滴灌条件下枣园蒸散量的不同时空尺度转换研究
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摘要
为探究不同时间步长计算日蒸腾量及不同时空蒸散量的差异性,本文研究运用涡度相关系统、茎流仪及微型蒸发器对枣园蒸散量、枣树茎流量及土壤蒸发进行监测。结果表明:0 min、30 min及60 min步长下计算日蒸腾基本一致;枣园日蒸散量与日蒸腾量之间的线性回归方程为:y=1. 1526x+0. 0793,R~2=0. 6648;涡度相关系统与茎流系统测定枣园蒸散量之间总差值为15. 49 mm,差值占比为4. 14%,两者线性回归结果为y=0. 9672x,R~2为0. 94,两者之间NSE为0. 93、RSR为0. 26;将微型蒸发器数目进行缩减,缩减后仅保留2、4、6及11号;缩减前与缩减后测定土壤蒸发量之间的线性回归方程为:y=1. 0246x,R~2=0. 93。由此得出:10 min、30 min及60 min时间步长均可准确计算枣园日蒸腾量;涡度相关系统与茎流仪测定的数据具有较高一致性;茎流系统可以监测枣园尺度蒸散量;微型蒸发器数目可以进行缩减,缩减后不影响整体数据。本文研究结果可为蒸散量尺度转换以及微型蒸发器的合理布设提供可靠依据。
To explore the difference of daily transpiration and evapotranspiration measured by different time and space in different time steps. The eddy correlation system,stem flow meter and miniature evaporator were used to monitor the evapotranspiration,stem flow rate and soil evaporation in jujube orchard. The results show that daily transpiration is basically consistent under 10 min,30 min and 60 min steps,the linear regression equation between the daily transpiration and the daily transpiration of jujube orchard is y = 1. 1526 x +0. 0793,R~2 is 0. 6648,and the total difference between the eddy correlation system and the stem flow system is 15. 49 mm and the ratio of difference is 4. 14%. The linear regression resultis y = 0. 9672 x,R~2 was 0. 94,the NSE is 0. 93,RSR is 0. 26; the number of micro evaporators is reduced,and only 2,4,6 and 11 are retained. The linear regression equation between the prereduction and the reduction of soil evaporation is y = 1. 0246 x,R~2= 0. 93. The results showed that: 10 min,30 min and 60 min time step can accurately calculate the daily transpiration of jujube orchards; the data measured by eddy correlation system and stem flow meter have high consistency; stem flow system can monitor the scale evapotranspiration of jujube orchards; the number of micro evaporators can be reduced without affecting the overall data.
To explore the difference of daily transpiration and evapotranspiration measured by different time and space in different time steps. The eddy correlation system,stem flow meter and miniature evaporator were used to monitor the evapotranspiration,stem flow rate and soil evaporation in jujube orchard. The results show that daily transpiration is basically consistent under 10 min,30 min and 60 min steps,the linear regression equation between the daily transpiration and the daily transpiration of jujube orchard is y = 1. 1526 x +0. 0793,R~2 is 0. 6648,and the total difference between the eddy correlation system and the stem flow system is 15. 49 mm and the ratio of difference is 4. 14%. The linear regression resultis y = 0. 9672 x,R~2 was 0. 94,the NSE is 0. 93,RSR is 0. 26; the number of micro evaporators is reduced,and only 2,4,6 and 11 are retained. The linear regression equation between the prereduction and the reduction of soil evaporation is y = 1. 0246 x,R~2= 0. 93. The results showed that: 10 min,30 min and 60 min time step can accurately calculate the daily transpiration of jujube orchards; the data measured by eddy correlation system and stem flow meter have high consistency; stem flow system can monitor the scale evapotranspiration of jujube orchards; the number of micro evaporators can be reduced without affecting the overall data.
引文
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[5]黄辉,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山地人工林蒸散的控制因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):667-673.Huang H,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Stomatal and Environmental Control on Evapotranspiration in a Plantation in the Lower Mountain Areas of North China[J].Acata Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(3):667-673.
[6]Meyerstp.A comparison of summer time water and CO2fluxes overrangel and forwell watered and drought conditions[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,106(3):205-214.
[7]刘国水,刘钰,蔡甲冰,等.农田不同尺度蒸散量的尺度效应与气象因子的关系[J].水利学报,2011,42(3):284-289.Liu G S,Liu Y,Cai J B,et al.Study on Scale Effect of Farmland Evapotranspiration and Relationship with Meteorological Factors[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(3):284-289.
[8]屈艳萍,康绍忠,王素芬,等.液流-株间微型蒸渗仪法测定新疆杨蒸发蒸腾量适用性分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):88-94.Qu Y P,Kang S Z,Wang S F,et al.Applicability Analysis for Measuring Evapotranspiration of Populus Alba Var.by Sap Flow and Micro-lysimeter Method[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(3):88-94.
[9]Vertessyra,Benyonrg,O'Sullivanks,et al.Relationships between stem diameter,sapwood area,leaf area and transpirationin ayoung mountain ash forest[J].Tree Physiol,1995,15(9):559-567.
[10]Wullschlegersd,Kingaw.Radial variation in sap velocity as af unction of stem diameter and sapwood thick ness in yellow-poplar trees[J].Tree Physiol,2000,20(8):511-518.
[11]孙慧珍,周晓峰,康绍忠.应用热技术研究树干液流进展[J].应用生态学报,2004(6):1074-1078.Sun H Z,Zhou X F,Kang S Z,et al.Research Advance in Application of Heat Technique in Studying Stem Sap Flow[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(6):1074-1078.
[12]艾鹏睿,马英杰,马亮.干旱区滴灌枣棉间作模式下枣树棵间蒸发的变化规律[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):4761-4769.Ai P R,Ma Y J,Ma L.Study on Evaporation Variation of Jujube Treesunder Drip Irrigation of Jujube and Cotton Iintercropping in an Arid Area[J].Acata Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):4761-4769.
[13]李思恩,康绍忠,朱治林,等.应用涡度相关技术监测地表蒸发蒸腾量的研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2720-2726.Li S E,Kang S Z,Zhu Z L,et al.Research Progress of Measurement of Land Surface Evapotranspiration Based on Eddy Covariance Technology[J].Scientia A gricultura Sinica,2008,41(9):2720-2726.
[14]凡超,邱燕萍,李志强,等.荔枝树干液流速率与气象因子的关系[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2401-2410.Fan C,Qiu Y P,Li Z Q,et al.Relationships between Stem Sap Flow Rate of Litchi Trees and Meteorological Parameters[J].AcataEcologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2401-2410.
[15]赵平,饶兴权,马玲,等.基于树干液流测定值进行尺度扩展的马占相思林段蒸腾和冠层气孔导度[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(4):655-665.Zhao P,Rao X Q,Ma L,et al.Sap Flow Scaled Stand Transpiration and Canopy Stomatal Conductance in an Acaciamangium Forest[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(4):655-665.
[16]于萌萌,张新建,袁凤辉,等.长白山阔叶红松林三种树种树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(7):1707-1714.Yu M M,Zhang X J,Yuan F H,et al.Characteristics of Sap Flow Velocities for Three Tree Species in a Broadleaved Korean Pine Forest of Changbai Mountain in Relation to Environmental Factors[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(7):1707-1714.
[17]吴旭,陈云明,唐亚坤.黄土丘陵区刺槐和侧柏人工林树干液流特征及其对降水的响应[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(12):1176-1187.Wu X,Chen Y M,Tang Y T,et al.Sap Flow Characteristics and Its Responses to Precipitation in Robinia Pseudoacacia and Platycladus Orientalis Plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(12):1176-1187.
[18]刘华,佘春燕,白志强,等.不同径级的西伯利亚红松树干液流及蒸腾耗水特征的差异[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(2):390-397.Liu H,Yu C Y,Bai Z Q,et al.Differences in Sap Flow and Transpiration Water Consumption of Pinuskoraiensis with Different Diameter Classes in Siberia[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(2):390-397.
[19]梅婷婷,赵平,倪广艳,等.树木胸径大小对树干液流变化格局的偏度和时滞效应[J].生态学报,2012,32(22):7018-7026.Mei T T,Zhao P,Ni G Y,et al.Effect of Stem Diameter at Breast Height on Skewness of Sap Flow Pattern and Time Lag[J].ActaEcologica Sinica,2012,32(22):7018-7026.
[20]刘鑫,张金池,庄家尧,等.杉木幼树树干液流影响因子及其对杉木林蒸腾量的贡献[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(6):73-78.Liu X,Zhang J C,Zhuang J Y,et al.Impact Factors of Sap Flow of Chinese Fir Sapling and Its Contribution to Transpiration of Chinese Fir Forest[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(6):73-78.
[21]江振斌,廖康,庞洪翔,等.‘库尔勒香梨’3种树形树干液流变化及其与气象因子的关系[J].果树学报,2016,33(7):814-822.Jiang Z B,Liao K,Pang H X,et al.Sap Flow Changes in‘Kuerle Xiangli’Trees with Three Different Canopyshapes and Their Relationships with Climatic Factors[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(7):814-822.
[22]熊伟,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.华北落叶松树干液流的个体差异和林分蒸腾估计的尺度上推[J].林业科学,2008,44(1):34-40.Xiong W,Wang Y H,Yu P T,et al.Variation of Sap Flow among Individual Trees and Scaling-Up for Estimationof Transpiration of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Stand[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2008,44(1):34-40.
[2]Roni Avissar,Tatyana Schmidt.Anevaluation of the scaleat which ground-surface heatflux patchiness affects the convective boundary layer using large-eddy simulations[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1998,55(16):2666-2689.
[3]Massmanwj,Leex.Eddycovariance flux corrections and uncertaintiesin long-term studies of carbonan denergyex changes[J].Agriculturaland Forest Meteorology,2002,113(1):121-144.
[4]杨凡,齐永青,张玉翠,等.大孔径闪烁仪与涡度相关系统对灌溉农田蒸散量的对比观测[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(5):1067-1071.Yang F,Qi Y Q,Zhang Y C,et al.Comparative Advantages of Large Aperture Scintillometer and Eddy Covariance Instrument for Measuring Evapotranspiration in Irrigated Farmlands[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(5):1067-1071.
[5]黄辉,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山地人工林蒸散的控制因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):667-673.Huang H,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Stomatal and Environmental Control on Evapotranspiration in a Plantation in the Lower Mountain Areas of North China[J].Acata Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(3):667-673.
[6]Meyerstp.A comparison of summer time water and CO2fluxes overrangel and forwell watered and drought conditions[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,106(3):205-214.
[7]刘国水,刘钰,蔡甲冰,等.农田不同尺度蒸散量的尺度效应与气象因子的关系[J].水利学报,2011,42(3):284-289.Liu G S,Liu Y,Cai J B,et al.Study on Scale Effect of Farmland Evapotranspiration and Relationship with Meteorological Factors[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(3):284-289.
[8]屈艳萍,康绍忠,王素芬,等.液流-株间微型蒸渗仪法测定新疆杨蒸发蒸腾量适用性分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):88-94.Qu Y P,Kang S Z,Wang S F,et al.Applicability Analysis for Measuring Evapotranspiration of Populus Alba Var.by Sap Flow and Micro-lysimeter Method[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(3):88-94.
[9]Vertessyra,Benyonrg,O'Sullivanks,et al.Relationships between stem diameter,sapwood area,leaf area and transpirationin ayoung mountain ash forest[J].Tree Physiol,1995,15(9):559-567.
[10]Wullschlegersd,Kingaw.Radial variation in sap velocity as af unction of stem diameter and sapwood thick ness in yellow-poplar trees[J].Tree Physiol,2000,20(8):511-518.
[11]孙慧珍,周晓峰,康绍忠.应用热技术研究树干液流进展[J].应用生态学报,2004(6):1074-1078.Sun H Z,Zhou X F,Kang S Z,et al.Research Advance in Application of Heat Technique in Studying Stem Sap Flow[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(6):1074-1078.
[12]艾鹏睿,马英杰,马亮.干旱区滴灌枣棉间作模式下枣树棵间蒸发的变化规律[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):4761-4769.Ai P R,Ma Y J,Ma L.Study on Evaporation Variation of Jujube Treesunder Drip Irrigation of Jujube and Cotton Iintercropping in an Arid Area[J].Acata Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):4761-4769.
[13]李思恩,康绍忠,朱治林,等.应用涡度相关技术监测地表蒸发蒸腾量的研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2720-2726.Li S E,Kang S Z,Zhu Z L,et al.Research Progress of Measurement of Land Surface Evapotranspiration Based on Eddy Covariance Technology[J].Scientia A gricultura Sinica,2008,41(9):2720-2726.
[14]凡超,邱燕萍,李志强,等.荔枝树干液流速率与气象因子的关系[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2401-2410.Fan C,Qiu Y P,Li Z Q,et al.Relationships between Stem Sap Flow Rate of Litchi Trees and Meteorological Parameters[J].AcataEcologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2401-2410.
[15]赵平,饶兴权,马玲,等.基于树干液流测定值进行尺度扩展的马占相思林段蒸腾和冠层气孔导度[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(4):655-665.Zhao P,Rao X Q,Ma L,et al.Sap Flow Scaled Stand Transpiration and Canopy Stomatal Conductance in an Acaciamangium Forest[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(4):655-665.
[16]于萌萌,张新建,袁凤辉,等.长白山阔叶红松林三种树种树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(7):1707-1714.Yu M M,Zhang X J,Yuan F H,et al.Characteristics of Sap Flow Velocities for Three Tree Species in a Broadleaved Korean Pine Forest of Changbai Mountain in Relation to Environmental Factors[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(7):1707-1714.
[17]吴旭,陈云明,唐亚坤.黄土丘陵区刺槐和侧柏人工林树干液流特征及其对降水的响应[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(12):1176-1187.Wu X,Chen Y M,Tang Y T,et al.Sap Flow Characteristics and Its Responses to Precipitation in Robinia Pseudoacacia and Platycladus Orientalis Plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(12):1176-1187.
[18]刘华,佘春燕,白志强,等.不同径级的西伯利亚红松树干液流及蒸腾耗水特征的差异[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(2):390-397.Liu H,Yu C Y,Bai Z Q,et al.Differences in Sap Flow and Transpiration Water Consumption of Pinuskoraiensis with Different Diameter Classes in Siberia[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(2):390-397.
[19]梅婷婷,赵平,倪广艳,等.树木胸径大小对树干液流变化格局的偏度和时滞效应[J].生态学报,2012,32(22):7018-7026.Mei T T,Zhao P,Ni G Y,et al.Effect of Stem Diameter at Breast Height on Skewness of Sap Flow Pattern and Time Lag[J].ActaEcologica Sinica,2012,32(22):7018-7026.
[20]刘鑫,张金池,庄家尧,等.杉木幼树树干液流影响因子及其对杉木林蒸腾量的贡献[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(6):73-78.Liu X,Zhang J C,Zhuang J Y,et al.Impact Factors of Sap Flow of Chinese Fir Sapling and Its Contribution to Transpiration of Chinese Fir Forest[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(6):73-78.
[21]江振斌,廖康,庞洪翔,等.‘库尔勒香梨’3种树形树干液流变化及其与气象因子的关系[J].果树学报,2016,33(7):814-822.Jiang Z B,Liao K,Pang H X,et al.Sap Flow Changes in‘Kuerle Xiangli’Trees with Three Different Canopyshapes and Their Relationships with Climatic Factors[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(7):814-822.
[22]熊伟,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.华北落叶松树干液流的个体差异和林分蒸腾估计的尺度上推[J].林业科学,2008,44(1):34-40.Xiong W,Wang Y H,Yu P T,et al.Variation of Sap Flow among Individual Trees and Scaling-Up for Estimationof Transpiration of Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Stand[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2008,44(1):34-40.
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