基于微生物生物完整性指数的城市河道生态系统健康评价
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摘要
生物完整性指数(index of biotic integrity,IBI)已被广泛运用于河流生态系统的健康评价.然而,目前基于微生物的IBI评价方法很少,针对城市河道的相关研究更是缺乏.本研究采用Illumina高通量测序技术,对浙江省内5条城市河道的微生物群落多样性及组成进行了分析.通过典型相关分析(canonical correlation analyses,CCA)和Spearman相关性分析水质对微生物组成的影响,明确受水质变化影响显著的微生物类群,与特定功能菌群一并作为备选指标.对备选指标进行分布范围、判别能力及Pearson相关性分析,筛选出香农多样性指数、微生物分类单元数、疣微菌门相对丰度、绿菌门相对丰度和分支杆菌属相对丰度等参数指标,初步构建了适合浙江城市河道的微生物生物完整性指数(microbiome index of biotic integrity,M-IBI)指标体系.采用比值法对生物指标计分,评价结果显示:总计22个样点中,9个样点为"健康"等级,占总样点的40. 9%;10个样点为"亚健康"等级,占总样点的45. 5%; 2个样点为"一般"等级,占总样点的9. 1%; 1个样点为"较差"等级,占总样点的4. 5%.各采样点M-IBI值可有效反映水体受干扰程度,且与水质状况基本吻合(R=0. 753,P <0. 01),表明M-IBI可以较合理地评价城市河道生态系统健康状况.
The index of biotic integrity( IBI) has been widely used in river ecosystem health assessment. However,few studies have reported the application of microbial communities in ecosystem health assessment so far,especially for urban rivers. In this study,the Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to analyze the microbial community diversity and composition of five urban rivers selected in Zhejiang Province. Canonical correlation analyses( CCA) and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between each taxonomic group and the water quality properties to select the most sensitive taxonomic groups as candidate indexes. The functional metrics,including the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria,pollutant-degrading bacteria,and nutrient cycling bacteria were also selected as candidate indexes. Based on the distribution range,discriminatory power,and Pearson's correlation analysis for candidate indexes,five metrics,including the Shannon-index,the number of microbial phyla,the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia,Chlorobi,and Mycobacterium were selected to establish a biotic integrity index of microbes( M-IBI)evaluation system. A ratio score system was used to get metrics into a uniform score for all sampling points,and the results showed that among the urban river samples studied,most of them( 40. 9%) were at"Great"level,45. 5% were at"Good"level,9. 1% were at"Moderate"level,and 4. 5% were at "Bad"level. The index of M-IBI effectively discriminated the least,medium,and highly impaired sampling points and provided a good match with the water quality( R = 0. 753,P < 0. 01),indicating that the M-IBI has potential as an index to evaluate the health of urban river ecosystems.
The index of biotic integrity( IBI) has been widely used in river ecosystem health assessment. However,few studies have reported the application of microbial communities in ecosystem health assessment so far,especially for urban rivers. In this study,the Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique was applied to analyze the microbial community diversity and composition of five urban rivers selected in Zhejiang Province. Canonical correlation analyses( CCA) and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between each taxonomic group and the water quality properties to select the most sensitive taxonomic groups as candidate indexes. The functional metrics,including the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria,pollutant-degrading bacteria,and nutrient cycling bacteria were also selected as candidate indexes. Based on the distribution range,discriminatory power,and Pearson's correlation analysis for candidate indexes,five metrics,including the Shannon-index,the number of microbial phyla,the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia,Chlorobi,and Mycobacterium were selected to establish a biotic integrity index of microbes( M-IBI)evaluation system. A ratio score system was used to get metrics into a uniform score for all sampling points,and the results showed that among the urban river samples studied,most of them( 40. 9%) were at"Great"level,45. 5% were at"Good"level,9. 1% were at"Moderate"level,and 4. 5% were at "Bad"level. The index of M-IBI effectively discriminated the least,medium,and highly impaired sampling points and provided a good match with the water quality( R = 0. 753,P < 0. 01),indicating that the M-IBI has potential as an index to evaluate the health of urban river ecosystems.
引文
[1]Karr J R.Defining and measuring river health[J].Freshwater Biology,1999,41(2):221-234.
[2]Karr J R.Defining and assessing ecological integrity:beyond water quality[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1993,12(9):1521-1531.
[3]廖静秋,黄艺.应用生物完整性指数评价水生态系统健康的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):295-302.Liao J Q,Huang Y.Research progress on using index of biological integrity to assess aquatic ecosystem health[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(1):295-302.
[4]Barbour M T,Gerritsen J,Snyder B D,et al.Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers:periphyton,benthic macroinvertebrates and fish(2nd ed.)[M].Washington,DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Water,1999.1-8.
[5]孔红梅,赵景柱,姬兰柱,等.生态系统健康评价方法初探[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(4):486-490.Kong H M,Zhao J Z,Ji L Z,et al.Assessment method of ecosystem health[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(4):486-490.
[6]王为木,蔡旺炜.生物完整性指数及其在水生态健康评价中的应用进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(4):517-524.Wang W M,Cai W W.Index of biotic integrity and its application to aquatic ecological health assessment[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(4):517-524.
[7]宋庆辉,杨志峰.对我国城市河流综合管理的思考[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):377-382.Song Q H,Yang Z F.Thinking of integrated management of urban rivers in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):377-382.
[8]姜文超,饶碧华,张智,等.山地城市河流健康内涵及评价[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2009,31(3):104-108.Jiang W C,Rao B H,Zhang Z,et al.Mountainous urban river health:the concept and its assessment[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2009,31(3):104-108.
[9]Karr J R.Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities[J].Fisheries,1981,6(6):21-27
[10]朱迪,陈锋,杨志,等.基于鱼类生物完整性指数的水源地评价[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(2):1-5.Zhu D,Chen F,Yang Z,et al.Assessment of drinking water source with fish index of biotic integrity(F-IBI)[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2012,33(2):1-5.
[11]朱迪,杨志.鱼类生物完整性指标在河流健康管理中的应用[J].人民长江,2013,44(15):65-68.Zhu D,Yang Z.Application of fish index of biotic integrity in river health management[J].Yangtze River,2013,44(15):65-68.
[12]Kondratieff P F,Matthews R A,Buikema A L Jr.A stressed stream ecosystem:macroinvertebrate community integrity and microbial trophic response[J].Hydrobiologia,1984,111(2):81-91.
[13]王备新.大型底栖无脊椎动物水质生物评价研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2003.Wang B X.Water quality bioassessment using benthic macroinvertebrates[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2003.
[14]陈凯,于海燕,张汲伟,等.基于底栖动物预测模型构建生物完整性指数评价河流健康[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1993-2002.Chen K,Yu H Y,Zhang J W,et al.Predictive model based multimetric index of macroinvertebrates for river health assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(6):1993-2002.
[15]Jungwirth M,Muhar S,Schmutz S.Assessing the ecological integrity of running waters,proceedings of the international conference[J].Hydrobiologia,2000,422-423:245-256.
[16]Griffith M B,Hill B H,Mc Cormick F H,et al.Comparative application of indices of biotic integrity based on periphyton,macroinvertebrates,and fish to southern Rocky Mountain streams[J].Ecological Indicators,2005,5(2):117-136.
[17]Kane D D,Gordon S I,Munawar M,et al.The planktonic index of biotic integrity(P-IBI):an approach for assessing lake ecosystem health[J].Ecological Indicators,2009,9(6):1234-1247.
[18]沈强,俞建军,陈晖,等.浮游生物完整性指数在浙江水源地水质评价中的应用[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(2):26-31.Shen Q,Yu J J,Chen H,et al.Planktonic index of biotic integrity(P-IBI)for water source assessment[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2012,33(2):26-31.
[19]谭巧,马芊芊,李斌斌,等.应用浮游植物生物完整性指数评价长江上游河流健康[J].淡水渔业,2017,47(3):97-104.Tan Q,Ma Q Q,Li B B,et al.Ecological health assessment of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,based on biotic integrity index of phytoplankton[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2017,47(3):97-104.
[20]Carlisle D M,Clements W H.Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of running waters[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(2):285-291.
[21]Lau K E M,Washington V J,Fan V,et al.A novel bacterial community index to assess stream ecological health[J].Freshwater Biology,2015,60:1988-2002.
[22]安新丽,陈廷廷,赵晗,等.基于微生物生物完整性指数的地下水生态系统健康评价:以包钢稀土尾矿库周边地下水生态系统为例[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3413-3422.An X L,Chen T T,Zhao H,et al.Assessment of ecosystem health of Baogang tailings groundwater based on microbiome index of biotic integrity(M-IBI)[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3413-3422.
[23]Li J,Li Y,Qian B,et al.Development and validation of a bacteria-based index of biotic integrity for assessing the ecological status of urban rivers:a case study of Qinhuai River basin in Nanjing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017,196:161-167.
[24]Niu L H,Li Y,Wang P F,et al.Development of a microbial community-based index of biotic integrity(MC-IBI)for the assessment of ecological status of rivers in the Taihu Basin,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2018,85:204-213.
[25]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[26]Stoddard J L,Larsen D P,Hawkins C P,et al.Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams:the concept of reference condition[J].Ecological Applications,2006,16(4):1267-1276.
[27]B9hmer J,Rawer-Jost C,Zenker A.Multimetric assessment of data provided by water managers from Germany:assessment of several different types of stressors with macrozoobenthos communities[J].Hydrobiologia,2004,516(1-3):215-228.
[28]Pont D,Hugueny B,Beier U,et al.Assessing river biotic condition at a continental scale:a European approach using functional metrics and fish assemblage[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43(1):70-80.
[29]朱迪,常剑波.长江中游浅水湖泊生物完整性时空变化[J].生态学报,2004,24(12):2761-2767.Zhu D,Chang J B.Evaluation on temporal and spatial changes of biological integrity for shallow lakes in the middle reach of the Yangtze River[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(12):2761-2767.
[30]Mc Kinney M L.Urbanization,biodiversity,and conservation:the impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied,but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems[J].BioScience,2002,52(10):883-890.
[2]Karr J R.Defining and assessing ecological integrity:beyond water quality[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1993,12(9):1521-1531.
[3]廖静秋,黄艺.应用生物完整性指数评价水生态系统健康的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):295-302.Liao J Q,Huang Y.Research progress on using index of biological integrity to assess aquatic ecosystem health[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(1):295-302.
[4]Barbour M T,Gerritsen J,Snyder B D,et al.Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers:periphyton,benthic macroinvertebrates and fish(2nd ed.)[M].Washington,DC:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Water,1999.1-8.
[5]孔红梅,赵景柱,姬兰柱,等.生态系统健康评价方法初探[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(4):486-490.Kong H M,Zhao J Z,Ji L Z,et al.Assessment method of ecosystem health[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(4):486-490.
[6]王为木,蔡旺炜.生物完整性指数及其在水生态健康评价中的应用进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(4):517-524.Wang W M,Cai W W.Index of biotic integrity and its application to aquatic ecological health assessment[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(4):517-524.
[7]宋庆辉,杨志峰.对我国城市河流综合管理的思考[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):377-382.Song Q H,Yang Z F.Thinking of integrated management of urban rivers in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):377-382.
[8]姜文超,饶碧华,张智,等.山地城市河流健康内涵及评价[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2009,31(3):104-108.Jiang W C,Rao B H,Zhang Z,et al.Mountainous urban river health:the concept and its assessment[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural&Environmental Engineering,2009,31(3):104-108.
[9]Karr J R.Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities[J].Fisheries,1981,6(6):21-27
[10]朱迪,陈锋,杨志,等.基于鱼类生物完整性指数的水源地评价[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(2):1-5.Zhu D,Chen F,Yang Z,et al.Assessment of drinking water source with fish index of biotic integrity(F-IBI)[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2012,33(2):1-5.
[11]朱迪,杨志.鱼类生物完整性指标在河流健康管理中的应用[J].人民长江,2013,44(15):65-68.Zhu D,Yang Z.Application of fish index of biotic integrity in river health management[J].Yangtze River,2013,44(15):65-68.
[12]Kondratieff P F,Matthews R A,Buikema A L Jr.A stressed stream ecosystem:macroinvertebrate community integrity and microbial trophic response[J].Hydrobiologia,1984,111(2):81-91.
[13]王备新.大型底栖无脊椎动物水质生物评价研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2003.Wang B X.Water quality bioassessment using benthic macroinvertebrates[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2003.
[14]陈凯,于海燕,张汲伟,等.基于底栖动物预测模型构建生物完整性指数评价河流健康[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1993-2002.Chen K,Yu H Y,Zhang J W,et al.Predictive model based multimetric index of macroinvertebrates for river health assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(6):1993-2002.
[15]Jungwirth M,Muhar S,Schmutz S.Assessing the ecological integrity of running waters,proceedings of the international conference[J].Hydrobiologia,2000,422-423:245-256.
[16]Griffith M B,Hill B H,Mc Cormick F H,et al.Comparative application of indices of biotic integrity based on periphyton,macroinvertebrates,and fish to southern Rocky Mountain streams[J].Ecological Indicators,2005,5(2):117-136.
[17]Kane D D,Gordon S I,Munawar M,et al.The planktonic index of biotic integrity(P-IBI):an approach for assessing lake ecosystem health[J].Ecological Indicators,2009,9(6):1234-1247.
[18]沈强,俞建军,陈晖,等.浮游生物完整性指数在浙江水源地水质评价中的应用[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(2):26-31.Shen Q,Yu J J,Chen H,et al.Planktonic index of biotic integrity(P-IBI)for water source assessment[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2012,33(2):26-31.
[19]谭巧,马芊芊,李斌斌,等.应用浮游植物生物完整性指数评价长江上游河流健康[J].淡水渔业,2017,47(3):97-104.Tan Q,Ma Q Q,Li B B,et al.Ecological health assessment of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,based on biotic integrity index of phytoplankton[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2017,47(3):97-104.
[20]Carlisle D M,Clements W H.Sensitivity and variability of metrics used in biological assessments of running waters[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(2):285-291.
[21]Lau K E M,Washington V J,Fan V,et al.A novel bacterial community index to assess stream ecological health[J].Freshwater Biology,2015,60:1988-2002.
[22]安新丽,陈廷廷,赵晗,等.基于微生物生物完整性指数的地下水生态系统健康评价:以包钢稀土尾矿库周边地下水生态系统为例[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3413-3422.An X L,Chen T T,Zhao H,et al.Assessment of ecosystem health of Baogang tailings groundwater based on microbiome index of biotic integrity(M-IBI)[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3413-3422.
[23]Li J,Li Y,Qian B,et al.Development and validation of a bacteria-based index of biotic integrity for assessing the ecological status of urban rivers:a case study of Qinhuai River basin in Nanjing,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017,196:161-167.
[24]Niu L H,Li Y,Wang P F,et al.Development of a microbial community-based index of biotic integrity(MC-IBI)for the assessment of ecological status of rivers in the Taihu Basin,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2018,85:204-213.
[25]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[26]Stoddard J L,Larsen D P,Hawkins C P,et al.Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams:the concept of reference condition[J].Ecological Applications,2006,16(4):1267-1276.
[27]B9hmer J,Rawer-Jost C,Zenker A.Multimetric assessment of data provided by water managers from Germany:assessment of several different types of stressors with macrozoobenthos communities[J].Hydrobiologia,2004,516(1-3):215-228.
[28]Pont D,Hugueny B,Beier U,et al.Assessing river biotic condition at a continental scale:a European approach using functional metrics and fish assemblage[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,43(1):70-80.
[29]朱迪,常剑波.长江中游浅水湖泊生物完整性时空变化[J].生态学报,2004,24(12):2761-2767.Zhu D,Chang J B.Evaluation on temporal and spatial changes of biological integrity for shallow lakes in the middle reach of the Yangtze River[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(12):2761-2767.
[30]Mc Kinney M L.Urbanization,biodiversity,and conservation:the impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied,but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems[J].BioScience,2002,52(10):883-890.
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