1990-2015年朝鲜土地覆被变化及驱动力分析
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摘要
基于Landsat TM/OLI遥感数据,采用面向对象的图像分析方法,提取1990年和2015年朝鲜土地覆被信息,定量描绘土地覆被变化。结果表明:25年间朝鲜土地覆被共变化1.1×104km2,林地和湿地分别减少4976.1 km2、203.3 km2,耕地和人工表面分别增加4821.5 km2、80 km2;耕地面积增加明显,94.6%的耕地来源于林地,两者的主要转化区在海拔为100～1000 m、坡度为8°～35°的坡地;黄海北道的土地覆被变化最显著,其次是平安南道,两江道最不明显。人口增长、经济环境退化和宏观政策的调控等人为因素是推动朝鲜土地覆被变化的主要原因。本文弥补了朝鲜长时间尺度土地覆被变化研究的空白,同时为东北亚地区土地资源可持续利用和生态环境保护奠定了基础。
Land cover change(LCC) is an important part of global change study and sustainable development research. Accurately describing the process of land surface change at the national scale is a necessary step in the study of the relationship between man and nature. The analysis of land cover change of Democratic People's Republic of Korea(DPRK), a hot developing country of concern to the international community, will be a key point to lay a foundation for the sustainable utilization of land resources and ecological environment protection in Northeast Asia and cross-boundary region of China. In this study, Landsat TM/OLI images of DPRK in 1990 and 2015 were used to extract the information of land cover by using object-based images analysis(OBIA) and some statistical data were used to analyze the driving forces of land use change in DPRK. The results showed that forestland(-4976.1 km2) and cropland(+4821.5 km2) were the most obviously changed land cover of DPRK in the 25 years. Wetland decreased by 212.2 km2, while built-up land increased by 82.8 km2. Among various land cover changes of DPRK, the expansion of cropland converted mainly from montane forest(94.6%) were essential and fast. The conversion between forestland and cropland significantly occured in sloping fields with relatively high elevations(100-1000 m) and intermediate slope gradients(8°-35°).In the meantime, the changed area of wetland and built-up land were mainly found at lower elevation(0-100 m and 0-200 m) areas which were nearly flat(0-8°). North Hwanghae, with a change rate of 17.3%, was the most obviously changed district, followed by South Pyongan.Land cover change of Ryanggang was least apparent with a change rate of 2.2%. DPRK has been suffering from the economic downturn and worsening natural environment since the1990 s, and its land cover changes were influenced mostly by human factors such as the growth of population, the deterioration of economic environment and the regulation of national macropolicy.
Land cover change(LCC) is an important part of global change study and sustainable development research. Accurately describing the process of land surface change at the national scale is a necessary step in the study of the relationship between man and nature. The analysis of land cover change of Democratic People's Republic of Korea(DPRK), a hot developing country of concern to the international community, will be a key point to lay a foundation for the sustainable utilization of land resources and ecological environment protection in Northeast Asia and cross-boundary region of China. In this study, Landsat TM/OLI images of DPRK in 1990 and 2015 were used to extract the information of land cover by using object-based images analysis(OBIA) and some statistical data were used to analyze the driving forces of land use change in DPRK. The results showed that forestland(-4976.1 km2) and cropland(+4821.5 km2) were the most obviously changed land cover of DPRK in the 25 years. Wetland decreased by 212.2 km2, while built-up land increased by 82.8 km2. Among various land cover changes of DPRK, the expansion of cropland converted mainly from montane forest(94.6%) were essential and fast. The conversion between forestland and cropland significantly occured in sloping fields with relatively high elevations(100-1000 m) and intermediate slope gradients(8°-35°).In the meantime, the changed area of wetland and built-up land were mainly found at lower elevation(0-100 m and 0-200 m) areas which were nearly flat(0-8°). North Hwanghae, with a change rate of 17.3%, was the most obviously changed district, followed by South Pyongan.Land cover change of Ryanggang was least apparent with a change rate of 2.2%. DPRK has been suffering from the economic downturn and worsening natural environment since the1990 s, and its land cover changes were influenced mostly by human factors such as the growth of population, the deterioration of economic environment and the regulation of national macropolicy.
引文
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[5]SONG W,DENG X Z.Land-use/land-cover change and ecosystem service provision in China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,576:705-719.
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[8]STRADIOTTO G,GUO S J.Market socialism in North Korea:A comparative perspective.Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,2007,12(2):188-214.
[9]GONG P,WANG J,YU L,et al.Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover:First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2013,34(7):2607-2654.
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[15]ZAKHAROVA L.Economic cooperation between Russia and North Korea:New goals and new approaches.Journal of Eurasian Studies,2016,7(2):151-161.
[16]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,等.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系.生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.[OUYANGZ Y,ZHANG L,WU B F,et al.An ecosystem classification system based on remote sensor information in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):219-226.]
[17]蔡红艳,张树文,张宇博.全球环境变化视角下的土地覆盖分类系统研究综述.遥感技术与应用,2010,25(1):161-167.[CAI H Y,ZHANG S W,ZHANG Y B.Review of land cover classification system under global environmental change view.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2010,25(1):161-167.]
[18]黄志坚.面向对象影像分析中的多尺度方法研究.长沙:国防科学技术大学,2014.[HUANG Z J.Research on multiscale methods in object-based image analysis.Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2014.]
[19]GREBBY S,FIELD E,TANSEY K.Evaluating the use of an object-based approach to lithological mapping in vegetated terrain.Remote Sensing,2016,8(10):843.
[20]葛春青,张凌寒,杨杰.基于决策树规则的面向对象遥感影像分类.遥感信息,2009,(2):86-90,56.[GE C Q,ZHANG L H,YANG J.Object-oriented classification of remote sensing image based on decision trees.Remote Sensing Information,2009,(2):86-90,56.]
[21]陈云浩,冯通,史培军,等.基于面向对象和规则的遥感影像分类研究.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2006,31(4):316-320.[CHEN Y H,FENG T,SHI P J,et al.Classification of remote sensing image based on object oriented and class rules.Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2006,31(4):316-320.]
[22]WICKHAM J,V.STEHMAN S,GASS L,et al.Thematic accuracy assessment of the 2011 national land cover database(NLCD).Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,191:328-341.
[23]LIU J Y,LIU M L,TIAN H Q,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of China's cropland during 1990-2000:An analysis based on Landsat TM data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98(4):442-456.
[24]王宗明,国志兴,宋开山,等.2000-2005年三江平原土地利用/覆被变化对植被净初级生产力的影响研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(1):136-146.[WANG Z M,GUO Z X,SONG K S,et al.Effects of land use/land cover change on net primary productivity of Sanjiang Plain during 2000-2015.Journal of Nature Resources,2009,24(1):136-146.]
[25]于皓,张柏,王宗明,等.1990-2015年韩国土地覆被变化及其驱动因素.地理科学,2017,37(11):1755-1763.[YU H,ZHANG B,WANG Z M,et al.Land cover change and its driving forces in the Republic of Korea since the 1990s.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(11):1755-1763.]
[26]江晓波,马泽忠,曾文蓉,等.三峡地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其驱动力分析.水土保持学报,2004,18(4):108-112.[JIANG X B,MA Z Z,ZENG W R,et al.Land-use/cover change process and driving force analysis in Three Gorges area.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(4):108-112.]
[27]陆彦椿.朝鲜的国土生态环境.农村生态环境,1992,(1):67.[LU Y C.Native ecological environment of DPRK.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,1992,(1):67.]
[28]BAUNI V,SCHIVO F,CAPMOURTERES V,et al.Ecosystem loss assessment following hydroelectric dam flooding:The case of Yacyretá,Argentina.Remote Sensing Applications:Society and Environment,2015,1:50-60.
[29]JIN G,WANG P,ZHAO T,et al.Reviews on land use change induced effects on regional hydrological ecosystem services for integrated water resources management.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2015,89-90:33-39.
[30]MYEONG S Z.A study on constructing a cooperative system for South and North Koreas to counteract climate change on the Korean Peninsula III.Basic Research Report of Korea Environment Institute,2013:52-54.
[31]郭斌,陈佑启,姚艳敏,等.土地利用与土地覆被变化驱动力研究综述.中国农学通报,2008,24(4):408-414.[GUOB,CHEN Y Q,YAO Y M,et al.A review of the research on the driving force of land use and land cover change.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(4):408-414.]
[32]SUTTON P.Modeling population density with night-time satellite imagery and GIS.Environment and Urban Systems,1997,21(3-4):227-244.
[33]HUANG Y H,ZHAO C P,SONG X Y,et al.A semi-parametric geographically weighted(S-GWR)approach for modeling spatial distribution of population.Ecological Indicators,2018,85:1022-1029.
[34]杨振乾.朝鲜.北京:商务印书馆,1975.[YANG Z Q.North Korea.Beijing:Commercial Press,1975.]
[35]NANTO D K,MANYIN M E.China-North Korea relations.Congressional Research Service Report for Congress,2010:15-19.
[36]金哲,卞晶.朝鲜“国家经济开发十年战略计划”探析.辽东学院学报:社会科学版,2012,14(1):20-26.[JIN Z,BIANJ.An analysis on North Korea's"10 Years State Strategy Plan for Economic Development".Journal of Eastern Liaoning University,2012,14(1):20-26.]
[37]陈卫平.朝鲜农业的现状、体制及发展政策.山区开发,1994,(4):62-65.[CHEN W P.The status quo,system and development policy of agriculture in DPRK.Mountain Development,1994,(4):62-65.]
[38]宫玉涛.朝鲜农业改革评析.当代亚太,2007,(6):50-57.[GONG Y T.Comment on agricultural reform of DPRK.Journal of Contemporary Asia-Pacific Studies,2007,(6):50-57.]
[39]龚子同,王汝槦,尤文瑞.从土壤学角度看朝鲜农业的发展.土壤,1979,11(5):202-204,171.[GONG Z T,WANG RR,YOU W R.Agricultural development of DPRK from the perspective of soil science.Soils,1979,11(5):202-204,171.]
[40]顾朝林,邢铭.朝鲜的经济开发区.经济地理,2014,34(11):1-9.[GU C L,XING M.Special economic zones in the DPRK.Economic Geography,2014,34(11):1-9.]
[41]林今淑,金美花.金正恩执政后朝鲜经济好转原因及其走势.延边大学学报:社会科学版,2016,49(2):12-18.[LIN JS,JIN M H.Causes of the turnabout of DPRK after Kim Joug-un's ruling and the future trend.Journal of Yanbian University:Social Sciences,2016,49(2):12-18.]
[2]刘源鑫,赵文武.未来地球-全球可持续性研究计划.生态学报,2013,33(23):7610-7613.[LIU Y X,ZHAO W W.Future earth-global sustainability research program.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(23):7610-7613.]
[3]WANG Y,CHEN Y N,DING J L,et al.Land-use conversion and its attribution in the Kaidu-Kongqi River Basin,China.Quaternary International,2015,380-381:216-223.
[4]王宗明,张柏,张树清.吉林省近20年土地利用变化及驱动力分析.干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(6):61-65.[WANGZ M,ZHANG B,ZHANG S Q.Analysis on land use change and its driving forces in Jilin province in recent 20 years.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2004,18(6):61-65.]
[5]SONG W,DENG X Z.Land-use/land-cover change and ecosystem service provision in China.Science of the Total Environment,2017,576:705-719.
[6]CHOI J W,CHA Y,KANG S D,et al.Interdecadal variation in Korean spring drought in the early 1990s.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,2017,78:165-177.
[7]OKAMOTO K,YAMAKAWA S,KAWASHIMA H.Estimation of flood damage to rice production in North Korea in1995.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,19(2):365-371.
[8]STRADIOTTO G,GUO S J.Market socialism in North Korea:A comparative perspective.Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,2007,12(2):188-214.
[9]GONG P,WANG J,YU L,et al.Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover:First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2013,34(7):2607-2654.
[10]CHEN J,CHEN J,LIAO A P,et al.Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution:A POK-based operational approach.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2015,103:7-27.
[11]CORDIELD J.Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang.London:Anthem Press,2013.
[12]YOON E.Status and future of the North Korean minerals sector.Korean Journal of Defense Analysis,2011,23(2):191-210.
[13]徐文吉.朝鲜半岛时局与对策研究.济南:山东大学出版社,2007.[XU W J.The Current Situation and Countermeasures of Korean Peninsula.Jinan:Shandong University Press,2007.]
[14]赵可金.东北亚的未来与中国的角色.当代世界,2017,(3):8-11.[ZHAO K J.The future of Northeast Asia and the role of China.Contemporary World,2017,(3):8-11.]
[15]ZAKHAROVA L.Economic cooperation between Russia and North Korea:New goals and new approaches.Journal of Eurasian Studies,2016,7(2):151-161.
[16]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,等.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系.生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.[OUYANGZ Y,ZHANG L,WU B F,et al.An ecosystem classification system based on remote sensor information in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):219-226.]
[17]蔡红艳,张树文,张宇博.全球环境变化视角下的土地覆盖分类系统研究综述.遥感技术与应用,2010,25(1):161-167.[CAI H Y,ZHANG S W,ZHANG Y B.Review of land cover classification system under global environmental change view.Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2010,25(1):161-167.]
[18]黄志坚.面向对象影像分析中的多尺度方法研究.长沙:国防科学技术大学,2014.[HUANG Z J.Research on multiscale methods in object-based image analysis.Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2014.]
[19]GREBBY S,FIELD E,TANSEY K.Evaluating the use of an object-based approach to lithological mapping in vegetated terrain.Remote Sensing,2016,8(10):843.
[20]葛春青,张凌寒,杨杰.基于决策树规则的面向对象遥感影像分类.遥感信息,2009,(2):86-90,56.[GE C Q,ZHANG L H,YANG J.Object-oriented classification of remote sensing image based on decision trees.Remote Sensing Information,2009,(2):86-90,56.]
[21]陈云浩,冯通,史培军,等.基于面向对象和规则的遥感影像分类研究.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2006,31(4):316-320.[CHEN Y H,FENG T,SHI P J,et al.Classification of remote sensing image based on object oriented and class rules.Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2006,31(4):316-320.]
[22]WICKHAM J,V.STEHMAN S,GASS L,et al.Thematic accuracy assessment of the 2011 national land cover database(NLCD).Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,191:328-341.
[23]LIU J Y,LIU M L,TIAN H Q,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of China's cropland during 1990-2000:An analysis based on Landsat TM data.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,98(4):442-456.
[24]王宗明,国志兴,宋开山,等.2000-2005年三江平原土地利用/覆被变化对植被净初级生产力的影响研究.自然资源学报,2009,24(1):136-146.[WANG Z M,GUO Z X,SONG K S,et al.Effects of land use/land cover change on net primary productivity of Sanjiang Plain during 2000-2015.Journal of Nature Resources,2009,24(1):136-146.]
[25]于皓,张柏,王宗明,等.1990-2015年韩国土地覆被变化及其驱动因素.地理科学,2017,37(11):1755-1763.[YU H,ZHANG B,WANG Z M,et al.Land cover change and its driving forces in the Republic of Korea since the 1990s.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(11):1755-1763.]
[26]江晓波,马泽忠,曾文蓉,等.三峡地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其驱动力分析.水土保持学报,2004,18(4):108-112.[JIANG X B,MA Z Z,ZENG W R,et al.Land-use/cover change process and driving force analysis in Three Gorges area.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(4):108-112.]
[27]陆彦椿.朝鲜的国土生态环境.农村生态环境,1992,(1):67.[LU Y C.Native ecological environment of DPRK.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,1992,(1):67.]
[28]BAUNI V,SCHIVO F,CAPMOURTERES V,et al.Ecosystem loss assessment following hydroelectric dam flooding:The case of Yacyretá,Argentina.Remote Sensing Applications:Society and Environment,2015,1:50-60.
[29]JIN G,WANG P,ZHAO T,et al.Reviews on land use change induced effects on regional hydrological ecosystem services for integrated water resources management.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2015,89-90:33-39.
[30]MYEONG S Z.A study on constructing a cooperative system for South and North Koreas to counteract climate change on the Korean Peninsula III.Basic Research Report of Korea Environment Institute,2013:52-54.
[31]郭斌,陈佑启,姚艳敏,等.土地利用与土地覆被变化驱动力研究综述.中国农学通报,2008,24(4):408-414.[GUOB,CHEN Y Q,YAO Y M,et al.A review of the research on the driving force of land use and land cover change.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(4):408-414.]
[32]SUTTON P.Modeling population density with night-time satellite imagery and GIS.Environment and Urban Systems,1997,21(3-4):227-244.
[33]HUANG Y H,ZHAO C P,SONG X Y,et al.A semi-parametric geographically weighted(S-GWR)approach for modeling spatial distribution of population.Ecological Indicators,2018,85:1022-1029.
[34]杨振乾.朝鲜.北京:商务印书馆,1975.[YANG Z Q.North Korea.Beijing:Commercial Press,1975.]
[35]NANTO D K,MANYIN M E.China-North Korea relations.Congressional Research Service Report for Congress,2010:15-19.
[36]金哲,卞晶.朝鲜“国家经济开发十年战略计划”探析.辽东学院学报:社会科学版,2012,14(1):20-26.[JIN Z,BIANJ.An analysis on North Korea's"10 Years State Strategy Plan for Economic Development".Journal of Eastern Liaoning University,2012,14(1):20-26.]
[37]陈卫平.朝鲜农业的现状、体制及发展政策.山区开发,1994,(4):62-65.[CHEN W P.The status quo,system and development policy of agriculture in DPRK.Mountain Development,1994,(4):62-65.]
[38]宫玉涛.朝鲜农业改革评析.当代亚太,2007,(6):50-57.[GONG Y T.Comment on agricultural reform of DPRK.Journal of Contemporary Asia-Pacific Studies,2007,(6):50-57.]
[39]龚子同,王汝槦,尤文瑞.从土壤学角度看朝鲜农业的发展.土壤,1979,11(5):202-204,171.[GONG Z T,WANG RR,YOU W R.Agricultural development of DPRK from the perspective of soil science.Soils,1979,11(5):202-204,171.]
[40]顾朝林,邢铭.朝鲜的经济开发区.经济地理,2014,34(11):1-9.[GU C L,XING M.Special economic zones in the DPRK.Economic Geography,2014,34(11):1-9.]
[41]林今淑,金美花.金正恩执政后朝鲜经济好转原因及其走势.延边大学学报:社会科学版,2016,49(2):12-18.[LIN JS,JIN M H.Causes of the turnabout of DPRK after Kim Joug-un's ruling and the future trend.Journal of Yanbian University:Social Sciences,2016,49(2):12-18.]
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