毛地黄鼠尾草花部性状的变异及其对传粉昆虫访花偏好的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究植物种群花性状(包括花报酬)的变异性及其对传粉昆虫访花行为的影响.【方法】以毛地黄鼠尾草为研究对象,测定了该植物自然种群中花部性状和花蜜产量的变异性及相互关系,同时观测了该种群的传粉昆虫及其访花行为.【结果】毛地黄鼠尾草的花部性状在个体间和个体内均存在较大变异,其个体间的变异程度明显大于个体内.花蜜量和小花数的变异系数最大,分别为45%和29%,柱头位置相关性状的变异程度居中(19%～24%),其他花结构性状的变异程度最小.花蜜产量与花大小性状之间存在显著的正相关性.在同一株内,传粉者更倾向于访问相对较大的花,其拜访花的花性状值显著大于未访花(P<0.001);而在不同个体间,传粉者未表现出明显的访花偏好.【结论】毛地黄鼠尾草的花部性状存在较大的可塑性,但个体间相对更大的遗传变异反映出该物种具有通过传粉者选择而不断进化的潜力.
【Objective】 To study the variation in floral traits and their effect on foraging behaviors of pollinators.【Method】 S.digitaloides were employed to measure variation coefficients of floral traits and nectar production,and foraging behavior of pollinators was also observed.【Result】 There was significant variation in floral traits both within and among individuals.The variation coefficients were the highest in nectar volume and floret numbers,followed by traits related to stigma position(19%～24%),and the lowest in other flower structural traits.Nectar production was significantly positively correlated with floral size traits,such as corolla length,thickness,and corolla entrance size.Among flowers with a plant,pollinators tended to visit larger flowers,and the trait values of probed flowers were significantly higher than those of the non-probed(P<0.001).However,pollinators showed no obvious preference when visiting flowers among different individuals.【Conclusion】 There existed relatively larger variation in floral traits among individuals of S.digitaloides,implying the great potential of the species to evolution driven by pollinator selection,although it was indicated great plasticity of floral traits in S.digitaloides.
【Objective】 To study the variation in floral traits and their effect on foraging behaviors of pollinators.【Method】 S.digitaloides were employed to measure variation coefficients of floral traits and nectar production,and foraging behavior of pollinators was also observed.【Result】 There was significant variation in floral traits both within and among individuals.The variation coefficients were the highest in nectar volume and floret numbers,followed by traits related to stigma position(19%～24%),and the lowest in other flower structural traits.Nectar production was significantly positively correlated with floral size traits,such as corolla length,thickness,and corolla entrance size.Among flowers with a plant,pollinators tended to visit larger flowers,and the trait values of probed flowers were significantly higher than those of the non-probed(P<0.001).However,pollinators showed no obvious preference when visiting flowers among different individuals.【Conclusion】 There existed relatively larger variation in floral traits among individuals of S.digitaloides,implying the great potential of the species to evolution driven by pollinator selection,although it was indicated great plasticity of floral traits in S.digitaloides.
引文
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[14] Team R D C.A language and environment for statistical computing[C]//Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria,2018.
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[16] Cresswell J E.Stabilizing selection and the structural variability of flowers within species[J].Ann Bot,1998,81:463-473.
[17] 黄双全,郭友好.传粉生物学的研究进展[J].科学通报,2000,45(3):225-237.
[18] 黄双全.植物与传粉者相互作用的研究及其意义[J].生物多样性,2007,15(6):569-575.
[19] 杜巍,王红侠,汪小凡.神农架地区典型草本群落中的昆虫访花行为比较[J].生物多样性,2007,15(2):666-672.
[20] Ashman T L,Morgan M T.Explaining phenotypic selection on plant attractive characters:male function,gender balance or ecological context[J].Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2004,271(1539):553.
[21] Russell A L,Golden R E,Leonard A S,Papaj D R.Bees learn preferences for plant species that offer only pollen as a reward[J].Behavior Ecology 2016,27(3):731-774.
[22] Zhang B,Cla en-Bockhoff R,Zhang Z Q,et al.Functional implications of the staminal lever mechanism in Salvia cyclostegia(Lamiaceae)[J].Ann Bot,2011,107(4):621-628.
[23] Chittka L,Thomson J D.Cognitive ecology of pollination:animal behavior and floral evolution[M].Cambridge University Press,2001.
[2] Harder L D,Johnson S D.Darwin's beautiful contrivances:evolutionary and functional evidence for floral adaptation[J].New Phytol,2009,183(3):530-545.
[3] Baker H G,Hurd P D.Intrafloral Ecology[J].Annu Rev Ent,1968,13:385-414.
[4] Stebbins G L.Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms,I:Pollination mechanisms[J].Annu Rev Ecol Syst,1970,1:307-326.
[5] Campbell D R.Evolution of floral traits in a hermaphroditic plant:field measurements of heritabilities and genetic correlations[J].Evolution,1996,50:1442-1453.
[6] 刘乐乐,刘左军,杜国祯,等.毛茛状金莲花不同花期的花特征和访花昆虫的变化及表型选择[J].生物多样性,2012,20(3):317-323.
[7] Conner J K,Rush S,Jennetten P.Measurements of natural selection on floral traits in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum).I:Selection through lifetime female fitness[J].Evolution,1996,50:1127-1136.
[8] Claen-Bockhoff R,Wester P,Tweraser E.The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia L.(Lamiaceae):a review[J].Plant Biol,2003,5:33-41.
[9] Walker J B,Sytsma K J.Staminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae):molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever[J].Ann Bot,2007,100(2):375-391.
[10] 张勃,孙杉,张志强,等.杠杆状雄蕊及其进化生态学意义[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(1):89-99.
[11] Claβen-Bockhoff R,Speck T,Tweraser E,et al.The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia L.(Lamiaceae):a key innovation for adaptive radiation[J].Organisms,Diversity and Evolution,2004,4(3):189-205.
[12] Zhang B,Li QJ.Phenotypic selection on the staminal lever mechanism in Salvia digitaloides (Labiaceae)[J].Evol Ecol,2014,28(2):373-386.
[13] 张勃,孙杉,方强恩,等.鼠尾草属不同物种的雄蕊杠杆机制对传粉者空间变异的进化响应[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(7):681-689.
[14] Team R D C.A language and environment for statistical computing[C]//Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria,2018.
[15] Ashman T-L,Majetic CJ.Genetic constraints on floral evolution:a review and evaluation of patterns[J].Heredity,2006,96:343-352.
[16] Cresswell J E.Stabilizing selection and the structural variability of flowers within species[J].Ann Bot,1998,81:463-473.
[17] 黄双全,郭友好.传粉生物学的研究进展[J].科学通报,2000,45(3):225-237.
[18] 黄双全.植物与传粉者相互作用的研究及其意义[J].生物多样性,2007,15(6):569-575.
[19] 杜巍,王红侠,汪小凡.神农架地区典型草本群落中的昆虫访花行为比较[J].生物多样性,2007,15(2):666-672.
[20] Ashman T L,Morgan M T.Explaining phenotypic selection on plant attractive characters:male function,gender balance or ecological context[J].Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2004,271(1539):553.
[21] Russell A L,Golden R E,Leonard A S,Papaj D R.Bees learn preferences for plant species that offer only pollen as a reward[J].Behavior Ecology 2016,27(3):731-774.
[22] Zhang B,Cla en-Bockhoff R,Zhang Z Q,et al.Functional implications of the staminal lever mechanism in Salvia cyclostegia(Lamiaceae)[J].Ann Bot,2011,107(4):621-628.
[23] Chittka L,Thomson J D.Cognitive ecology of pollination:animal behavior and floral evolution[M].Cambridge University Press,2001.
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