基于自制试验平台的公路隧道破坏特征实例研究
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摘要
为了探究和平公路隧道衬砌结构发生开裂的原因及特征,自行研制了适用于该研究的隧道结构性能测试平台。试验平台由控制系统、供压系统和加载系统组成,能够实现对隧道模型任意位置的精确加载,可研究隧道结构在多种形式外荷载作用下的力学性能。基于该试验平台,以和平公路隧道二次衬砌为原型,根据其现场测试结果进行了几何相似比为10的物理模型试验,详细分析了隧道结构在试验过程中的变形规律和破坏特征。将模型试验结果与现场裂缝分布特征进行对比以验证试验结果的可靠性,并根据试验结果对隧道原型的工作状态进行评估。研究结果表明:在依据现场实测确定的偏压加载工况下,隧道结构整体呈压扁趋势,最大径向位移位于拱顶右侧;结构的受力变形过程可分为3个阶段,分别以拱顶开裂和仰拱开裂为分界点;拱顶内表面和拱脚外表面被拉裂,边墙内表面由于局部压应力过大也产生开裂;拱顶最先开裂且开裂情况最为严重,偏压一侧边墙较另一侧边墙严重;随着外荷载的增加,拱部开裂状况加剧,最终形成主开裂区并引起结构整体的失稳破坏;模型试验结果与隧道现场裂缝分布特征基本吻合;隧道原型研究断面目前虽处于安全状态,但应及时采取有效的处治措施,防止衬砌裂缝的进一步发展和结构的失稳破坏。
A test platform to explore the reasons and characteristics of the lining structure cracking of a highway tunnel is proposed here. The test platform consists of a control system, driving system, and loading system that can precisely apply loads on any positions of the tunnel model to study the mechanical performance of the tunnel structure under various loading cases. Relying on the test platform and using the secondary lining of a highway tunnel in service as the prototype, a model test with a geometric similarity ratio of 10 was conducted based on the field measurements. The deformation laws and failure characteristics of the tunnel structure during the test process were studied in detail. The test results were compared with the characteristics of in-situ lining cracks to validate the test reliability, and the working state of the tunnel prototype was assessed based the test results. The test results show a squashed deformation trend of the tunnel structure under the asymmetrical loading case determined by field measurements, and the maximum radial displacement occurs on the right side of the vault. The deformation and cracking process of the tunnel lining can be divided into three phases with two dividing points of the vault cracking and inverted arch cracking. The cracking occurs on the inside surface of the vault and the outside surface of the arch foot by overtension, and the cracking on the inside surface of the sidewall is due to the high localized compression. The vault cracks firstly and its cracking state is the most serious. The right sidewall, bearing larger loads, cracks more seriously than the left one. With the increase in the applied load, the cracking state of the vault is further deteriorated and the primary cracking zone is formed there, causing the entire structure to lose its bearing capacity. The results of the model test agree with the distribution characteristics in-situ lining cracks. Although the studied section of the tunnel prototype is currently safe for use, effective treatment measures should still be adopted to prevent further development of the lining cracks and instability failure of the entire structure.
A test platform to explore the reasons and characteristics of the lining structure cracking of a highway tunnel is proposed here. The test platform consists of a control system, driving system, and loading system that can precisely apply loads on any positions of the tunnel model to study the mechanical performance of the tunnel structure under various loading cases. Relying on the test platform and using the secondary lining of a highway tunnel in service as the prototype, a model test with a geometric similarity ratio of 10 was conducted based on the field measurements. The deformation laws and failure characteristics of the tunnel structure during the test process were studied in detail. The test results were compared with the characteristics of in-situ lining cracks to validate the test reliability, and the working state of the tunnel prototype was assessed based the test results. The test results show a squashed deformation trend of the tunnel structure under the asymmetrical loading case determined by field measurements, and the maximum radial displacement occurs on the right side of the vault. The deformation and cracking process of the tunnel lining can be divided into three phases with two dividing points of the vault cracking and inverted arch cracking. The cracking occurs on the inside surface of the vault and the outside surface of the arch foot by overtension, and the cracking on the inside surface of the sidewall is due to the high localized compression. The vault cracks firstly and its cracking state is the most serious. The right sidewall, bearing larger loads, cracks more seriously than the left one. With the increase in the applied load, the cracking state of the vault is further deteriorated and the primary cracking zone is formed there, causing the entire structure to lose its bearing capacity. The results of the model test agree with the distribution characteristics in-situ lining cracks. Although the studied section of the tunnel prototype is currently safe for use, effective treatment measures should still be adopted to prevent further development of the lining cracks and instability failure of the entire structure.
引文
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[7] 叶飞,何川,夏永旭.公路隧道衬砌裂缝的跟踪监测与分析研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(7):97-104. YE Fei, HE Chuan, XIA Yong-xu. Post Construction Monitoring and Analysis for Highway Tunnel Lining Cracks [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2010, 43 (7): 97-104.
[8] 潘洪科,杨林德,黄慷.公路隧道偏压效应与衬砌裂缝的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(18):3311-3315. PAN Hong-ke, YANG Lin-de, HUANG Kang. Research on Unsymmetrical Load Effect and Lining Cracks of a Highway Tunnel [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24 (18): 3311-3315.
[9] 黄宏伟,刘德军,薛亚东,等.基于扩展有限元的隧道衬砌裂缝开裂数值分析[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(2):266-275. HUANG Hong-wei, LIU De-jun, XUE Ya-dong, et al. Numerical Analysis of Cracking of Tunnel Linings Based on Extended Finite Element [J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2013, 35 (2): 266-275.
[10] XIAO J Z, DAI F C, WEI Y Q. Cracking Mechanism of Secondary Lining for a Shallow and Asymmetrically-loaded Tunnel in Loose Deposits [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 43: 232-240.
[11] CHEN H M, YU H S, SMITH M J. Physical Model Tests and Numerical Simulation for Assessing the Stability of Brick-lined Tunnels [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 53: 109-119.
[12] WANG Z Z, JIANG Y J, ZHU C A, et al. Shaking Table Tests of Tunnel Linings in Progressive States of Damage [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2015, 50: 109-117.
[13] KIANI M, AKHLAGHI T, GHALANDARZADEH A. Experimental Modelling of Segmental Shallow Tunnels in Alluvial Affected by Normal Faults [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 51: 108-119.
[14] 刘学增,刘文艺,桑运龙,等.叠合式套拱加固带裂损衬砌的破坏机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增2):4244-4251. LIU Xue-zeng, LIU Wen-yi, SANG Yun-long, et al. Research on Failure Mechanism of Cracked Lining Reinforced with Stacked Inner Lining [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34 (S2): 4244-4251.
[15] 刘学增,刘文艺,桑运龙,等.偏压荷载下裂损特征对隧道衬砌受力影响试验[J].土木工程学报,2015,48(10):119-128. LIU Xue-zeng,LIU Wen-yi,SANG Yun-long, et al. Experiment on the Influence of Cracking Characteristics Under Unsymmetrical Load on Stresses or Forces in Tunnel Lining [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2015, 48 (10): 119-128.
[16] 何川,唐志成,汪波,等.内表面补强对缺陷病害隧道结构承载力影响的模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(2):406-412. HE Chuan, TANG Zhi-cheng, WANG Bo, et al. Research on Effect of Inner Surface Reinforcing on Structure Bearing Capacity by Model Test in Defective Tunnel [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 30 (2): 406-412.
[17] LEI M F, PENG L M, SHI C H. Model Test to Investigate the Failure Mechanisms and Lining Stress Characteristics of Shallow Buried Tunnels Under Unsymmetrical Loading [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2015, 46: 64-75.
[18] 王士民,于清洋,彭博,等.水下盾构隧道管片衬砌结构渐进性破坏机理模型试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2016,49(4):111-120. WANG Shi-min, YU Qing-yang, PENG Bo, et al. A Model Test for the Progressive Failure Mechanism of Lining Segment Structure of Underwater Shield Tunnels [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2016, 49 (4): 111-120.
[19] XU H, LI T B, XIA L, et al. Shaking Table Tests on Seismic Measures of a Model Mountain Tunnel [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 60: 197-209.
[20] FANG Y, XU C, CUI G, et al. Scale Model Test of Highway Tunnel Construction Underlying Mined-out Thin Coal Seam [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 56: 105-116.
[2] 赵永国,王华牢,韩常领,等.公路隧道病害的分类特征与成因分析[J].公路,2008(7):227-232. ZHAO Yong-guo, WANG Hua-lao, HAN Chang-ling, et al. Classification Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Highway Tunnel Diseases [J]. Highway, 2008 (7): 227-232.
[3] 邹育麟,何川,周艺,等.重庆高速公路现役营运隧道渗漏水病害统计及成因分析[J].公路交通科技,2013,30(1):86-93. ZOU Yu-lin, HE Chuan, ZHOU Yi, et al. Statistics and Cause Analysis of Leakage Diseases in Operating Expressway Tunnels in Chongqing [J]. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 2013, 30 (1): 86-93.
[4] 李彬,雷明锋,李文华.运营公路隧道病害对衬砌结构安全性的影响[J].铁道科学与工程学报,2011,8(5):40-45. LI Bin, LEI Ming-feng, LI Wen-hua. Safety Influence of Operating Highway Tunnel Caused by Structure Disease [J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2011, 8 (5): 40-45.
[5] 刘新根,刘学增,齐磊,等.公路隧道衬砌病害力学模拟研究[J].重庆交通大学学报:自然科学版,2015,34(3):26-31. LIU Xin-gen, LIU Xue-zeng, QI Lei, et al. Study on Disease Mechanical Simulation of Highway Tunnel Lining [J]. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University: Natural Science, 2015, 34 (3): 26-31.
[6] 刘庭金,朱合华,夏才初,等.云南省连拱隧道衬砌开裂和渗漏水调查结果及分析[J].中国公路学报,2004,17(2):65-68. LIU Ting-jin, ZHU He-hua, XIA Cai-chu, et al. Analysis of Site Investigation of Cracking and Leakage on Arcade Tunnel Lining of Yunnan Province [J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2004, 17 (2): 65-68.
[7] 叶飞,何川,夏永旭.公路隧道衬砌裂缝的跟踪监测与分析研究[J].土木工程学报,2010,43(7):97-104. YE Fei, HE Chuan, XIA Yong-xu. Post Construction Monitoring and Analysis for Highway Tunnel Lining Cracks [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2010, 43 (7): 97-104.
[8] 潘洪科,杨林德,黄慷.公路隧道偏压效应与衬砌裂缝的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(18):3311-3315. PAN Hong-ke, YANG Lin-de, HUANG Kang. Research on Unsymmetrical Load Effect and Lining Cracks of a Highway Tunnel [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24 (18): 3311-3315.
[9] 黄宏伟,刘德军,薛亚东,等.基于扩展有限元的隧道衬砌裂缝开裂数值分析[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(2):266-275. HUANG Hong-wei, LIU De-jun, XUE Ya-dong, et al. Numerical Analysis of Cracking of Tunnel Linings Based on Extended Finite Element [J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2013, 35 (2): 266-275.
[10] XIAO J Z, DAI F C, WEI Y Q. Cracking Mechanism of Secondary Lining for a Shallow and Asymmetrically-loaded Tunnel in Loose Deposits [J]. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 43: 232-240.
[11] CHEN H M, YU H S, SMITH M J. Physical Model Tests and Numerical Simulation for Assessing the Stability of Brick-lined Tunnels [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 53: 109-119.
[12] WANG Z Z, JIANG Y J, ZHU C A, et al. Shaking Table Tests of Tunnel Linings in Progressive States of Damage [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2015, 50: 109-117.
[13] KIANI M, AKHLAGHI T, GHALANDARZADEH A. Experimental Modelling of Segmental Shallow Tunnels in Alluvial Affected by Normal Faults [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 51: 108-119.
[14] 刘学增,刘文艺,桑运龙,等.叠合式套拱加固带裂损衬砌的破坏机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增2):4244-4251. LIU Xue-zeng, LIU Wen-yi, SANG Yun-long, et al. Research on Failure Mechanism of Cracked Lining Reinforced with Stacked Inner Lining [J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34 (S2): 4244-4251.
[15] 刘学增,刘文艺,桑运龙,等.偏压荷载下裂损特征对隧道衬砌受力影响试验[J].土木工程学报,2015,48(10):119-128. LIU Xue-zeng,LIU Wen-yi,SANG Yun-long, et al. Experiment on the Influence of Cracking Characteristics Under Unsymmetrical Load on Stresses or Forces in Tunnel Lining [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2015, 48 (10): 119-128.
[16] 何川,唐志成,汪波,等.内表面补强对缺陷病害隧道结构承载力影响的模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(2):406-412. HE Chuan, TANG Zhi-cheng, WANG Bo, et al. Research on Effect of Inner Surface Reinforcing on Structure Bearing Capacity by Model Test in Defective Tunnel [J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2009, 30 (2): 406-412.
[17] LEI M F, PENG L M, SHI C H. Model Test to Investigate the Failure Mechanisms and Lining Stress Characteristics of Shallow Buried Tunnels Under Unsymmetrical Loading [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2015, 46: 64-75.
[18] 王士民,于清洋,彭博,等.水下盾构隧道管片衬砌结构渐进性破坏机理模型试验研究[J].土木工程学报,2016,49(4):111-120. WANG Shi-min, YU Qing-yang, PENG Bo, et al. A Model Test for the Progressive Failure Mechanism of Lining Segment Structure of Underwater Shield Tunnels [J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2016, 49 (4): 111-120.
[19] XU H, LI T B, XIA L, et al. Shaking Table Tests on Seismic Measures of a Model Mountain Tunnel [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 60: 197-209.
[20] FANG Y, XU C, CUI G, et al. Scale Model Test of Highway Tunnel Construction Underlying Mined-out Thin Coal Seam [J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2016, 56: 105-116.
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