长江干流宜昌-安庆段大型底栖动物群落结构及环境分析
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摘要
为系统了解目前长江中下游干流大型底栖动物群落结构现状,于2016年5—6月和10—12月对长江干流宜昌-安庆段进行2次调查。共记录大型底栖动物96种,水生昆虫种类数最多,占总数的49.0%。大部分物种(58.7%)的出现频率都较低(<1%),且各江段种类组成差异较大。大型底栖动物密度为(213±58) ind./m~2,生物量为(0.202±0.066) g/m~2。大型底栖动物群落结构汛前汛后差异显著,汛后种类数和现存量均明显下降。与建坝前资料相比,大型底栖动物群落结构发生较大改变,种类数增加,现存量下降。环境分析表明影响大型底栖动物分布的主要因素是流速,底质和水质的影响不大。大型底栖动物现存量下降与建坝后干流冲刷加剧有关,针对底栖动物保护,建议开展水沙调节、营造缓流生境并加强洲滩保护。
To systematically understand the community structure of macrozoobethos in the mid-lower Yangtze mainstem, two field investigations were conducted on 13 sections along Yichang-Anqing reaches in May-June and OctoberDecember 2016, respectively. A total of 96 taxa of macrozoobenthos were recorded with the most abundant group of aquatic insects that account for 49.0% of the total. The frequency of occurrence was relatively low(<1%) for most species(58.7%), and species composition were obviously different among reaches. The density of macrozoobenthos was(213±58) ind./m~2, and the biomass was(0.202±0.066) g/m~2. Community structure was different between pre-flood and post-flood periods, where obvious decreases in both species number and standing crops were found in the latter. Compared with the pre-damming data, community structure of macrozoobenthos had increased species number and decreased standing crops. Environmental analyses showed that velocity was the key factor affecting the distribution of macrozoobenthos, while substrate and water quality parameters were of little importance. The sharp decline in standing crops of macrozoobenthos was closely related to the increased scouring effects in post-damming period. These results suggest to carry out regulation of flow and sediment, to create slow-flow habitats and to strengthen protection of sand bars with regard to macrozoobenthos conservation in the Yangtze mainstem.
To systematically understand the community structure of macrozoobethos in the mid-lower Yangtze mainstem, two field investigations were conducted on 13 sections along Yichang-Anqing reaches in May-June and OctoberDecember 2016, respectively. A total of 96 taxa of macrozoobenthos were recorded with the most abundant group of aquatic insects that account for 49.0% of the total. The frequency of occurrence was relatively low(<1%) for most species(58.7%), and species composition were obviously different among reaches. The density of macrozoobenthos was(213±58) ind./m~2, and the biomass was(0.202±0.066) g/m~2. Community structure was different between pre-flood and post-flood periods, where obvious decreases in both species number and standing crops were found in the latter. Compared with the pre-damming data, community structure of macrozoobenthos had increased species number and decreased standing crops. Environmental analyses showed that velocity was the key factor affecting the distribution of macrozoobenthos, while substrate and water quality parameters were of little importance. The sharp decline in standing crops of macrozoobenthos was closely related to the increased scouring effects in post-damming period. These results suggest to carry out regulation of flow and sediment, to create slow-flow habitats and to strengthen protection of sand bars with regard to macrozoobenthos conservation in the Yangtze mainstem.
引文
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[31]Duan X H,Wang Z Y,Tian S M.Benthic macroinvertebrates communities and biodiversity in various stream substrata[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,47(9):1553-1556[段学花,王兆印,田世民.河床底质对大型底栖动物多样性影响的野外试验.生态学报,2007,47(9):1553-1556]
[32]Pan B Z,Wang Z Y,He X B.Studies on assemblage characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the West River[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(5):851-856[潘保柱,王兆印,何雪宝.西江大型底栖动物群落特征研究.水生生物学报,2011,35(5):851-856]
[33]Pan B Z,Wang H Z,Wang H J.A floodplain-scale lake classification based on characteristics of macroinvertebrate assemblages and corresponding environmental pro- perties[J].Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters,2014,49:10-17
[34]Dodds W K.Freshwater Ecology:Concepts and Environmental Applications[M].Amsterdam:Academic Press.2002,1-569
[35]Ding B Q,Liu H Z.Analysis of the fish feeding guiding composition in the Yangtze River[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2011,30(1):31-35[丁宝清,刘焕章.长江流域鱼类食性同资源集团组成特征分析.四川动物,2011,30(1):31-35]
[36]Lu Z C,Tian J S,Wang Z H,et al.Using stable isotope technique to study feeding habits of the finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp.sunameri)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(1):69-76[鹿志创,田甲申,王召会,等.应用碳氮稳定同位素技术研究江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp.sunameri).食性.生态学报,2016,36(1):69-76]
[37]Xie S,Li Z,Liu J,et al.Fisheries of the Yangtze River show immediate impacts of the Three Gorges Dam[J].Fisheries,2007,32(7):343-344
[38]Zhang G,Wu L,Li H,et al.Preliminary evidence of delayed spawning and suppressed larval growth and condition of the major carps in the Yangtze River below the Three Gorges Dam[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2012,93(3):439-447
[2]Lytle D A,Poff N L R.Adaptation to natural flow regimes[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2004,19(2):94-100
[3]The Project Team of Three Gorges Project Stage Assessment of Chinese Academy of Engineering.Three Gorges Project Stage Assessment Report(Integrated Volume)[M].Beijing:China Water Power Press.2010,1-400[中国工程院三峡工程阶段性评估项目组.三峡工程阶段性评估报告(综合卷),北京:中国水利水电出版社.2010,1-400]
[4]Shi Y.Study on the Impact Assessment of Flood Control of the Mid-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River after the Application of the Three Gorges Project[M].Wuhan:Changjiang Press.2011,1-167[施勇.三峡工程运用后对长江中下游防洪的影响评价研究.武汉:长江出版社.2011,1-167]
[5]Thomson J R,Lake P S,Downes B J.The effect of hydrological disturbance on the impact of a benthic invertebrate predator[J].Ecology,2002,83(3):628-642
[6]Holt C R,Pfitzer D,Scalley C,et al.Macroinvertebrate community responses to annual flow variation from river regulation:an 11-year study[J].River Research and Applications,2015,31(7):798-807
[7]Liang Y L,Wu T H,Xie Z C.Status of Macrozoobenthos and Assessment of Fisheries in Baoan Lake-Management of Grass-Type Lake Resources,Environment and Fishery Ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press.1995,178-192[梁彦龄,吴天惠,谢志才.保安湖底栖动物现状及渔业评价-草型湖泊资源环境与渔业生态学管理.北京:科学出版社.1995,178-192]
[8]Covich A P,Palmer M A,Crowl T A.The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems:zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling[J].BioScience,1999,49(2):119-127
[9]Shu F Y,Wang H J,Pan B Z,et al.Assessment of species status of Mollusca in the min-lower Yangtze Lakes[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2009,33(6):1051-1058[舒凤月,王海军,潘保柱,等.长江中下游湖泊贝类物种濒危状况评估.水生生物学报,2009,33(6):1051-1058]
[10]Xie Z C,Liang Y L,Wang J,et al.Preliminary studies of macroinvertebrates of the mainstream of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1999,23(supp1.):148-157
[11]Duan X H,Wang Z Y,Yu G A.Ecological assessment of the Yangtze River eco-system with benthic invertebrate as indicator species[J].Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,2009,18(3):241-247[段学花,王兆印,余国安.以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(3):241-247]
[12]Pan B Z,Wang H Z,Ban X,et al.An exploratory analysis of ecological water requirements of macroinvertebrates in the Wuhan branch of the Yangtze River[J].Quaternary International,2015,380-381:256-261
[13]Li S,Xiong F,Wang K,et al.Effect of tetrahedron permeable frames on the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in the middle Yangtze River[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2015,36(6):72-79[李莎,熊飞,王珂,等.长江中游透水框架护岸工程对底栖动物群落结构的影响.水生态学杂志,2015,36(6):72-79]
[14]Chen X F,Xia W,Pan B Z,et al.Community structure characteristics of macroinvertebrate from Yichang to Wuhan in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universutatis Pskiensis,2017,53(5):973-981[陈秀粉,夏炜,潘保柱,等.长江中游宜昌至武汉段底栖动物群落结构特征研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2017,53(5):973-981]
[15]Zhao W H.Macroecological patterns of macrozoobenthos in rivers of China and environmental flow requirements in lower reaches of the Yellow River[D].Thesis for Doctor of Science,Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan.2010[赵伟华.中国河流底栖动物宏观格局及黄河下游生态需水研究.博士学位论文,中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2010]
[16]Editorial Committee of Encyclopedia of River and Lakes in China.Encyclopedia of River and Lakes in ChinaSection of Changjiang River Basin(Vol.One)[M]. Beijing:China Water Power Press.2010.1-510[《中国河湖大典》编纂委员会.中国河湖大典-长江卷(上).北京:中国水利水电出版社.2010.1-510]
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[18]Dalian Institute of Aguaculture.Freshwater BiologyVolume 1(Taxonomy)[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press.1982,1-346[大连水产学院.淡水生物学-上册(分类学部分).北京:农业出版社.1982,1-346]
[19]He X B.Studies on faunae of aquatic Oligochaeta(Annelida)in Tibet and four large rivers of China[D].Thesis for Doctor of Science,Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan.2011[何雪宝.西藏和四条大型河流水栖寡毛类区系研究.博士学位论文,中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉.2011]
[20]Morse J C,Yang L F,Tian L X.Aquatic Insects of China Useful for Monitoring Water Quality-Volume 13[M].Jiangsu:Hohai University Press.1994,1-570
[21]Epler J H.Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae(Diptera)of North and South Carolina[M].AGuide to the Taxonomy of the Midges of the Southeastern United States,Including Florida.Special Publication SJ2001-SP13.North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources,Raleigh,NC,and St.Johns River Water Management District,Palatka,FL.2001,1-526
[22]Zhou C F,Su C R,Gui H.Outline of Chinese Mayflies[M].Beijing:Science Press.2015,1-310[周长发,苏翠荣,归鸿.中国蜉蝣概述.北京:科学出版社.2015,1-310]
[23]Liu Y Y.Chinese Economic Animal-Freshwater Mollusca[M].Beijing:Science Press.1979,1-134[刘月英.中国经济动物志-淡水软体动物.北京:科学出版社.1979,1-134]
[24]Liu Y Y,Zhang W Z,Wang Y X.Medical Shellfish[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press.1993,1-156[刘月英,张文珍,王耀先.医学贝类学.北京:海洋出版社.1993,1-156]
[25]Song D X,Feng Z Q.Grasshopper[M].Beijing:Science Press.1978,1-176[宋大祥,冯钟琪.蚂蟥.科学出版社.1978,1-176]
[26]Yan Y J,Liang Y L.On the relationships body-length and body-weight and the biochemical composition of macrozoobenthos[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Nature Science Edition),2002,30(11):114-116[阎云君,梁彦龄.大型底栖动物体长体重关系和生化组成的研究.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,30(11):114-116]
[27]Smith I R.Turbulence in Lakes and Rivers[M].Amsterdam:Freshwater Biol.Assoc.1975,1-79
[28]Statzner B,Gore J A,Resh V H.Hydraulic stream ecology:observed patterns and potential applications[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1988,7(4):307-360
[29]Lu J Y.Study on incipient velocity of sediment transport in the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,1991,8(4):57-64[卢金友.长江泥沙起动流速公式探讨.长江科学院院报,1991,8(4):57-64]
[30]Shao X J,Wang X K.Introduction to River Mechanics[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.2005,1-248[邵学军,王兴奎.河流动力学概论.清华大学出版社.2005,1-248]
[31]Duan X H,Wang Z Y,Tian S M.Benthic macroinvertebrates communities and biodiversity in various stream substrata[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,47(9):1553-1556[段学花,王兆印,田世民.河床底质对大型底栖动物多样性影响的野外试验.生态学报,2007,47(9):1553-1556]
[32]Pan B Z,Wang Z Y,He X B.Studies on assemblage characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the West River[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(5):851-856[潘保柱,王兆印,何雪宝.西江大型底栖动物群落特征研究.水生生物学报,2011,35(5):851-856]
[33]Pan B Z,Wang H Z,Wang H J.A floodplain-scale lake classification based on characteristics of macroinvertebrate assemblages and corresponding environmental pro- perties[J].Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters,2014,49:10-17
[34]Dodds W K.Freshwater Ecology:Concepts and Environmental Applications[M].Amsterdam:Academic Press.2002,1-569
[35]Ding B Q,Liu H Z.Analysis of the fish feeding guiding composition in the Yangtze River[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2011,30(1):31-35[丁宝清,刘焕章.长江流域鱼类食性同资源集团组成特征分析.四川动物,2011,30(1):31-35]
[36]Lu Z C,Tian J S,Wang Z H,et al.Using stable isotope technique to study feeding habits of the finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp.sunameri)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(1):69-76[鹿志创,田甲申,王召会,等.应用碳氮稳定同位素技术研究江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp.sunameri).食性.生态学报,2016,36(1):69-76]
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