缙云山5种乡土楠木资源叶片精油挥发性成分GC-MS鉴定与组成差异分析
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摘要
【目的】对缙云山5种野生乡土楠木植物资源叶片精油进行提取和成分鉴定,分析5种楠木植物精油挥发性成分组成差异研究和亲缘关系,为野生乡土楠木类资源的开发应用与分类提供基础数据。【方法】按照代表性原则于7月初在叶片年光合效率最高时采样,采用水蒸气蒸馏法进行叶片精油提取,气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分离,计算机自动检索辅助人工解析,对缙云山5种乡土楠木资源叶片精油组分进行鉴定与差异分析,用SPSS 19.0软件对挥发性组分进行主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】缙云山5种乡土野生楠木植物资源叶片精油提取率分别为0.313 5%、0.003 6%、0.096 4%、0.075 3%和0.070 7%,白楠出油率最高,雅安琼楠次之,峨眉楠最低,白楠是峨眉楠的87倍。通过GC-MS鉴定,从5种乡土野生楠木植物资源叶片精油中共鉴定出挥发性组分187种,其中白楠78种,主要为喇叭烯(2.911 0μg·g~(-1))、δ-卡迪烯(2.043 5μg·g~(-1))和α-杜松醇(1.634 9μg·g~(-1));峨眉楠62种,主要为正十六烷酸(0.230 4μg·g~(-1))、亚油酸(0.076 3μg·g~(-1))和植醇(0.058 6μg·g~(-1));雅安琼楠79种,主要为α-蒎烯(1.687 1μg·g~(-1))、δ-卡迪烯(1.316 0μg·g~(-1))和乙酸龙脑酯(1.249 2μg·g~(-1));贵州琼楠79种,主要为α-蒎烯(1.607 5μg·g~(-1))、δ-卡迪烯(1.448 7μg·g~(-1))和古巴烯(1.393 9μg·g~(-1));利川润楠54种,主要为13-烯十四醛(6.495 7μg·g~(-1))、十四醛(2.375 4μg·g~(-1))和癸醛(0.934 7μg·g~(-1))。从成分种类上看,缙云山5种乡土野生楠木植物资源叶片精油挥发性组分以烯烃和醇类为主,此外还有酯类、烷烃类、醛类、萘类、酮类、有机酸类、苯类和其他多种化合物类型;但共有性成分少,仅有7种。通过主成分分析和聚类分析,5种乡土野生楠木植物资源可明显分为3类,雅安琼楠和贵州琼楠植物叶片挥发性成分组成相似,聚为一类;峨眉楠和利川润楠聚为一类;而白楠挥发性组分明显不同于其他几种,单独聚为一类。【结论】缙云山5种乡土楠木植物资源叶片精油挥发性组分均以烯烃和醇类为主,但成分含量差异较大,叶片精油化学分类研究结果与传统形态学的亲缘关系具有一定差异。
【Objective】 In this study, the essential oils were extracted from leaves of five native Phoebe plant species in Jinyun Mountain and their volatile components were identified. Furthermore, their composing differences were analyzed and the genetic relationship was explored in order to provide basis data for classification and exploitation and applications of the native Phoebe plant resources of Chongqing. 【Method】 According to the representative principle, the leaf samples were collected in early July when the annual photosynthetic efficiency of leaves is the highest. The essential oils were extracted through the steam distillation, and the volatile components were separated by GC-MS and identified through automatically retrieval from NIST 2008 libraries assisted by manual analysis. Then SPSS19.0 software was applied to conduct the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis(HCA) for the five species. 【Result】 The extraction rates of the leaf essential oils from the native Phoebe plant resources were 0.313 5%, 0.003 6%, 0.096 4%, 0.075 3% and 0.070 7%, respectively. The essential oil yield of Phoebe neurantha(Hemsl.) Gamble leaves was the highest, Beilschmiedia yaanica N. Chao took second place and Phoebe sheareri(Hemsl.) Gamble var. omeiensis(Yang) N. Chao was the lowest. P. neurantha was 87 times more than P. sheareri var. Omeiensis. Measured by GC-MS, a total of 187 volatile components were isolated from the five kinds of leaves essential oils. Among them, P. neurantha contained 78 components, the main ingredients were Varidiflorene(2.911 0 μg·g~(-1)), δ-Cadinene(2.042 3 μg·g~(-1))and α-Cadinol(1.634 9 μg·g~(-1)). P. sheareri var. omeiensis contained 62 components including n-Hexadecanoic acid(0.230 4 μg·g~(-1)),Linoleic acid(0.076 3 μg·g~(-1))and Phytol(0.005 86 μg·g~(-1)). B. yaanica contained 79 components including α-Pinene(1.687 1 μg·g~(-1)),δ-Cadinene(1.316 0 μg·g~(-1))and Bornyl acetate(1.249 2 μg·g~(-1)). B. kweichowensis contained 79 components,including α-Pinene(1.607 5 μg·g~(-1)),δ-Cadinene(1.448 7 μg·g~(-1))and Copaene(1.393 9 μg·g~(-1)). M. lichuanensis contained 54 components,including 13-Tetradecenal(6.495 7 μg·g~(-1)),Tetradecanal(2.375 4 μg·g~(-1))and Decanal(0.934 7 μg·g~(-1)). According to those types of compounds,the volatile components of essential oils from the five native Phoebe plant leaves mainly belong to olefins and alcohols. In addition, there were esters,alkanes,aldehydes,naphthalene,ketones,organic acids,benzene and many other types of compounds. However there were only seven common ingredients among all the five samples. According to the PCA and HCA analyzing,the five species of Phoebe were obviously divided into three categories. B. yaanica was similar with B. kweichowensis in the composition and contents of the volatile components. Therefore, they were classified into the same category. P. sheareri var. Omeiensis and M. lichuanensis were grouped into another category. However, P. neurantha was classified into one category because of its obvious difference from others. 【Conclusion】 The main volatile ingredients of leaf essential oil from five native Phoebe plant resources belong to olefins and alcohols and there is obvious differences among the five species. Meanwhile,The results of chemical taxonomy of essential oils from leaves are different from those of traditional morphology.
【Objective】 In this study, the essential oils were extracted from leaves of five native Phoebe plant species in Jinyun Mountain and their volatile components were identified. Furthermore, their composing differences were analyzed and the genetic relationship was explored in order to provide basis data for classification and exploitation and applications of the native Phoebe plant resources of Chongqing. 【Method】 According to the representative principle, the leaf samples were collected in early July when the annual photosynthetic efficiency of leaves is the highest. The essential oils were extracted through the steam distillation, and the volatile components were separated by GC-MS and identified through automatically retrieval from NIST 2008 libraries assisted by manual analysis. Then SPSS19.0 software was applied to conduct the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis(HCA) for the five species. 【Result】 The extraction rates of the leaf essential oils from the native Phoebe plant resources were 0.313 5%, 0.003 6%, 0.096 4%, 0.075 3% and 0.070 7%, respectively. The essential oil yield of Phoebe neurantha(Hemsl.) Gamble leaves was the highest, Beilschmiedia yaanica N. Chao took second place and Phoebe sheareri(Hemsl.) Gamble var. omeiensis(Yang) N. Chao was the lowest. P. neurantha was 87 times more than P. sheareri var. Omeiensis. Measured by GC-MS, a total of 187 volatile components were isolated from the five kinds of leaves essential oils. Among them, P. neurantha contained 78 components, the main ingredients were Varidiflorene(2.911 0 μg·g~(-1)), δ-Cadinene(2.042 3 μg·g~(-1))and α-Cadinol(1.634 9 μg·g~(-1)). P. sheareri var. omeiensis contained 62 components including n-Hexadecanoic acid(0.230 4 μg·g~(-1)),Linoleic acid(0.076 3 μg·g~(-1))and Phytol(0.005 86 μg·g~(-1)). B. yaanica contained 79 components including α-Pinene(1.687 1 μg·g~(-1)),δ-Cadinene(1.316 0 μg·g~(-1))and Bornyl acetate(1.249 2 μg·g~(-1)). B. kweichowensis contained 79 components,including α-Pinene(1.607 5 μg·g~(-1)),δ-Cadinene(1.448 7 μg·g~(-1))and Copaene(1.393 9 μg·g~(-1)). M. lichuanensis contained 54 components,including 13-Tetradecenal(6.495 7 μg·g~(-1)),Tetradecanal(2.375 4 μg·g~(-1))and Decanal(0.934 7 μg·g~(-1)). According to those types of compounds,the volatile components of essential oils from the five native Phoebe plant leaves mainly belong to olefins and alcohols. In addition, there were esters,alkanes,aldehydes,naphthalene,ketones,organic acids,benzene and many other types of compounds. However there were only seven common ingredients among all the five samples. According to the PCA and HCA analyzing,the five species of Phoebe were obviously divided into three categories. B. yaanica was similar with B. kweichowensis in the composition and contents of the volatile components. Therefore, they were classified into the same category. P. sheareri var. Omeiensis and M. lichuanensis were grouped into another category. However, P. neurantha was classified into one category because of its obvious difference from others. 【Conclusion】 The main volatile ingredients of leaf essential oil from five native Phoebe plant resources belong to olefins and alcohols and there is obvious differences among the five species. Meanwhile,The results of chemical taxonomy of essential oils from leaves are different from those of traditional morphology.
引文
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陈云霞, 南程慧, 薛晓明. 2014. 楠木种属及其近缘属叶绿体matK基因序列的鉴定. 贵州农业科学, 42(2): 27-31.(Chen Y X, Nan C H, Xue X M. 2014. Identification of chloroplast matK sequence of Phoebe and its related genera. Guizhou Agricultural Science, 42(2): 27-31. [in Chinese])
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