淹对互花米草生长及生理的影响[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(9):1025-1028.
[26]陈鹭真,王文卿,林鹏.潮汐淹水时间对秋茄幼苗生长的影响[J].海洋学报,2005,27(2):141-147.
[27]SNEDDEN G A,CRETINI K,PATTON B.Inundation and salinity impacts to above-and belowground productivity in Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in the Mississippi River deltaic plain:Implications for using river diversions as restoration tools[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,81:133-139.
[28]CALL B C,BELMONT P,SCHMIDT J C,et al.Changes in floodplain inundation under nonstationary hydrology for an adjustable,alluvial river channel[J].Water Resources Research,2017,53(5):3811-3834.
[29]崔保山,贺强,赵欣胜.水盐环境梯度下翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的生态阈值[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1408-1418.
[30]BRACHO N A,KNOTHE N M,COSTA W R,et al.Root anoxia effects on physiology and emissions of volatile organic compounds(VOC)under short-and longterm inundation of trees from Amazonian floodplains[J].Springerplus,2012,1(1):9.
[31]国家海洋局.2016年中国海平面公报[EB/OL].http:∥www.soa.gov.cn/zwgk/hygb/zghpmgb/201703/t20170322_55304.html,2017-03-22.
[32]QIU C,ZHU J.Assessing the influence of sea level rise on salt transport processes and estuarine circulation in the Changjiang River Estuary[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2015,31(3):661-670.
[33]YUAN R,ZHU J,WANG B.Impact of sea-level rise on saltwater intrusion in the Pearl River Estuary[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2015,31(2):477-487.
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