三峡水库与长寿湖水库鱼类碳、氮稳定同位素特征及营养级的比较
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摘要
为探究人为活动对水库鱼类食物来源和营养级关系的影响,选择人为影响程度较低的三峡水库和影响程度较高的长寿湖水库为研究对象,应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术对两个水库鱼类δ13C值、δ15N值和营养级进行比较分析.结果显示:长寿湖水库鱼类δ13C平均值(-22.66‰±1.94‰)与三峡水库(-22.59‰±1.87‰)较为接近,但长寿湖鱼类的δ15N值(13.95‰±3.02‰)显著高于三峡水库鱼类的δ15N值(11.98‰±2.25‰).根据δ15N值计算不同食性鱼类间的营养级,三峡水库营养级为肉食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>浮游生物食性鱼类>草食性鱼类;而长寿湖中则表现为浮游生物食性鱼类>肉食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>草食性鱼类,营养级出现了异常现象.这一结果表明,对于人为影响(如人工喂食鱼饲料等)较大的水体,采用δ15N值计算不同食性鱼类间的营养级存在不确定性.
To investigate the effect of the food sources and trophic position of fish in different anthropogenic interference of Three Gorges Reservoir( TGR) and Changshou Reservoir,we used stable isotopes analysis to investigate the δ13 C and δ15 N signatures of fish in these two reservoirs. Meanwhile,differences in isotopic values and trophic position of fish were also compared. The result showed that little variation in δ13 C values of fish was observed between TGR and Changshou Reservoir. The average δ13 C values of fish observed in Changshou Reservoir(-22.66‰± 1.94‰) was similar to that in TGR(-22.59‰ ± 1.87‰). While,the δ15 N values of fish in Changshou Reservoir( 13.95‰ ± 3.02‰) were significantly higher than that in TGR( 11.98‰ ± 2.25‰). We calculated the trophic level among different fishes based on the value of δ15 N. The trophic level decreased in order of carnivorous fish > omnivorous fish > planktivore fish > herbivorous fish in TGR. While,a relative difference was occurred at Lake Changshou in terms of the trophic level which was conducted as planktivore fish > carnivorous fish > omnivorous fish > herbivorous fish when compared with those in TGR. The result indicated the uncertainty of trophic level derived from value of δ15 N for aqueous systems with intensive influences of human activities.
To investigate the effect of the food sources and trophic position of fish in different anthropogenic interference of Three Gorges Reservoir( TGR) and Changshou Reservoir,we used stable isotopes analysis to investigate the δ13 C and δ15 N signatures of fish in these two reservoirs. Meanwhile,differences in isotopic values and trophic position of fish were also compared. The result showed that little variation in δ13 C values of fish was observed between TGR and Changshou Reservoir. The average δ13 C values of fish observed in Changshou Reservoir(-22.66‰± 1.94‰) was similar to that in TGR(-22.59‰ ± 1.87‰). While,the δ15 N values of fish in Changshou Reservoir( 13.95‰ ± 3.02‰) were significantly higher than that in TGR( 11.98‰ ± 2.25‰). We calculated the trophic level among different fishes based on the value of δ15 N. The trophic level decreased in order of carnivorous fish > omnivorous fish > planktivore fish > herbivorous fish in TGR. While,a relative difference was occurred at Lake Changshou in terms of the trophic level which was conducted as planktivore fish > carnivorous fish > omnivorous fish > herbivorous fish when compared with those in TGR. The result indicated the uncertainty of trophic level derived from value of δ15 N for aqueous systems with intensive influences of human activities.
引文
[1] Xiao XW,Wang YY,Zhang H et al. Trophic position and its impact on fish in Raohe River during the dry season,Jiangxi Province. Acta Ecological Sinica,2015,35(18):6216-6223. DOI:10.5846/stxb201401240180.[肖协文,王玉玉,张欢等.饶河枯水期主要鱼类营养级位置及其影响因素.生态学报,2015,35(18):6216-6223.]
[2] Grey J. The use of stable isotope analyses in freshwater ecology:Current awareness. Polish Journal of Ecology,2006,54(54):563-584.
[3] Li YM,Huang XH,Liu CW et al. Application of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope technology in feeding habits. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2007,27(4):99-103.[李由明,黄翔鹄,刘楚吾等.碳氮稳定同位素技术在动物食性分析中的应用.广东海洋大学学报,2007,27(4):99-103.]
[4] Xu J,Zhang M,Xie P. Variability of stable nitrogen isotopic baselines and its consequence for trophic modeling. J Lake Sci,2010,22(1):8-20. DOI:10.18307/2010.0102.[徐军,张敏,谢平.氮稳定同位素基准的可变性及对营养级评价的影响.湖泊科学,2010,22(1):8-20.]
[5] Li ZY,Jin XS,Zhuang ZM et al. Applications of stable isotope techniques in aquatic ecological studies. Acta Ecological Sinica,2005,25(11):3052-3060.[李忠义,金显仕,庄志猛等.稳定同位素技术在水域生态系统研究中的应用.生态学报,2005,25(11):3052-3060.]
[6] Ling JH,Zhang YZ,Wang MH et al. Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen in the downstream columnar sediment of Maozhou River,Shenzhen. Environmental of Science,2017,38(12):5081-5089. DOI:10. 13227/j. hjkx. 201704285.[凌郡鸿,张依章,王民浩等.深圳茅洲河下游柱状沉积物中碳氮同位素特征.环境科学,2017,38(12):5081-5089.]
[7] Zhou ZH,Liu CQ,Li J et al. Record of ecosystem evolvement processes provided byδ13C(org)andδ15N values in Chaohu Lake sediments. Environmental of Science,2007,28(6):1338-1343.[周志华,刘丛强,李军等.巢湖沉积物δ13C(org)和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程.环境科学,2007,28(6):1338-1343.]
[8] Post DM,Pace ML,Hairston NG. Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes. Nature,2000,405(6790):1047-1049. DOI:10.1038/35016565.
[9] Wang YY,Yu XB,Zhang L et al. Food web structure of Poyang Lake during the dry season by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis. Acta Ecological Sinica,2009,29(3):1181-1188.[王玉玉,于秀波,张亮等.应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究鄱阳湖枯水末期水生食物网结构.生态学报,2009,29(3):1181-1188.]
[10] Guzzo MM,Haffner GD,Sorge S et al. Spatial and temporal variabilities ofδ13C andδ15N within lower trophic levels of a large lake:implications for estimating trophic relationships of consumers. Hydrobiologia,2011,675(1):41-53. DOI:10.1007/s10750-011-0794-1.
[11] Zhang Y,Ding S,Bentsen CN et al. Differences in stream fish assemblages subjected to different levels of anthropogenic pressure in the Taizi River catchment,China. Ichthyological Research,2015,62(4):450-462.
[12] Kendall C,Silva SR,Kelly VJ. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of particulate organic matter in four large river systems across the United States. Hydrological Processes,2010,15(7):1301-1346.
[13] Mariotti A. Denitrification in groundwaters,principles and methods for its identification:A review. Journal of Hydrology,1986,88:1-23.
[14] Kendall C,Aravena R eds. Nitrate isotopes in groundwater systems. Boston:Klumer Academic Publishers,2000:261-297.
[15] Zhang H,Xiao XW,Wang YY et al. Spatial variation instable isotope signatures and trophic position of fish in Raohe River,Lake Poyang Basin. J Lake Sci,2015,27(6):1004-1010. DOI:10.18307/2015.0603.[张欢,肖协文,王玉玉等.鄱阳湖流域饶河鱼类稳定同位素比值和营养级的空间变化.湖泊科学,2015,27(6):1004-1010.]
[16] Zhou X,Chen G,Shi G et al. The effects of different diet protein sources on carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum L. Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2014,33(5):35-40.[周晖,陈刚,施钢等.不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响.热带海洋学报,2014,33(5):35-40.]
[17] Bai WY,Zhang C,Tang ZY et al. Seasonal variations in vertical profile of Hg species and the influential factors in Changshou reservior. Environmental of Science,2015,36(10):2863-2869. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.10.013.[白薇扬,张成,唐振亚等.长寿湖水库垂直剖面不同形态汞的季节变化特征及其影响因素.环境科学,2015,36(10):2863-2869.]
[18] Vizzini S,Mazzola A. The effects of anthropogenic organic matter inputs on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organisms from different trophic levels in a southern Mediterranean coastal area. Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(2):723-731.
[19] Carlier A,Riera P,Amouroux JM et al. Food web structure of two Mediterranean lagoons under varying degree of eutrophication. Journal of Sea Research,2008,60(4):264-275.
[20] Feng X,Meng B,Yan H et al eds. Bioaccumulation of mercury in aquatic food chains. Singapore:Springer,2018:339-389.
[21] Editorial board of"Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method",Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China ed. Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater:fourth edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.[国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.]
[22] Weng XY,Lin MA,Yan Y. Comparison of determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll a by spectroscopic methods in freshwater. Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(3):36-38.[翁笑艳,林美爱,严颖.地表水浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法比较研究.中国环境监测,2009,25(3):36-38.]
[23] Post DM. Using stable isotopes to estimate throphic position:modles,methods,and assumptions. Ecology,2002,83(3):703-718.
[24] Zanden MJV,Rasmussen JB. Primary consumerδ13C andδ15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers. Ecology,1999,80(4):1395-1404.
[25] Zanden MJV,Casselman JM,Rasmussen JB. Stable isotope evidence for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes. Nature,1999,401(6752):464-467.
[26] Huang L,Wu Y,Zhang J et al. Distribution of C,N,P andδ13C in aquatic plants of some lakes in the middle Yangtze Valley. Acta Geoscine Sinica,2003,24(6):515-518.[黄亮,吴莹,张经等.长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ13C分布.地球学报,2003,24(6):515-518.]
[27] Liu YL. On the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ecology of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Taihu watershed[Dissertation].Xiangtan:Xiangtan University,2015.[刘勇丽.太湖流域水生植物稳定碳氮同位素的生态学研究[学位论文].湘潭:湘潭大学,2015.]
[28] Wen ZR,Xu J,Xie P. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of macrophytes from Lake Taihu. J Lake Sci,2016,28(1):163-169. DOI:10.18307/2016.0119.[温周瑞,徐军,谢平.太湖高等水生植物稳定碳、氮同位素特征.湖泊科学,2016,28(1):163-169.]
[29] Cao WX. Megalobrama amblycephala and Megalobrama terminalis in Liangzi lake. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1960,(1):57-82.[曹文宣.梁子湖的团头鲂与三角鲂.水生生物学报,1960,(1):57-82.]
[30] Davenport SR,Bax NJ. A trophic study of a marine ecosystem off southeastern Australia using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,2002,59(3):514-530.
[31] Fry B ed. Stable Isotope ecology. New York:Springer,2006:204-212.
[32] Li ZY. Studies of the feeding ecology of dominant fishes and foodweb structure in the Changjian estuary and southern Yellow Sea with stable isotope[Dissertation]. Xiamen:Xiamen University,2006.[李忠义.应用稳定同位素技术研究长江口及南黄海水域主要鱼类摄食生态和食物网结构[学位论文].厦门:厦门大学,2006.]
[33] Peterson BJ. Stable isotopes as tracers of organic matter input and transfer in benthic food webs:A review. Acta Oecologia International Journal of Ecology,1999,20(4):479-487.
[34] Lake JL,Mc Kinney RA,Osterman FA et al. Stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of anthropogenic activities in small freshwater system. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,2001,58(5):870-878.
[35] Zhang B,Yuan W,Dai FQ. Study on feeding ecology of fish community in Laoshan Bay during summer using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Journal of Fisheries of China,2016,40(4):585-594.
[36] Xu J. Ecological studies on the food web structures and trophic relationships of freshwater lakes in china using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes[Dissertation]. Wuhan:Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.[徐军.应用碳、氮稳定性同位素探讨淡水湖泊的食物网结构和营养级关系[学位论文].武汉:中国科学研究生院水生生物研究所,2005.]
[37] Huang L,Wu Y,Zhang J. Studies on nutrient relation of aquatic ecosystem using fatty acids. Marine Sciences,2009,33(3):93-96.[黄亮,吴莹,张经.脂肪酸标志水生生态系统营养关系的研究.海洋科学,2009,33(3):93-96.]
[2] Grey J. The use of stable isotope analyses in freshwater ecology:Current awareness. Polish Journal of Ecology,2006,54(54):563-584.
[3] Li YM,Huang XH,Liu CW et al. Application of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope technology in feeding habits. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2007,27(4):99-103.[李由明,黄翔鹄,刘楚吾等.碳氮稳定同位素技术在动物食性分析中的应用.广东海洋大学学报,2007,27(4):99-103.]
[4] Xu J,Zhang M,Xie P. Variability of stable nitrogen isotopic baselines and its consequence for trophic modeling. J Lake Sci,2010,22(1):8-20. DOI:10.18307/2010.0102.[徐军,张敏,谢平.氮稳定同位素基准的可变性及对营养级评价的影响.湖泊科学,2010,22(1):8-20.]
[5] Li ZY,Jin XS,Zhuang ZM et al. Applications of stable isotope techniques in aquatic ecological studies. Acta Ecological Sinica,2005,25(11):3052-3060.[李忠义,金显仕,庄志猛等.稳定同位素技术在水域生态系统研究中的应用.生态学报,2005,25(11):3052-3060.]
[6] Ling JH,Zhang YZ,Wang MH et al. Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen in the downstream columnar sediment of Maozhou River,Shenzhen. Environmental of Science,2017,38(12):5081-5089. DOI:10. 13227/j. hjkx. 201704285.[凌郡鸿,张依章,王民浩等.深圳茅洲河下游柱状沉积物中碳氮同位素特征.环境科学,2017,38(12):5081-5089.]
[7] Zhou ZH,Liu CQ,Li J et al. Record of ecosystem evolvement processes provided byδ13C(org)andδ15N values in Chaohu Lake sediments. Environmental of Science,2007,28(6):1338-1343.[周志华,刘丛强,李军等.巢湖沉积物δ13C(org)和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程.环境科学,2007,28(6):1338-1343.]
[8] Post DM,Pace ML,Hairston NG. Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes. Nature,2000,405(6790):1047-1049. DOI:10.1038/35016565.
[9] Wang YY,Yu XB,Zhang L et al. Food web structure of Poyang Lake during the dry season by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis. Acta Ecological Sinica,2009,29(3):1181-1188.[王玉玉,于秀波,张亮等.应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究鄱阳湖枯水末期水生食物网结构.生态学报,2009,29(3):1181-1188.]
[10] Guzzo MM,Haffner GD,Sorge S et al. Spatial and temporal variabilities ofδ13C andδ15N within lower trophic levels of a large lake:implications for estimating trophic relationships of consumers. Hydrobiologia,2011,675(1):41-53. DOI:10.1007/s10750-011-0794-1.
[11] Zhang Y,Ding S,Bentsen CN et al. Differences in stream fish assemblages subjected to different levels of anthropogenic pressure in the Taizi River catchment,China. Ichthyological Research,2015,62(4):450-462.
[12] Kendall C,Silva SR,Kelly VJ. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of particulate organic matter in four large river systems across the United States. Hydrological Processes,2010,15(7):1301-1346.
[13] Mariotti A. Denitrification in groundwaters,principles and methods for its identification:A review. Journal of Hydrology,1986,88:1-23.
[14] Kendall C,Aravena R eds. Nitrate isotopes in groundwater systems. Boston:Klumer Academic Publishers,2000:261-297.
[15] Zhang H,Xiao XW,Wang YY et al. Spatial variation instable isotope signatures and trophic position of fish in Raohe River,Lake Poyang Basin. J Lake Sci,2015,27(6):1004-1010. DOI:10.18307/2015.0603.[张欢,肖协文,王玉玉等.鄱阳湖流域饶河鱼类稳定同位素比值和营养级的空间变化.湖泊科学,2015,27(6):1004-1010.]
[16] Zhou X,Chen G,Shi G et al. The effects of different diet protein sources on carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum L. Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2014,33(5):35-40.[周晖,陈刚,施钢等.不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响.热带海洋学报,2014,33(5):35-40.]
[17] Bai WY,Zhang C,Tang ZY et al. Seasonal variations in vertical profile of Hg species and the influential factors in Changshou reservior. Environmental of Science,2015,36(10):2863-2869. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.10.013.[白薇扬,张成,唐振亚等.长寿湖水库垂直剖面不同形态汞的季节变化特征及其影响因素.环境科学,2015,36(10):2863-2869.]
[18] Vizzini S,Mazzola A. The effects of anthropogenic organic matter inputs on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in organisms from different trophic levels in a southern Mediterranean coastal area. Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(2):723-731.
[19] Carlier A,Riera P,Amouroux JM et al. Food web structure of two Mediterranean lagoons under varying degree of eutrophication. Journal of Sea Research,2008,60(4):264-275.
[20] Feng X,Meng B,Yan H et al eds. Bioaccumulation of mercury in aquatic food chains. Singapore:Springer,2018:339-389.
[21] Editorial board of"Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method",Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China ed. Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater:fourth edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.[国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.]
[22] Weng XY,Lin MA,Yan Y. Comparison of determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll a by spectroscopic methods in freshwater. Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(3):36-38.[翁笑艳,林美爱,严颖.地表水浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法比较研究.中国环境监测,2009,25(3):36-38.]
[23] Post DM. Using stable isotopes to estimate throphic position:modles,methods,and assumptions. Ecology,2002,83(3):703-718.
[24] Zanden MJV,Rasmussen JB. Primary consumerδ13C andδ15N and the trophic position of aquatic consumers. Ecology,1999,80(4):1395-1404.
[25] Zanden MJV,Casselman JM,Rasmussen JB. Stable isotope evidence for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes. Nature,1999,401(6752):464-467.
[26] Huang L,Wu Y,Zhang J et al. Distribution of C,N,P andδ13C in aquatic plants of some lakes in the middle Yangtze Valley. Acta Geoscine Sinica,2003,24(6):515-518.[黄亮,吴莹,张经等.长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ13C分布.地球学报,2003,24(6):515-518.]
[27] Liu YL. On the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ecology of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Taihu watershed[Dissertation].Xiangtan:Xiangtan University,2015.[刘勇丽.太湖流域水生植物稳定碳氮同位素的生态学研究[学位论文].湘潭:湘潭大学,2015.]
[28] Wen ZR,Xu J,Xie P. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of macrophytes from Lake Taihu. J Lake Sci,2016,28(1):163-169. DOI:10.18307/2016.0119.[温周瑞,徐军,谢平.太湖高等水生植物稳定碳、氮同位素特征.湖泊科学,2016,28(1):163-169.]
[29] Cao WX. Megalobrama amblycephala and Megalobrama terminalis in Liangzi lake. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1960,(1):57-82.[曹文宣.梁子湖的团头鲂与三角鲂.水生生物学报,1960,(1):57-82.]
[30] Davenport SR,Bax NJ. A trophic study of a marine ecosystem off southeastern Australia using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,2002,59(3):514-530.
[31] Fry B ed. Stable Isotope ecology. New York:Springer,2006:204-212.
[32] Li ZY. Studies of the feeding ecology of dominant fishes and foodweb structure in the Changjian estuary and southern Yellow Sea with stable isotope[Dissertation]. Xiamen:Xiamen University,2006.[李忠义.应用稳定同位素技术研究长江口及南黄海水域主要鱼类摄食生态和食物网结构[学位论文].厦门:厦门大学,2006.]
[33] Peterson BJ. Stable isotopes as tracers of organic matter input and transfer in benthic food webs:A review. Acta Oecologia International Journal of Ecology,1999,20(4):479-487.
[34] Lake JL,Mc Kinney RA,Osterman FA et al. Stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of anthropogenic activities in small freshwater system. Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,2001,58(5):870-878.
[35] Zhang B,Yuan W,Dai FQ. Study on feeding ecology of fish community in Laoshan Bay during summer using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Journal of Fisheries of China,2016,40(4):585-594.
[36] Xu J. Ecological studies on the food web structures and trophic relationships of freshwater lakes in china using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes[Dissertation]. Wuhan:Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.[徐军.应用碳、氮稳定性同位素探讨淡水湖泊的食物网结构和营养级关系[学位论文].武汉:中国科学研究生院水生生物研究所,2005.]
[37] Huang L,Wu Y,Zhang J. Studies on nutrient relation of aquatic ecosystem using fatty acids. Marine Sciences,2009,33(3):93-96.[黄亮,吴莹,张经.脂肪酸标志水生生态系统营养关系的研究.海洋科学,2009,33(3):93-96.]
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