流域生态服务价值供给的补偿标准评估——以渭河流域上游为例
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摘要
十九大报告明确提出,健全河流湖泊休养生息制度,建立多元化的生态补偿机制,而准确核算流域生态服务价值供给的补偿标准是建立科学的流域生态补偿机制的关键要素。对于补偿标准的核算,鲜有学者从公平的视角出发,考虑补偿标准应在生态服务价值供给的基础上剔除本地区的自身消费。首先对流域生态服务供给方的供给行为与流域生态补偿标准的评估依据进行理论探讨,提出流域生态补偿标准应以生态环境价值为依据,对生态保护行为的生态外溢环境价值进行补偿;其次,在理论分析的基础上以渭河流域为例,构建当量因子模型测算渭河上游2006—2015年供给的生态服务价值,并结合水足迹法测算并剔除2006—2015年渭河上游自身消费的生态服务价值;最后,测得渭河上游应获得的补偿标准由2006年的12.82亿元上升至2015年的44.09亿元,总体呈增长趋势,说明上游为保护流域生态环境不断付出努力,不断增加对下游的剩余生态服务价值供给。
The report of the 19 th National Congress clearly states that we should improve the system of recuperation of rivers and lakes,and establish a diversified ecological compensation mechanism. The determination of watershed ecological compensation standards is a key element in establishing a scientific watershed ecological compensation mechanism. For the calculation,few scholars consider that the compensation standards should eliminate the consumption of the region based on the ecological service supply from a fair perspective. Firstly,the article makes an assessment on the basis of the supply behavior of the watershed ecological service providers and the ecological compensation standard of watershed,proposing that the watershed ecological compensation standard should be based on the ecological environment value,and compensating for the ecological spillover environmental value of ecological protection behavior. Secondly,taking Weihe watershed as an example,based on the theoretical analysis,the ecosystem service value supply from 2006 to 2015 in the Weihe upstream was calculated by using equivalent factor method,and the water footprint method was used to calculate and remove the ecosystem service value from 2006 to 2015,which the upper Weihe have consumed. Finally,the compensation standard thatWeihe upstream should obtain,increased from 1.282 billion yuan in 2006 to 4.409 billion yuan in 2015; thus,showing an overall growth trend,indicating that the upstream has continuously made efforts to protect the watershed ecological environment,and continuously increasing the remaining ecological service value supply for the downstream.
The report of the 19 th National Congress clearly states that we should improve the system of recuperation of rivers and lakes,and establish a diversified ecological compensation mechanism. The determination of watershed ecological compensation standards is a key element in establishing a scientific watershed ecological compensation mechanism. For the calculation,few scholars consider that the compensation standards should eliminate the consumption of the region based on the ecological service supply from a fair perspective. Firstly,the article makes an assessment on the basis of the supply behavior of the watershed ecological service providers and the ecological compensation standard of watershed,proposing that the watershed ecological compensation standard should be based on the ecological environment value,and compensating for the ecological spillover environmental value of ecological protection behavior. Secondly,taking Weihe watershed as an example,based on the theoretical analysis,the ecosystem service value supply from 2006 to 2015 in the Weihe upstream was calculated by using equivalent factor method,and the water footprint method was used to calculate and remove the ecosystem service value from 2006 to 2015,which the upper Weihe have consumed. Finally,the compensation standard thatWeihe upstream should obtain,increased from 1.282 billion yuan in 2006 to 4.409 billion yuan in 2015; thus,showing an overall growth trend,indicating that the upstream has continuously made efforts to protect the watershed ecological environment,and continuously increasing the remaining ecological service value supply for the downstream.
引文
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[19]李国平,王奕淇,张文彬.区域分工视角下的生态补偿研究.华东经济管理,2016,30(1):12-18.
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[21]王奕淇,李国平.基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准研究——以渭河流域为例.经济与管理研究,2016,37(11):82-89.
[22] Allan J A.‘Virtual Water':A Long Term Solution for Water Short Middle Eastern Economies[D]. London:University of Leeds,1997.
[23]龙爱华,徐中民,张志强,苏志勇.甘肃省2000年水资源足迹的初步估算.资源科学,2005,27(3):123-129.
[24]王奕淇,李国平.基于能值拓展的流域生态外溢价值补偿研究——以渭河流域上游为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(11):69-75.
[2] Costanza R,D'Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O'Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387(15):253-260.
[3] Macmillan D C,Harley D,Morrison R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of woodland ecosystem restoration. Ecological Economics,1998,27(3):313-324.
[4] Kreuter U P,Harris H G,Matlock M D,Lacey R E. Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio Area,Texas. Ecological Economics,2001,39(3):333-346.
[5] Monarchova J,Gudas M. Contingent valuation approach for estimating the benefits of water quality improvement in the Baltic states. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical&Laboratory Investigation,2009,15(5):517-522.
[6] Yoshino K,Setiawan B I,Furuya H. Economic valuation for Cidanau Watershed Area,Indonesia. Journal Manajemen Hutan Tropika,2010,16(1):27-35.
[7]刘雪林,甄霖.社区对生态系统服务的消费和受偿意愿研究——以泾河流域为例.资源科学,2007,29(4):103-108.
[8]韩美,王一,崔锦龙,王仁卿.基于价值损失的黄河三角洲湿地生态补偿标准研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(6):140-146.
[9]周晨,丁晓辉,李国平,汪海洲.南水北调中线工程水源区生态补偿标准研究——以生态系统服务价值为视角.资源科学,2015,37(4):792-804.
[10]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,肖玉,陈操.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[11]孟雅丽,苏志珠,马杰,钞锦龙,马义娟.基于生态系统服务价值的汾河流域生态补偿研究.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(8):76-81.
[12]伏润民,缪小林.中国生态功能区财政转移支付制度体系重构——基于拓展的能值模型衡量的生态外溢价值.经济研究,2015,(3):47-61.
[13] Pagiola S,Areenas A,Platais G. Can payments for environmental services help reduce poverty? An exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America. World Development,2005,33(2):237-253.
[14] Greiner R,Stanley O. More than money for conservation:exploring social co-benefits from PES schemes. Land Use Policy,2013,31:4-10.
[15] Fischel W A. The Economics of Zoning Laws:A Property Rights Approach to American Land Use Controls. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1987.
[16]萧代基,洪鸿智,黄德秀.土地使用制度之补偿与报偿制度的理论与实务.财税研究,2005,37(3):1-15.
[17] Costanza R,De Groot R,Sutton P,van der Ploeg S,Anderson S J,Kubiszewski I,Farber S,Turner R K. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change,2014,26:152-158.
[18]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,陈文辉,李士美.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[19]李国平,王奕淇,张文彬.区域分工视角下的生态补偿研究.华东经济管理,2016,30(1):12-18.
[20] Hoekstra A Y,Hung P Q. Virtual water trade//Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade. Delft:IHE,2003:13-23.
[21]王奕淇,李国平.基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准研究——以渭河流域为例.经济与管理研究,2016,37(11):82-89.
[22] Allan J A.‘Virtual Water':A Long Term Solution for Water Short Middle Eastern Economies[D]. London:University of Leeds,1997.
[23]龙爱华,徐中民,张志强,苏志勇.甘肃省2000年水资源足迹的初步估算.资源科学,2005,27(3):123-129.
[24]王奕淇,李国平.基于能值拓展的流域生态外溢价值补偿研究——以渭河流域上游为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(11):69-75.
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