减氮追施和增密对全膜覆盖垄上微沟马铃薯水分利用及生长的影响
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摘要
优化垄沟配置方式、种植密度和施肥方式可显著提高降水利用效率、作物产量和水分利用效率。以西北半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植马铃薯,设置49,500株hm–2(低密度)和64,500株hm–2(高密度) 2个播种密度,传统施肥(PM)、减量追施(PMN)、有机肥替代(PMO) 3个施肥模式,随机区组设计。研究施肥和密度对马铃薯不同生育期土壤温度、阶段耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,增密对土壤温度、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)和产量无显著影响,但降低了花前耗水量、单株地上生物量和水分利用效率,提高了叶面积指数(LAI)和花后耗水量。在块茎膨大期,高密度处理的LAI较低密度增加了3.64%～15.01%;花后耗水量在2015—2016年较低密度增加了6.50%～48.52%。与PM处理相比, PMN和PMO均能提高花前土壤温度、现蕾期-块茎膨大期的马铃薯叶片SPAD值和LAI,其中LAI在花期增加了10.42%～44.26%。PMN和PMO降低了花前耗水量,增加花后耗水量和地上生物量,在块茎膨大期地上生物量较PM增加了6.95%～49.85%。PMN能提高低密度马铃薯的块茎产量和水分利用效率(WUE),2015—2017年产量较PM和PMO分别提高了9.96%～20.87%和13.64%～17.61%,水分利用效率提高了5.46%～20.81%和13.25%～45.24%。因此,增加密度对产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,但化肥减量追施或有机肥替代均可显著促进马铃薯花后耗水和提高LAI,使马铃薯块茎产量和WUE显著增加,是西北黄土高原半干旱区增产增效的养分管理模式。
The optimization of ridge-furrow construction,plant density and fertilizer application are three promising ways to increase rainwater use efficiency,crop yield and water use efficiency.A long-term field experiment was carried out in semi-arid area of northwestern China from 2015 to 2017,using potatoes planted in mini-ditch on ridges with plastic mulching,to explore the effects of fertilizer application and plant density on soil temperature,water consumption at different growth stages,yield and water use efficiency.Two plant densities(low density of 49,500 plants ha–1,and high density of 64,500 plants ha–1) and three fertilization methods(traditional fertilizer application,PM;reduced chemical fertilizer dressing,PMN;and organic fertilizer substitution,PMO) were set up as treatments,using randomized block design with three replications.The high density did not affect soil temperature,SPAD values and yield significantly,but lowered water consumption in pre-flowering stage,above-ground biomass per plant,and water use efficiency.However,LAI and water consumption were improved in post-flowering stage.Compared with low density treatments,LAI in high density increased by 3.64%–15.01%,and water consumption in tuber bulking period increased by 6.50%–48.52%.Both PMN and PMO increased soil temperature in pre-flowering stage,potato foliar SPAD and LAI from squaring to tuber bulking stage,compared with PM.For example,LAI increased by 10.42%–44.26% at flowering stage.PMN and PMO decreased water consumption during pre-flowering period,but increased it during post–flowering period,resulting in a 6.95%–49.85% increment in aboveground biomass at bulking stage.On average,PMN increased potato tuber yield and WUE under low density by 9.96%–20.87% and 13.64%–17.61%,5.46%–20.81% and 13.25%–45.24%,respectively,compared with PM and PMO.Consequently,the increment of plant density did not affect potato tuber yield and WUE.However,PMN and PMO promoted potato water utilization in post-flowering period and increased LAI,resulting in significant increment of potato tuber yield and WUE,showing an efficient way for fertilization management of potato in semiarid loess plateau of northwestern China.
The optimization of ridge-furrow construction,plant density and fertilizer application are three promising ways to increase rainwater use efficiency,crop yield and water use efficiency.A long-term field experiment was carried out in semi-arid area of northwestern China from 2015 to 2017,using potatoes planted in mini-ditch on ridges with plastic mulching,to explore the effects of fertilizer application and plant density on soil temperature,water consumption at different growth stages,yield and water use efficiency.Two plant densities(low density of 49,500 plants ha–1,and high density of 64,500 plants ha–1) and three fertilization methods(traditional fertilizer application,PM;reduced chemical fertilizer dressing,PMN;and organic fertilizer substitution,PMO) were set up as treatments,using randomized block design with three replications.The high density did not affect soil temperature,SPAD values and yield significantly,but lowered water consumption in pre-flowering stage,above-ground biomass per plant,and water use efficiency.However,LAI and water consumption were improved in post-flowering stage.Compared with low density treatments,LAI in high density increased by 3.64%–15.01%,and water consumption in tuber bulking period increased by 6.50%–48.52%.Both PMN and PMO increased soil temperature in pre-flowering stage,potato foliar SPAD and LAI from squaring to tuber bulking stage,compared with PM.For example,LAI increased by 10.42%–44.26% at flowering stage.PMN and PMO decreased water consumption during pre-flowering period,but increased it during post–flowering period,resulting in a 6.95%–49.85% increment in aboveground biomass at bulking stage.On average,PMN increased potato tuber yield and WUE under low density by 9.96%–20.87% and 13.64%–17.61%,5.46%–20.81% and 13.25%–45.24%,respectively,compared with PM and PMO.Consequently,the increment of plant density did not affect potato tuber yield and WUE.However,PMN and PMO promoted potato water utilization in post-flowering period and increased LAI,resulting in significant increment of potato tuber yield and WUE,showing an efficient way for fertilization management of potato in semiarid loess plateau of northwestern China.
引文
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[4]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,崔振岭,马文奇,陈新平,江荣风.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用现状与提高途径.土壤学报,2008,45:915-924.Zhang F S,Wang J Q,Zhang W F,Cui Z L,Ma W Q,Chen X P,Jiang R F.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement.Acta Pedol Sin,2008,45:915-924(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[6]张福锁,崔振岭,王激清,李春俭,陈新平.中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略.植物学通报,2007,24:687-694.Zhang F S,Cui Z L,Wang J Q,Li C J,Chen X P.Current status of soil and plant nutrient management in china and improvement strategies.Chin Bull Bot,2007,24:687-694(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]张绪成,于显枫,王红丽,侯慧芝,方彦杰,马一凡.半干旱区减氮增钾、有机肥替代对全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯水肥利用和生物量积累的调控.中国农业科学,2016,49:852-864.Zhang X C,Yu X F,Wang H L,Hou H Z,Fang Y J,Ma Y F.Regulations of reduced chemical nitrogen,potassium fertilizer application and organic manure substitution on potato waterfertilizer utilization and biomass assimilation under whole field plastics mulching and ridge-furrow planting system on semi-arid area.Sci Agric Sin,2016,49:852-864(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]于显枫,张绪成,王红丽,马一凡,侯慧芝,方彦杰.施肥对旱地全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27:883-890.Yu X F,Zhang X C,Wang H L,Ma Y F,Hou H Z,Fang Y J.Effects of fertilizer application on water consumption characteristics and yield of potato cultured under ridge-furrow and whole field plastic mulching in rain-fed area.Chin J Appl Ecol,2016,27:883-890(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]何华,赵世伟,陈国良.不同水氮条件对马铃薯肥料利用率的影响.应用生态学报,2000,11:235-239.He H,Zhao S W,Chen G L.Effect of different watering and fertilization on N utilization efficiency.Chin J Appl Ecol,2000,11:235-239(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]段玉,妥德宝,赵沛义,李焕春.马铃薯施肥肥效及养分利用率的研究.中国马铃薯,2008,22:197-200.Duan Y,Tuo D B,Zhao P Y,Li H C.Effect of fertilizer and nutrient use efficiency on potato in inner mondolia.Chin Potato J,2008,22:197-200(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]田丰,张永成,张凤军,石小红,马福荣.不同肥料和密度对马铃薯光合特性和产量的影响.西北农业学报,2010,19(6):95-98.Tian F,Zhang Y C,Zhang F J,Shi X H,Ma F R.Effects of fertilizer and density on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of potato.Acta Agric Boreali-occident Sin,2010,19(6):95-98(in chinese with English abstract).
[12]马文奇,张福锁,陈新平.中国养分资源综合管理研究的意义与重点.科技导报,2006,24(10):64-67.Ma W Q,Zhang F S,Chen X P.Significance and keystone of research of integrated nutrient resource management in china.Sci Technol Rev,2006,24(10):64-67(in Chinese with English abstract).
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