京张区域生态系统健康评价与应对策略
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摘要
利用遥感和GIS空间分析方法,以66个小流域为评价单元,对京张区域生态系统状况进行了分析,提出了相应对策。研究表明:(1)京张区域生态系统健康水平整体较差,近6成面积区域生态不健康或较不健康;(2)京张两市交界处存在一个健康指数高的生态绿带,由此向东南、西北两侧健康指数逐渐降低,北京生态健康指数整体高于张家口;(3)京张区域生态健康状况在县域尺度上出现了两级分化的情况,健康等级面积占比高于80%的县区和低于30%的县区占大多数;(4)平均斑块面积指数低是制约京张全域生态健康的全局性因素;初级生产力低、人类干扰程度高、河网密度低等是生态不健康区域的主要影响因素。对策:(1)保护好京张交界处的生态绿带,重点加强37号小流域生态建设;(2)加强京张区域东南、西北两翼边缘地区生态建设,坝上边缘加大退耕还林草,北京东南缘的66号和39号小流域要重点控制城市面积扩展,提高自然植被斑块面积;(3)加强对一般健康流域的监管,促使小的镶嵌斑块发展为连片面状健康区域;优先治理张家口连片生态较不健康区域;(4)生态建设重点是提高植被斑块面积和植被覆盖度,降低大规模的耕种和城市化建设,修复河网;(5)在张家口建立生态特区。
In this paper,the status of ecosystem in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region was analyzed,the strategy was put forward using the RS means and GIS spatial analysis,and 66 drainage basins were taken as the evaluation units.The results showed that the ecological health level in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region was low,and the ecology in nearly 60% area was unhealthy or relatively unhealthy. At the junction of Beijing and Zhangjiakou cities,there was an ecological green belt with high health index. From this junction to the southeast and northwest,the index of ecological health was in a decrease trend. The ecological health index in Beijing was higher than that in Zhangjiakou.A polarization of regional ecological health status at county scale occurred in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region,and the counties and districts where the proportion of areas with healthy ecology was higher than 80% and lower than 30%were in the majority. The low average patch area index was the overall factor restricting the ecosystem health in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region. The low primary productivity,high level of human disturbance and low drainage density are the main factors affecting the unhealthy ecosystem. Some countermeasures were put forward:(1) The ecological green belt at the junction of Beijing and Zhangjiakou should be protected well,and the ecological construction in the small watershed No. 37 should be emphasized;(2) It was suggested to promote the ecological construction in the southeast and northwest marginal zones of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region,enhance the implementation of the Grain for Green Project in the Bashang Plateau,and control the expansion of the urban area and enlarge the area of the natural vegetation patches in the small catchments No. 66 and No. 39;(3) It was suggested to focus on the supervision of the drainage basins with general ecological health and promote the connection of small mosaic patches with healthy ecosystem;(4) The focuses of ecological construction are to enlarge the vegetation patch area and increase the vegetation coverage,reduce the large-scale construction of farming and urbanization,and improve the restoration of drainage basins.(5) It was also suggested to establish a special ecological zones in Zhangjiakou.
In this paper,the status of ecosystem in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region was analyzed,the strategy was put forward using the RS means and GIS spatial analysis,and 66 drainage basins were taken as the evaluation units.The results showed that the ecological health level in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region was low,and the ecology in nearly 60% area was unhealthy or relatively unhealthy. At the junction of Beijing and Zhangjiakou cities,there was an ecological green belt with high health index. From this junction to the southeast and northwest,the index of ecological health was in a decrease trend. The ecological health index in Beijing was higher than that in Zhangjiakou.A polarization of regional ecological health status at county scale occurred in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region,and the counties and districts where the proportion of areas with healthy ecology was higher than 80% and lower than 30%were in the majority. The low average patch area index was the overall factor restricting the ecosystem health in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region. The low primary productivity,high level of human disturbance and low drainage density are the main factors affecting the unhealthy ecosystem. Some countermeasures were put forward:(1) The ecological green belt at the junction of Beijing and Zhangjiakou should be protected well,and the ecological construction in the small watershed No. 37 should be emphasized;(2) It was suggested to promote the ecological construction in the southeast and northwest marginal zones of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region,enhance the implementation of the Grain for Green Project in the Bashang Plateau,and control the expansion of the urban area and enlarge the area of the natural vegetation patches in the small catchments No. 66 and No. 39;(3) It was suggested to focus on the supervision of the drainage basins with general ecological health and promote the connection of small mosaic patches with healthy ecosystem;(4) The focuses of ecological construction are to enlarge the vegetation patch area and increase the vegetation coverage,reduce the large-scale construction of farming and urbanization,and improve the restoration of drainage basins.(5) It was also suggested to establish a special ecological zones in Zhangjiakou.
引文
[1]张轶欣.张家口商业兴衰与近代城市空间的演变[J].河北北方学院学报,2008,24(2):59-63.[Zhang Yixin.The rise and fall of Zhangjiakou commerce and the evolution of the city space in modern time[J].Journal of Hebei North University,2008,24(2):59-63.]
[2]马振刚,李黎黎,闫永,等.过渡带城市空间扩展特征及影响因素分析---以张家口市为例[J].天津师范大学(自然科学版),2014,34(3):56-61.[Ma Zhenggang,Li Lili,Yan Yong,et al.Analysis of city spatial expansion characteristics and influencing factors of transitional zone city:Taking Zhangjiakou city as an example[J].Tianjin Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2014,34(3):56-61.]
[3]李黎黎,马振刚,王宝钧.张家口生态环境治理失效因素及应对思路[J].环境保护,2014,42(1):68-69.[Li Lili,Ma Zhenggang,Wang Baojun.Failure factors and counter measures of ecological environment management in Zhangjiakou[J].Environmental Protection,2014,42(1):68-69.]
[4]王宝钧.基于生态联系的京张区域整合研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2006.[Wang Baojun.The Research on Jing-Zhang Regional Integration Based on the Ecological Relationship[D].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2006.]
[5]孙杰肖.张家口市水中长期供需预测及平衡分析[D].石家庄:河北农业大学,2013.[Sun Jiexiao.Medium and Long-term Supply and Demand Forecasts and Balance Analysis in Water Resources of Zhangjiekou City[D].Shijiahzuang:Hebei Agricultural University,2013.]
[6]张贵祥.首都与跨界水源生态经济特区合作协调机制研究---以京张合作为例[J].生态经济,2010(2):153-157.[Zhang Guixiang.Trans-boundary ecological economic zone of water resources:Take Beijing and the Zhangjiakou cooperation as an example[J].Eco-economy,2010(2):153-157.]
[7]刘沁萍,杨永春,田洪阵.基于景观生态视角的兰州市城市化空间模式定量研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(1):47-52.[Liu Qinping,Yang Yongchun,Tian Hongzhen.Quantitative study on urban spatial pattern of Lanzhou city from the perspective of landscape ecology[J].Resources and Environment in Arid Areas,2013,27(1):47-52.]
[8]韦薇,张银龙,赵兵,等.快速城市化进程中城市扩张对景观格局分异特征的影响[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(1):7-12.[Wei Wei,Zhang Yinlong,Zhao Bing,et al.Impacts of urban expansion on spatio-temporal variation of landscape patterns during rapid urbanization a case study of Kunshan city[J].Journal of Ecological Environment,2011,20(1):7-12.]
[9]仇江啸,王效科,逯非,等.城市景观破碎化格局与城市化及社会经济发展水平的关系---以北京城区为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(9):2 659-2 669.[Qiu Jiangxiao,Wang Xiaoke,Gui Fei,et al.The spatial pattern of landscape fragmentation and its relations with urbanization and socio-economic developments:A case study of Beijing[J].Journal of Ecology,2012,32(9):2 659-2 669.]
[10]邹月,周忠学.西安市景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2 629-2 639.[Zou Yue,Zhou Zhongxue.Impact of landscape pattern change on ecosystem service value of Xi’an City,China[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2 629-2 639.]
[11]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.]
[12]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.[Xie Gaodi,Zhen Lin,Lu Chunxia,et al.Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(5):911-919.]
[13]刘秀丽,张勃,杨艳丽,等.五台山地区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):613-620.[Liu Xiuli,Zhang Bo,Yang Yanli,et al.Assessment of forest ecosystem services in the Wutai Mountainous area[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):613-620.]
[14]吴秀芹,李瑞改,王曼曼,等.地理信息系统实践与行业应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2013.[Wu Xiuqin,Li Ruigai,Wang Manman,et al.Geographic Information System Practice and Industry Application[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2013.]
[15]彭建,王仰麟,吴健生,等.区域生态系统健康评价---研究方法与进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4 877-4 885.[Peng Jian,Wang Yanglin,Wu Jiansheng,et al.Evaluation for regional ecosystem health:Methodology and research progress[J].Journal of Ecology,2007,27(11):4 877-4 885.]
[16]陈克龙,苏茂新,李双成,等.西宁市城市生态系统健康评价[J].地理研究,2010,29(2):214-222.[Chen Kelong,Su Maoxin,Li Shuangcheng,et al.The health assessment of the urban ecosystem of Xining city[J].Geographic Research,2010,29(2):214-222.]
[17]郁亚娟,郭怀成,刘永,等.城市病诊断与城市生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1 736-1 747.[Yu Yajuan,Guo Huaicheng,Liu Yong,et al.Syndromic city illnesses diagnosis and urban ecosystem health assessment[J].Journal of Ecology,2008,28(4):1 736-1 747.]
[18]毕如田,高艳.典型地貌景观指数的多尺度效应分析---以山西省运城市为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2012,14(3):338-343.[Bi Rutian,Gao Yan.Analysis of multi-scale effect of landscape indices of classical landforms in Yuncheng City,Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2012,14(3):338-343.]
[19]颜利,王金坑,黄浩.基于PSR框架模型的东溪流域生态系统健康评价[J].资源科学,2008,30(1):107-113.[Yan Li,Wang Jinkeng,Huang Hao.An assessment of ecosystem health in Dongxi river basin based on PSR framework[J].Resources Science,2008,30(1):107-113.]
[20]刘明华,董贵华.RS和GIS支持下的秦皇岛地区生态系统健康评价[J].地理研究,2006,23(5):930-938.[Liu Minghua,Dong Guihua.Ecosystem health assessment and driving force analysis in Qinhuangdao area based on RS&GIS[J].Geographic Research,2006,23(5):930-938.]
[21]孔伟,任亮,刘一凡,等.京张生态建设协同发展水平评价及提升对策研究[J].资源开发与市场,2018,34(1):23-27.[Kong Wei,Ren Liang,Liu Yifan,et al.Evaluation and upgrading of Beijing-Zhangjiakou regional coordinated development capacity of ecological construction[J].Resources Development and Market,2018,34(1):23-27.]
[22]任宇飞,方创琳.京津冀城市群县域尺度生态效率评价及空间格局分析[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):87-98.[Ren Yufei,Fang Chuanglin.Spatial pattern and evaluation of eco-efficiency in counties of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration[J].Progress in Geographical Science,2017,36(1):87-98.]
[23]胡蒙蒙,张军民,徐丽萍,等.基于生态绿当量的玛纳斯河流域土地利用生态效益研究[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(5):996-1 002.[Hu Mengmeng,Zhang Junmin,Xu Liping,et al.Eco-efficiency of land use based on ecological green equivalent in the Manas River Basin[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(5):996-1 002.]
[24]陈利顶,周伟奇,韩立建,等.京津冀城市群地区生态安全格局构建与保障对策[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7 125-7 129.[Chen Liding,Zhou Weiqi,Han Lijian,et al.Developing key technologies for establishing ecological security patterns at the BeijingTianjin-Hebei urban megaregion[J].Journal of Ecology,2016,36(22):7 125-7 129.]
[25]马振刚,李黎黎,许学工,等.北方农牧交错带地区土地利用的粒度效应研究---以化德县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):92-98.[Ma Zhenggang,Li Lili,Xu Xuegong,et al.Grain size effects of land-use in farming-pastoral transitional zone of northern China:A case study of Huade county[J].Resources and Environment in Arid Areas,2016,30(5):92-98.]
(1)数据来自北京市统计局
(2)数据来自张家口市统计局
(3)中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心土地利用现状遥感监测数据
[2]马振刚,李黎黎,闫永,等.过渡带城市空间扩展特征及影响因素分析---以张家口市为例[J].天津师范大学(自然科学版),2014,34(3):56-61.[Ma Zhenggang,Li Lili,Yan Yong,et al.Analysis of city spatial expansion characteristics and influencing factors of transitional zone city:Taking Zhangjiakou city as an example[J].Tianjin Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2014,34(3):56-61.]
[3]李黎黎,马振刚,王宝钧.张家口生态环境治理失效因素及应对思路[J].环境保护,2014,42(1):68-69.[Li Lili,Ma Zhenggang,Wang Baojun.Failure factors and counter measures of ecological environment management in Zhangjiakou[J].Environmental Protection,2014,42(1):68-69.]
[4]王宝钧.基于生态联系的京张区域整合研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2006.[Wang Baojun.The Research on Jing-Zhang Regional Integration Based on the Ecological Relationship[D].Beijing:Capital Normal University,2006.]
[5]孙杰肖.张家口市水中长期供需预测及平衡分析[D].石家庄:河北农业大学,2013.[Sun Jiexiao.Medium and Long-term Supply and Demand Forecasts and Balance Analysis in Water Resources of Zhangjiekou City[D].Shijiahzuang:Hebei Agricultural University,2013.]
[6]张贵祥.首都与跨界水源生态经济特区合作协调机制研究---以京张合作为例[J].生态经济,2010(2):153-157.[Zhang Guixiang.Trans-boundary ecological economic zone of water resources:Take Beijing and the Zhangjiakou cooperation as an example[J].Eco-economy,2010(2):153-157.]
[7]刘沁萍,杨永春,田洪阵.基于景观生态视角的兰州市城市化空间模式定量研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(1):47-52.[Liu Qinping,Yang Yongchun,Tian Hongzhen.Quantitative study on urban spatial pattern of Lanzhou city from the perspective of landscape ecology[J].Resources and Environment in Arid Areas,2013,27(1):47-52.]
[8]韦薇,张银龙,赵兵,等.快速城市化进程中城市扩张对景观格局分异特征的影响[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(1):7-12.[Wei Wei,Zhang Yinlong,Zhao Bing,et al.Impacts of urban expansion on spatio-temporal variation of landscape patterns during rapid urbanization a case study of Kunshan city[J].Journal of Ecological Environment,2011,20(1):7-12.]
[9]仇江啸,王效科,逯非,等.城市景观破碎化格局与城市化及社会经济发展水平的关系---以北京城区为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(9):2 659-2 669.[Qiu Jiangxiao,Wang Xiaoke,Gui Fei,et al.The spatial pattern of landscape fragmentation and its relations with urbanization and socio-economic developments:A case study of Beijing[J].Journal of Ecology,2012,32(9):2 659-2 669.]
[10]邹月,周忠学.西安市景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2 629-2 639.[Zou Yue,Zhou Zhongxue.Impact of landscape pattern change on ecosystem service value of Xi’an City,China[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2 629-2 639.]
[11]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Leng Yunfa,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.]
[12]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.[Xie Gaodi,Zhen Lin,Lu Chunxia,et al.Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(5):911-919.]
[13]刘秀丽,张勃,杨艳丽,等.五台山地区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):613-620.[Liu Xiuli,Zhang Bo,Yang Yanli,et al.Assessment of forest ecosystem services in the Wutai Mountainous area[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):613-620.]
[14]吴秀芹,李瑞改,王曼曼,等.地理信息系统实践与行业应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2013.[Wu Xiuqin,Li Ruigai,Wang Manman,et al.Geographic Information System Practice and Industry Application[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2013.]
[15]彭建,王仰麟,吴健生,等.区域生态系统健康评价---研究方法与进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4 877-4 885.[Peng Jian,Wang Yanglin,Wu Jiansheng,et al.Evaluation for regional ecosystem health:Methodology and research progress[J].Journal of Ecology,2007,27(11):4 877-4 885.]
[16]陈克龙,苏茂新,李双成,等.西宁市城市生态系统健康评价[J].地理研究,2010,29(2):214-222.[Chen Kelong,Su Maoxin,Li Shuangcheng,et al.The health assessment of the urban ecosystem of Xining city[J].Geographic Research,2010,29(2):214-222.]
[17]郁亚娟,郭怀成,刘永,等.城市病诊断与城市生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1 736-1 747.[Yu Yajuan,Guo Huaicheng,Liu Yong,et al.Syndromic city illnesses diagnosis and urban ecosystem health assessment[J].Journal of Ecology,2008,28(4):1 736-1 747.]
[18]毕如田,高艳.典型地貌景观指数的多尺度效应分析---以山西省运城市为例[J].地球信息科学学报,2012,14(3):338-343.[Bi Rutian,Gao Yan.Analysis of multi-scale effect of landscape indices of classical landforms in Yuncheng City,Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2012,14(3):338-343.]
[19]颜利,王金坑,黄浩.基于PSR框架模型的东溪流域生态系统健康评价[J].资源科学,2008,30(1):107-113.[Yan Li,Wang Jinkeng,Huang Hao.An assessment of ecosystem health in Dongxi river basin based on PSR framework[J].Resources Science,2008,30(1):107-113.]
[20]刘明华,董贵华.RS和GIS支持下的秦皇岛地区生态系统健康评价[J].地理研究,2006,23(5):930-938.[Liu Minghua,Dong Guihua.Ecosystem health assessment and driving force analysis in Qinhuangdao area based on RS&GIS[J].Geographic Research,2006,23(5):930-938.]
[21]孔伟,任亮,刘一凡,等.京张生态建设协同发展水平评价及提升对策研究[J].资源开发与市场,2018,34(1):23-27.[Kong Wei,Ren Liang,Liu Yifan,et al.Evaluation and upgrading of Beijing-Zhangjiakou regional coordinated development capacity of ecological construction[J].Resources Development and Market,2018,34(1):23-27.]
[22]任宇飞,方创琳.京津冀城市群县域尺度生态效率评价及空间格局分析[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):87-98.[Ren Yufei,Fang Chuanglin.Spatial pattern and evaluation of eco-efficiency in counties of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration[J].Progress in Geographical Science,2017,36(1):87-98.]
[23]胡蒙蒙,张军民,徐丽萍,等.基于生态绿当量的玛纳斯河流域土地利用生态效益研究[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(5):996-1 002.[Hu Mengmeng,Zhang Junmin,Xu Liping,et al.Eco-efficiency of land use based on ecological green equivalent in the Manas River Basin[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(5):996-1 002.]
[24]陈利顶,周伟奇,韩立建,等.京津冀城市群地区生态安全格局构建与保障对策[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7 125-7 129.[Chen Liding,Zhou Weiqi,Han Lijian,et al.Developing key technologies for establishing ecological security patterns at the BeijingTianjin-Hebei urban megaregion[J].Journal of Ecology,2016,36(22):7 125-7 129.]
[25]马振刚,李黎黎,许学工,等.北方农牧交错带地区土地利用的粒度效应研究---以化德县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(5):92-98.[Ma Zhenggang,Li Lili,Xu Xuegong,et al.Grain size effects of land-use in farming-pastoral transitional zone of northern China:A case study of Huade county[J].Resources and Environment in Arid Areas,2016,30(5):92-98.]
(1)数据来自北京市统计局
(2)数据来自张家口市统计局
(3)中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心土地利用现状遥感监测数据
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