图书情报学的学术思想与技术方法及其开新
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摘要
本文对图书情报学已有学术思想与技术方法按外引和内生两类进行梳理,指出"三个世界"理论、"老三论"等是外引思想与方法的典型,而阮冈纳赞图书馆学五定律、布鲁克斯情报学理论、加菲尔德引文分析法则是内生思想与方法的标志。定基极小设定极大展开基本原理,逻辑推论以书—人—用为形式架构、数据—信息—知识为内容架构的图书情报学思想体系,进而提出数据治理、信息优化、知识解析三大研究方向中的十类研究问题,包括:①数字图书馆和数字信息管理;②数字化知识传承和数据驱动学术研究;③关联数据与数据智能;④大数据分析与AI数据分析;⑤网络化信息组织;⑥多维信息检索;⑦智能信息分析;⑧知识表达及处理;⑨知识分析及可视化;⑩学术评价。文章概略揭示对图书情报学研究有启示作用的学术思想与技术方法及其开新。
For clarifying the academic thoughts and technical methods in Library and Information Science(LIS), by using classification of outside-introduction and inside-generation, the author points out that the "world 3" theory and the "system theory, cybernetics and information theory" are typical thoughts and methods from outside LIS and that Ranganathan's five laws of Library Science, Brookes' theory for Information Science and Garfield's citation analysis characterize the thoughts and methods from inside LIS. Based on the basic principle of minimum supposition and maximum extension, it is deduced to generate formal construction via book-man-use and content construction via data-information-knowledge, and then derived to propose three directions as data governance, information optimization and knowledge analytics, on which ten research topics are suggested, including 1)digital library and digital information management, 2)digitalized inheritance of knowledge and data-driven academic research, 3)linked data and data intelligence, 4)big-data analytics and AI-data analytics, 5)network information organization, 6)multidimensional information retrieval, 7)intelligent information analysis, 8)knowledge representation and processing, 9)knowledge analytics and visualization, 10)academic evaluation. With considering both philosophically and scientifically, the author reveals that there is a feasible approach to renew the academic thoughts and technical methods in Library and Information Science, which may enlighten LIS research.
For clarifying the academic thoughts and technical methods in Library and Information Science(LIS), by using classification of outside-introduction and inside-generation, the author points out that the "world 3" theory and the "system theory, cybernetics and information theory" are typical thoughts and methods from outside LIS and that Ranganathan's five laws of Library Science, Brookes' theory for Information Science and Garfield's citation analysis characterize the thoughts and methods from inside LIS. Based on the basic principle of minimum supposition and maximum extension, it is deduced to generate formal construction via book-man-use and content construction via data-information-knowledge, and then derived to propose three directions as data governance, information optimization and knowledge analytics, on which ten research topics are suggested, including 1)digital library and digital information management, 2)digitalized inheritance of knowledge and data-driven academic research, 3)linked data and data intelligence, 4)big-data analytics and AI-data analytics, 5)network information organization, 6)multidimensional information retrieval, 7)intelligent information analysis, 8)knowledge representation and processing, 9)knowledge analytics and visualization, 10)academic evaluation. With considering both philosophically and scientifically, the author reveals that there is a feasible approach to renew the academic thoughts and technical methods in Library and Information Science, which may enlighten LIS research.
引文
[1] 帕斯卡尔. 思想录[M]. 何兆武,译. 北京:商务印书馆,1985: 157-158. (Pascal B. PENSEES[M]. He Zhaowu, trans. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1985: 157-158.)
[2] 卡尔?波普尔.客观知识 [M]. 舒炜光,等,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2001. (Popper C. Objective knowledge [M]. Shu Weiguang, et al, trans. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2001.)
[3] 邱仁宗.科学方法和科学动力学——现代科学哲学概述[M]第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:59. (Qiu Renzong. Scientific methods and scientific dynamics-general aspects on modern philosophy of science[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006:59.)
[4] Brookes B C. The foundations of Information Science: Part I:Philosophical aspects[J]. Journal of Information Science, 1980, 2(3/4): 125-133.
[5] 刘迅. 论图书馆学情报学理论的共同基础——关于波普尔世界3理论的思考[J].情报科学, 1982, 3(1): 13-20. (Liu Xu. On the common foundations of Library and Information Science: thinking about Popper's World 3 Theory [J]. Information Science, 1982, 3(1): 13-20.)
[6] Bertalanffy L. General system theory: foundation, development and application (rev. ed.)[M]. New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1968.
[7] Wiener N. Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine[M]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1961.
[8] Ashby W R. An introduction to cybernetics [M]. London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1956.
[9] Shannon C E,Weaver W. The mathematical theory of communication [M]. Urbana & Chicago: The University of Illinois Press, 1949.
[10] 蒋永福. 人文图书馆学论纲[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2002, 28(4):8-12,57. (Jiang Yongfu. A treatise on humanistic Library Science [J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2002, 28(4): 8-12, 57.)
[11] 蒋永福. 基础理论研究中两个新的生长点:知识自由与信息公平[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2008, 34(2): 80-81. (Jiang Yongfu. Two growing points in foundational theoretical studies: intellectual freedom and information equality [J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2008, 34(2): 80-81.)
[12] Massis B. Artificial intelligence arrives in the library[J]. Information and Learning Science, 2018, 119(7/8): 456-459.
[13] Agarwal R, Dhar V. Big data, data science, and analytics: the opportunity and challenge for IS research [J]. Information Systems Research, 2014,25(3): 443-448.
[14] Ranganathan S R. The five laws of Library Science [M]. 2nd ed. Madras: The Madras library association; London: Blunt, 1957.
[15] Brookes B C. The foundations of Information Science: Part IV: Information Science: the changing paradigms[J]. Journal of Information Science, 1981, 3(1): 3-12.
[16] Garfield E. Citation indexes for science [J]. Science, 1955, 122: 108-l11.
[17] Garfield E. Citation indexing: its theory and applications in science, technology, and humanities [M]. New York: Wiley, 1979.
[18] Crawford W, Gorman M. Future libraries: dreams, madness and reality[M]. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.
[19] 叶鹰. 书理学论纲[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2008, 34(1): 22-26. (Ye F Y. An outline of Bookics[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2008, 34(1): 22-26.)
[20] 叶鹰. 书理学引论[M]. 北京:中国书籍出版社,2019. (Ye F Y. An initiatory Bookics[M]. Beijing: China Book Press, 2019.)
[21] 叶鹰. 图书情报学中定性和定量研究方法的科学哲学基础及双重整合原理探析[J]. 中国图书馆学报,2017,43(2): 4-12. (Ye F Y. An essay on the foundation of scientific philosophy and the principles of double integration of qualitative and quantitative methods in Library and Information Science[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2017, 43(2): 4-12.)
[22] Rowley J. The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy[J]. Journal of Information Science, 2007, 33(2): 163-180.
[23] Ye F Y. Measuring knowledge: a quantitative approach to knowledge theory[J]. International Journal of Data Science and Analysis, 2016, 2(2): 32-35.
[24] 叶鹰, 马费成. 数据科学兴起及其与信息科学的关联[J]. 情报学报, 2015, 34(6): 575-580. (Ye F Y, Ma Feicheng. Data science: its emergence and linking with Information Science[J]. Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, 2015, 34(6): 575-580.)
[25] 刘炜,叶鹰. 数字人文的技术体系与理论结构探讨[J].中国图书馆学报, 2017, 43(5): 32-41. (Liu K W, Ye F Y. Exploring technical system and theoretical structure of digital humanities[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2017, 43(5): 32-41.)
[26] Ding Y, Stirling K. Data-driven discovery: a new era of exploiting the literature and data[J]. Journal of Data and Information Science, 2016, 1(4): 1-9.
[27] Bizer C, Heath T, Berners-Lee T. Linked Data: the story so far[J]. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (Special Issue on Linked Data), 2009, 5 (3): 1-26.
[28] Iafrate F. Artificial intelligence and big data: the birth of a new intelligence [M]. London: ISTE Ltd., 2018.
[29] 王世伟. 论智慧图书馆的三大特点[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2012, 38(6): 22-28.(Wang Shiwei. On three main features of the smart library[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2012, 38(6): 22-28.)
[30] 叶鹰.智能信息处理和智能信息分析前瞻[J].图书与情报, 2017(6):70-73, 95. (Ye F Y. A prospect on intelligent information processing and intelligent information analysis[J]. Library and Information, 2017(6): 70-73, 95.)
[31] Sabah G. Natural language understanding, Where are we going? Where could we go?[J] The Computer Journal, 2011, 54 (9): 1505-1513.
[32] 张晓林. 走向知识服务: 寻找新世纪图书情报工作的生长点[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2000, 26(5): 32-37.(Zhang Xiaolin. Towards knowledge services: seeking development opportunities for library and information works[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2000, 26(5): 32-37.)
[33] 范并思. 公共图书馆精神的时代辩护[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2004, 30(2): 5-11. (Fan Bingsi. A modern defense of the spirit of public libraries[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2004, 30(2): 5-11.)
[34] 司莉,王雨娃. 国内图书情报领域大数据研究演化分析[J].新世纪图书馆, 2018(12): 88-94.(Si Li, Wang Yuwa. Analysis of big data research evolution in Library and Information Science of China[J]. New Century Library, 2018(12): 88-94.)
[35] 郭卫宁. 我国图书情报学领域智库研究综述[J].新世纪图书馆, 2018(12): 82-87, 97. (Guo Weining. Research review on think tank under the LIS perspective[J]. New Century Library, 2018(12): 82-87, 97.)
[36] 波林·玛丽·罗斯诺. 后现代主义与社会科学[M]. 张国清,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1998.(Rosenau P M. Post-modernism and the Social Sciences: insights, inroads, and intrusions [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.)
[37] 吴建中. 再议图书馆发展的十个热门话题[J].中国图书馆学报, 2017, 43(1): 5-11. (Wu Jianzhong. Re-discussion of ten hot topics in the development of librarianship[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2017, 43(1): 5-11.)
[38] 张晓林. 研究图书馆 2020: 嵌入式协作化知识实验室? [J].中国图书馆学报, 2012, 38(1): 11-20. (Zhang Xiaolin. Research libraries 2020: knowledge collaboratories?[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2012, 38(1): 11-20.)
[39] 叶鹰. 新世纪以来国内图书馆学研究流向简评[J].图书馆杂志, 2017,36(7):4-9.(Ye F Y. A brief review on the research trend of Library Science in China since 2000 [J]. Library Journal, 2017, 36(7):4-9.)
(1)“老三论”汇集成系统哲学,发展成为有别于分析哲学的综合哲学,参见:Laszlo E. Introduction to systems philosophy: toward a new paradigm of contemporary thought[M]. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1972。
(2)一般信息系统适用于情报学。参见:钟义信. 信息科学原理[M]. 北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 1996.
(3)D-I-K-W关联推导细节详见:叶鹰.情报学基础教程(第三版),北京:科学出版社, 2018:第2章.
(4)结构化知识与结构主义哲学、语言学和符号学(Semiotics, Semiology)紧密关联,参见:Hawkes T. Structuralism and Semiotics[M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
[2] 卡尔?波普尔.客观知识 [M]. 舒炜光,等,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2001. (Popper C. Objective knowledge [M]. Shu Weiguang, et al, trans. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2001.)
[3] 邱仁宗.科学方法和科学动力学——现代科学哲学概述[M]第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:59. (Qiu Renzong. Scientific methods and scientific dynamics-general aspects on modern philosophy of science[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006:59.)
[4] Brookes B C. The foundations of Information Science: Part I:Philosophical aspects[J]. Journal of Information Science, 1980, 2(3/4): 125-133.
[5] 刘迅. 论图书馆学情报学理论的共同基础——关于波普尔世界3理论的思考[J].情报科学, 1982, 3(1): 13-20. (Liu Xu. On the common foundations of Library and Information Science: thinking about Popper's World 3 Theory [J]. Information Science, 1982, 3(1): 13-20.)
[6] Bertalanffy L. General system theory: foundation, development and application (rev. ed.)[M]. New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1968.
[7] Wiener N. Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine[M]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1961.
[8] Ashby W R. An introduction to cybernetics [M]. London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1956.
[9] Shannon C E,Weaver W. The mathematical theory of communication [M]. Urbana & Chicago: The University of Illinois Press, 1949.
[10] 蒋永福. 人文图书馆学论纲[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2002, 28(4):8-12,57. (Jiang Yongfu. A treatise on humanistic Library Science [J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2002, 28(4): 8-12, 57.)
[11] 蒋永福. 基础理论研究中两个新的生长点:知识自由与信息公平[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2008, 34(2): 80-81. (Jiang Yongfu. Two growing points in foundational theoretical studies: intellectual freedom and information equality [J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2008, 34(2): 80-81.)
[12] Massis B. Artificial intelligence arrives in the library[J]. Information and Learning Science, 2018, 119(7/8): 456-459.
[13] Agarwal R, Dhar V. Big data, data science, and analytics: the opportunity and challenge for IS research [J]. Information Systems Research, 2014,25(3): 443-448.
[14] Ranganathan S R. The five laws of Library Science [M]. 2nd ed. Madras: The Madras library association; London: Blunt, 1957.
[15] Brookes B C. The foundations of Information Science: Part IV: Information Science: the changing paradigms[J]. Journal of Information Science, 1981, 3(1): 3-12.
[16] Garfield E. Citation indexes for science [J]. Science, 1955, 122: 108-l11.
[17] Garfield E. Citation indexing: its theory and applications in science, technology, and humanities [M]. New York: Wiley, 1979.
[18] Crawford W, Gorman M. Future libraries: dreams, madness and reality[M]. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.
[19] 叶鹰. 书理学论纲[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2008, 34(1): 22-26. (Ye F Y. An outline of Bookics[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2008, 34(1): 22-26.)
[20] 叶鹰. 书理学引论[M]. 北京:中国书籍出版社,2019. (Ye F Y. An initiatory Bookics[M]. Beijing: China Book Press, 2019.)
[21] 叶鹰. 图书情报学中定性和定量研究方法的科学哲学基础及双重整合原理探析[J]. 中国图书馆学报,2017,43(2): 4-12. (Ye F Y. An essay on the foundation of scientific philosophy and the principles of double integration of qualitative and quantitative methods in Library and Information Science[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2017, 43(2): 4-12.)
[22] Rowley J. The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy[J]. Journal of Information Science, 2007, 33(2): 163-180.
[23] Ye F Y. Measuring knowledge: a quantitative approach to knowledge theory[J]. International Journal of Data Science and Analysis, 2016, 2(2): 32-35.
[24] 叶鹰, 马费成. 数据科学兴起及其与信息科学的关联[J]. 情报学报, 2015, 34(6): 575-580. (Ye F Y, Ma Feicheng. Data science: its emergence and linking with Information Science[J]. Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, 2015, 34(6): 575-580.)
[25] 刘炜,叶鹰. 数字人文的技术体系与理论结构探讨[J].中国图书馆学报, 2017, 43(5): 32-41. (Liu K W, Ye F Y. Exploring technical system and theoretical structure of digital humanities[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2017, 43(5): 32-41.)
[26] Ding Y, Stirling K. Data-driven discovery: a new era of exploiting the literature and data[J]. Journal of Data and Information Science, 2016, 1(4): 1-9.
[27] Bizer C, Heath T, Berners-Lee T. Linked Data: the story so far[J]. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (Special Issue on Linked Data), 2009, 5 (3): 1-26.
[28] Iafrate F. Artificial intelligence and big data: the birth of a new intelligence [M]. London: ISTE Ltd., 2018.
[29] 王世伟. 论智慧图书馆的三大特点[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2012, 38(6): 22-28.(Wang Shiwei. On three main features of the smart library[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2012, 38(6): 22-28.)
[30] 叶鹰.智能信息处理和智能信息分析前瞻[J].图书与情报, 2017(6):70-73, 95. (Ye F Y. A prospect on intelligent information processing and intelligent information analysis[J]. Library and Information, 2017(6): 70-73, 95.)
[31] Sabah G. Natural language understanding, Where are we going? Where could we go?[J] The Computer Journal, 2011, 54 (9): 1505-1513.
[32] 张晓林. 走向知识服务: 寻找新世纪图书情报工作的生长点[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2000, 26(5): 32-37.(Zhang Xiaolin. Towards knowledge services: seeking development opportunities for library and information works[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2000, 26(5): 32-37.)
[33] 范并思. 公共图书馆精神的时代辩护[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2004, 30(2): 5-11. (Fan Bingsi. A modern defense of the spirit of public libraries[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2004, 30(2): 5-11.)
[34] 司莉,王雨娃. 国内图书情报领域大数据研究演化分析[J].新世纪图书馆, 2018(12): 88-94.(Si Li, Wang Yuwa. Analysis of big data research evolution in Library and Information Science of China[J]. New Century Library, 2018(12): 88-94.)
[35] 郭卫宁. 我国图书情报学领域智库研究综述[J].新世纪图书馆, 2018(12): 82-87, 97. (Guo Weining. Research review on think tank under the LIS perspective[J]. New Century Library, 2018(12): 82-87, 97.)
[36] 波林·玛丽·罗斯诺. 后现代主义与社会科学[M]. 张国清,译.上海:上海译文出版社,1998.(Rosenau P M. Post-modernism and the Social Sciences: insights, inroads, and intrusions [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.)
[37] 吴建中. 再议图书馆发展的十个热门话题[J].中国图书馆学报, 2017, 43(1): 5-11. (Wu Jianzhong. Re-discussion of ten hot topics in the development of librarianship[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2017, 43(1): 5-11.)
[38] 张晓林. 研究图书馆 2020: 嵌入式协作化知识实验室? [J].中国图书馆学报, 2012, 38(1): 11-20. (Zhang Xiaolin. Research libraries 2020: knowledge collaboratories?[J]. Journal of Library Science in China, 2012, 38(1): 11-20.)
[39] 叶鹰. 新世纪以来国内图书馆学研究流向简评[J].图书馆杂志, 2017,36(7):4-9.(Ye F Y. A brief review on the research trend of Library Science in China since 2000 [J]. Library Journal, 2017, 36(7):4-9.)
(1)“老三论”汇集成系统哲学,发展成为有别于分析哲学的综合哲学,参见:Laszlo E. Introduction to systems philosophy: toward a new paradigm of contemporary thought[M]. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1972。
(2)一般信息系统适用于情报学。参见:钟义信. 信息科学原理[M]. 北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 1996.
(3)D-I-K-W关联推导细节详见:叶鹰.情报学基础教程(第三版),北京:科学出版社, 2018:第2章.
(4)结构化知识与结构主义哲学、语言学和符号学(Semiotics, Semiology)紧密关联,参见:Hawkes T. Structuralism and Semiotics[M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
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